Unit 1
What is Scudder's Communication Theory?
"All living things communicate, but way of communication may differ."
What is the order of male sexual development
(8-16 years) 1. breast budding 2. pubic hair appears 3. peak height velocity 4. menarche (avg age 12.5)
What is the order of female sexual development
(9-17 years) 1. testicular growth 2. pubic hair appears 3. penile growth 4. peak height velocity
The nurse is preparing to conduct a growth and developmental assessment for an infant. What is the correct order of steps the nurse should use during the assessment process? Elicit the Moro reflex Palpation Inspect the mouth Auscultation
*1. Auscultation* *2. Palpation* *3. Inspect the mouth* *4. Elicit the Moro reflex*
When teaching the parents of a toddler-age client about normal growth and development, which statements should the nurse include in the teaching session regarding learning through the senses? *Select all that apply.* A. "The toddler often puts new objects in the mouth." B. "The toddler may inspect a new toy by turning it over." C. "The toddler will touch a new object only once during exploration." D. "The toddler will shake a new toy when it is first introduced to the play area." E. "The toddler rarely uses the sense of smell to learn about something new introduced within the environment."
*A.* "The toddler often puts new objects in the mouth." *B.* "The toddler may inspect a new toy by turning it over." *D.* "The toddler will shake a new toy when it is first introduced to the play area."
At what months should the infant have regular medical checkups and vaccinations? A. 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, & 1 year B. 1 month, 3 months, 5 months, 7 months, & 9 months C. 3 months, 6 months, & 9 months D. 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 11 months, & 1 year
*A.* 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, & 1 year
Toddlers eat approximately how many times/day. A. 7 B. 3 C. 12 D. 20
*A.* 7
For which clients should the nurse measure head circumference during the growth and development assessment? *Select all that apply.* A. A 2-month-old infant B. A 3-year-old preschooler C. A 14-year-old adolescent D. An 18-month-old toddler E. A 6-year-old school-age child
*A.* A 2-month-old infant *B.* A 3-year-old preschooler *D.* An 18-month-old toddler
In emergency care of the adolescent, which of the following is included in the primary assessment? A. Ability to recite A B C's B. Assessing skin for evidence of drug use C. Immunization status D. All of the above
*A.* Ability to recite A B C's
Which growth and developmental changes indicate increased maturity during the school-age stage of development? *Select all that apply.* A. An increase in leg length in relation to height. B. A decrease in head circumference in relation to standing height. C. The face grows faster in relation to the remainder of the cranium. D. A decrease in waist circumference in relation to standing height. E. Little increase is seen in the size of the skull and the brain, which grow very slowly.
*A.* An increase in leg length in relation to height. *B.* A decrease in head circumference in relation to standing height. *C.* The face grows faster in relation to the remainder of the cranium. *D.* A decrease in waist circumference in relation to standing height.
Which approach is best to ensure positive response from toddler? A. Assume an eye-level position and talk quietly. B. Call the toddler's name while picking him or her up. C. Call the toddler's name and say, "I'm your nurse." D. Stand by the toddler, addressing him or her by name.
*A.* Assume an eye-level position and talk quietly.
Which are general growth parameters for an adolescent client that the nurse will monitor during a growth and development assessment during a health maintenance visit? *Select all that apply.* A. Height B. Weight C. Body mass D. Blood pressure E. Head circumference
*A.* Height *B.* Weight *C.* Body mass
What term refers to the mother's health & nutritional status while pregnant? A. Intrauterine factor B. Birth event C. Preoperational D. Differentiation
*A.* Intrauterine factor
Which of the following best practices is related to effective communication? A. Know who makes health decisions for the patient. B. Respect differences of opinion. C. Recognize & maintain appropriate boundaries D. All of the above.
*A.* Know who makes health decisions for the patient.
Which growth and developmental assessments should the nurse include when conducting a health maintenance visit for a 15-month-old toddler? *Select all that apply.* A. Length B. Weight C. Body mass index D. Head circumference E. Developmental screening
*A.* Length *B.* Weight *D.* Head circumference
Which activities should the nurse expect to see exhibited by a healthy 6-month-old infant during an evaluation of the infant's growth and development? *Select all that apply.* A. Playing peek-a-boo B. Turning completely over C. Reaching to be picked up D. Pulling up to a standing position E. Sitting for a short time without support
*A.* Playing peek-a-boo *B.* Turning completely over *C.* Reaching to be picked up *E.* Sitting for a short time without support
A 1-year-old infant is brought to the well-baby clinic. Which toys should the nurse select from the play area for this infant's growth and developmental level? *Select all that apply.* A. Push-pull toy B. Nested boxes C. Rocking horse D. Four-piece puzzle E. Squeaking plastic toy
*A.* Push-pull toy *B.* Nested boxes *E.* Squeaking plastic toy
Which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Formal operations D. Concrete operations
*A.* Sensorimotor
Which growth and developmental assessments should the nurse include when conducting a health maintenance visit for a 15-month-old toddler? *Select all that apply.* A. Weight B. Heart rate C. Blood pressure D. Head circumference E. Developmental screening
*A.* Weight *D.* Head circumference
What are the different types of parenting styles?
*Authoritarian* (parents make rules & expect unquestioned following) *Permissive* (children control their own decisions & environment) *Authoritative* (mix b/w authoritarian & permissive, allows children to be their own person while also upholding family value)
At what age are most toddlers able to walk alone? A. 12 months B. 15 months C. 24 months D. 10 months
*B.* 15 months
By what age should a child visit the dentist? A. 1 year B. 2 year C. 3 year D. 4 year
*B.* 2 year
Doubling of birth weight typically occurs by which age? A. 2 months B. 6 months C. 12 months D. 24 months
*B.* 6 months
When assessing the nose, a blue or "boggy" appearance of the nasal mucosa indicates what? A. Infection B. Allergies C. Mucosal dryness D. Sinusitis
*B.* Allergies
According to Freud, which is a source of pleasure for a toddler-age client that the nurse should educate parents about in regards to normal growth and development? A. Mouth B. Anal zone C. Sexual urges D. Genital organs
*B.* Anal zone
A nurse is teaching parents about growth and development in preadolescent girls, and a mother asks at what age her daughter will have her first period. What is the most accurate response by the nurse? A. Before the pubic hair appears B. At the end of the growth spurt C. Near the age when their mothers did D. Around the time when the breasts develop
*B.* At the end of the growth spurt
During a well-baby clinic visit the nurse assesses an 18-month-old's growth and development. What observation indicates that the toddler is within the expected range? A. Pedals a tricycle easily B. Climbs up several stairs C. Says 150 different words D. Builds a tower of eight blocks
*B.* Climbs up several stairs
Children in the U S do not have the right to confidentiality until they reach age 18. A. True B. False
*B.* False (parents need approval to view records after 12 years)
What type of play describes toddlers? A. Solitary B. Parallel C. Associative D. Group
*B.* Parallel
What is the universal language of children? A. English B. Play C. Egocentric D. Associative
*B.* Play
Which of the following is not a core concept of the family-centered care model? A. Dignity and respect for the child and family B. Referral from primary care to community services for additional non-medical needs C. Information sharing with the family D. Family participation in care, including collaboration in care planning and provision
*B.* Referral from primary care to community services for additional non-medical needs
What toys should a nurse suggest to the parent of a 4-month-old infant to help promote the child's growth and development? A. Push-pull toys B. Soft squeeze toys C. Nesting blocks and cups D. Wooden hammer and pegboard
*B.* Soft squeeze toys
The nurse is planning a presentation related to growth and development for the parents of school-age children. Which topic is most appropriate related to the topic of sexual maturation? A. Methods to prevent pregnancy B. Typical questions and learning needs C. Safer sex practices to prevent infection D. Information relayed by one parent to the child
*B.* Typical questions and learning needs
Which of the following is an appropriate method for communication with infants? A. Label patient's emotions to validate feelings of fear & anxiety. B. Use music & sounds to assist in soothing patient. C. Use statements such as "good job" instead of "good boy/girl." D. Explain the limits of confidentiality.
*B.* Use music & sounds to assist in soothing patient.
The nurse is preparing a presentation related to normal growth and development at a local community center. Which statement should the nurse include in the presentation? A. "Physical growth slows during infancy." B. "Toddlers will begin to participate in collaborative play activities." C. "The loss of deciduous teeth occurs during the school-age stage of development." D. "Adolescence is known as the ugly duckling stage due to the changes associated with puberty."
*C.* "The loss of deciduous teeth occurs during the school-age stage of development."
What temperature should the water heater be set at? A. 100 F B. 110 F C. 120 F D. 130 F
*C.* 120 F
At what age is a patient considered to be in middle adolescence? A. 6 to 12 years of age B. 11 to 14 years of age C. 15 to 17 years of age D. 18 to 21 years of age
*C.* 15 to 17 years of age
Head circumference should be measured until how many months? A. 12 B. 24 C. 36 D. 48
*C.* 36
How would a nurse admitting a 4-year-old child for elective surgery perform the health history? A. Ask the child yes or no questions. B. Ask the child open-ended questions. C. Ask caregivers open-ended questions & observe nonverbal cues. D. Ask caregivers to complete questionnaire while weighing child.
*C.* Ask caregivers open-ended questions & observe nonverbal cues.
What is the first food recommended to be introduced to infants? A. Veggies B. Fruit C. Cereal D. Crackers
*C.* Cereal
Which of the following is not a gateway drug? A. Alcohol B. Tobacco C. Cocaine D. Cannabis
*C.* Cocaine
Which theorist reasoned that cognitive development is a sequential and orderly process, moving from stages that are relatively simple to more complex? A. Kohlberg B. Freud C. Piaget D. Erikson
*C.* Piaget
Which of the following vital signs is outside the normal range? A. Temperature 98.4° Fahrenheit B. Pulse: 156 beats per minute C. Respiration: 68 breaths per minute D. Systolic BP: 58 mm of mercury
*C.* Respiration: 68 breaths per minute
Which describes the steps or stages of sexual maturity and occurs during puberty? A. Russel B. George C. Tanner D. Wolfgang
*C.* Tanner
What else is included in a physical assessment?
*Chest:* symmetry, chest movement, breasts *Heart:* sounds, quality, intensity, rate, rhythm, murmurs *Lungs:* abdomen breathing (0-7 years) retractions, breath sounds, nasal flaring *Abdomen:* inspect, palpate, & auscultate 4 quadrants, hernias *Genitalia:* foreskin, circumcision, cleanliness, diaper rash, descended testicles (tailor position), inguinal hernias *Back:* posture, positioning, movement/mobility, gait, strength, symmetry, tufts of hair/dimples at base of spinal cord *Extremities:* fingers/toes, clubfoot, hip dysplasia, reflexes *Neurologic assessment:* balance & coordination, reflexes, cranial nerve assessment
A cultural assessment should evaluate which of the following areas? A. Religious beliefs B. Food preferences C. Typical daily schedule D. All of the above
*D.* All of the above
The A N A Code of Ethics for Nurses can be characterized as which of the following? A. A source of guidance and empowerment B. A covenant b/w the profession & the patients who nurses serve C. A reflection of key ethics philosophies, principles, rights, duties, & virtues D. All of the above
*D.* All of the above
6 months of age 12 months of age Height: 65 cm Height: 74 cm Weight: 7.3 kg Weight: 9.75 kg Head C.: 43 cm Head C.: 46 cm Chest C.: 42 cm Chest C.: 43 cm The nurse assesses the growth and development of a 12-month-old infant and compares the results with the previous assessment findings. Which finding indicates an abnormality in the neonate? A. Height B. Weight C. Head circumference D. Chest circumference
*D.* Chest circumference
Which of the following is not a trend in pediatric nursing practice? A. Increased usage of blood conservation techniques for hospitalized children B. Increased admissions based on lack of primary care access C. Increased incorporation of families in the overall care of children D. Decreased incidence of adolescent obesity as a result of school intervention programs
*D.* Decreased incidence of adolescent obesity as a result of school intervention programs
A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 3-year-old child. What does the nurse expect the child to be able to do? A. Hop on one foot. B. Button a sweater. C. Cup the hands to catch a ball. D. Go upstairs while alternating the feet.
*D.* Go upstairs while alternating the feet.
A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 6-month-old infant. What behavior indicates that the infant has reached the expected level of development? A. Says "mama" B. Crawls forward C. Turns pages in a book D. Holds a bottle without help
*D.* Holds a bottle without help
What electrolyte needs to be monitored with bulemia? A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca+ D. K+
*D.* K+
Normal vital signs for neonates (1 day to 1 month)
*HR* 120-160 *RR* 30-60 *°C* 36.5 - 37.5 *BP* 67/35 - 84/53 (140, 45, 37°C, 76/44)
Normal vital signs for infants (1 month to 1 year)
*HR* 120-160 *RR* 30-60 *°C* 36.5 - 37.5 *BP* 72/37 - 104/56 (140, 45, 37°C, 88/47)
Normal vital signs for adolescents ( 12-18 years old)
*HR* 55-100 *RR* 15-20 *°C* 36.5 - 37 *BP* 110/64 - 131/83 (78, 18, 36.8°C, 121/74)
Normal vital signs for preschoolers (3-6 years old)
*HR* 65-110 *RR* 20-25 *°C* 36.5 - 37.5 *BP* 95/60 - 110/75 (88, 23, 37°C, 103/68)
Normal vital signs for toddlers (1-3 years old)
*HR* 70-110 *RR* 20-30 *°C* 36.5 - 37.5 *BP* 90/55 - 105/70 (90, 25, 37°C, 98/63)
Normal vital signs for school-age (6-12 years old)
*HR* 85-95 *RR* 17-25 *°C* 36.5 - 37.5 *BP* 95/55 - 120/76 (90, 21, 37°C, 108/66)
What & when do the expected events regarding puberty entail
*Prepubescence:* 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes *Puberty:* sexual maturity achieved *Postpubescence:* 1-2 years after puberty; skeletal growth complete & reproductive functions established *Adolescence:* Growing into psychological, social, & physical maturation *Female Sexual Maturation* •Thelarche (8-13 years): breast buds •Adrenarche (8-13 years): pubic hair growth •Menarche: (2 years after thelarche) menstruation starts •Puberty "delay": no thelarche by 13 years *Male Sexual Maturation* •Stage 1 (9.5- 14 years): testicular enlargement & sparse pubic hair •Stage 3: penile enlargement, voice changes, early face hair; gynecomastia (temporary) during midpuberty •Stage 5: penile growth, first ejaculation, axillary, groin, & facial hair, final voice change
How much height is gained /month for first 6 months?
1 inch/month for first 6 months
What are the female Tanner stages of sexual maturity
1. Preadolescent; no pubic hair except for fine body hair similar to hair on abdomen 2. sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented, downy hair, straight or only slight curled, mostly along labia 3. hair becomes darker, coarser, & curlier, spreads sparsely over pubic symphysis 4. pubic hair is coarse & curly as in adults, covers more area than prior stage but not as much as in adults 5. quality & quantity are consistent with adult pubic hair distribution & spread over medial surfaces of thighs but not over abdomen
What are the male Tanner stages of sexual maturity
1. Preadolescent; no pubic hair; testes, scrotum, & penis are same size as in childhood 2. sparse growth of long, slight pigment, straight/slightly curly, at base of penis; penis slightly/not larger; testes & scrotum larger/reddish/altered texture 3. darker/coarser/curlier hair, spreads sparsely over pubic symphysis; penis larger, especially in length; testes & scrotum further enlarged 4. coarse & curly hair, as in adult, area covered greater than prior stage but not as great as in adult; penis further enlarged in length & breadth with development of glands; testes & scrotum further enlarged, scrotal skin darkened 5. hair same as adult in quantity & quality, spreading to medial surfaces of thighs but not up & over abdomen; penis adult in size & shape; testes & scrotum adult in size & shape
At what age do most children develop neat pincer grasp
11-12 months
Adding "cows" milk to the diet shouldn't occur until what age?
12 months
By what age should height = 1.5x birth length?
12 months
The head should reach an increase of 33% in size & head to chest circumference are equal by what age?
12 months
By what age should the anterior fontanel become closed?
12-18 months
What is the normal pulse range of an infant?
120-160
If a girl develops breast buds at age 12, by what age should she start her period?
14 (2 years later)
At what age can you obtain a heart rate from a radial pulse?
2 years
During what ages does Piaget say Preoperational stage occurs?
2-4 years
During the adolescent growth spurt, what % of total height is achieved during puberty & what is the length of duration
20-25% of total height is achieved during puberty & it usually occurs within 24-36 months
What age is a good age to start potty training?
24 months
During what ages does Erickson say is initiative vs guilt?
3-6 years
age when most children can skip and hop on one foot is
4 years
By what age is head control well established?
4-6 months
How much weight is gained weekly during 1st month, then per month?
5-7 oz weekly during 1st month, then 1-2 lb/month
At what age does object permanence develop
9-10 months
At what age is it now recommended to first check cholesterol?
9-11 years
What is Murray & Brown's Family Theory?
A family is an emotional unit. A change in 1 member effects the entire family (interdependence), Triangles.
There is a transition between childhood & adulthood in which stage
Adolescence
How to assess HR in children
Apical until 2 years (listening for 1 minute) Switch to radial pulse at 2+ years [sinus tachycardia normal: increases on inspiration & decreases on expiration]
How to asses BP for children
Assess after year 3
Social development attributes related to infants
Attachment (parent/caregiver = safe haven/consistent) Separation anxiety 4-8 months (fear of leaving mom) Stranger anxiety (fear of others not in daily routine) Play (big socializing agent, learn to engage w/ others) Language (crying = 1st communication, say 3-5 words by 1 year)
According to Erikson, what is the developmental task for toddlers?
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
What is the average height & weight of a 3, 4, & 5 year old? & what are the average growth rates/year
Average 3 year old weighs 32 lb & is 37 in tall Average 4 year old weighs 37 lb & is 41 in tall Average 5 year old weighs 41 lb & is 43 in tall Average weight gain remains about 5 lbs/year Average height increases 2½ - 3 in/year
What is the average height & weight of a 6 & 12 year old? & what are the average growth rates/year
Average 6 year old weighs 46 lb & is 45.7 in tall Average 12 year old weighs 88 lb & is 59 in tall Average weight gain remains about 3 kg/year Average height increases 5 cm/year Males & females differ little in size (once girls hit puberty, they surpass boys in height & weight until boys hit puberty & catch up
Route of taking temp for 5+ years
Axillary, oral, temporal, or tympanic
Route of taking temp for 2-5 years
Axillary, temporal, tympanic, oral, or rectal
What is taken into consideration when using "Pediatric Decision Making?"
Best interests Role of parental religion Partnering with children in decision making
Which eating disorder may you see the "Russel's sign"?
Bulemia
How do you help an infant remove a foreign object from the airway?
Chest thrusts and back blows
Assessments of history taking includes??
Chief complaint History of present illness Family history Interval history (diet, prior illnesses/injuries/operations, allergies, med's, immunizations, growth/development, habits) [reproductive health, family health history, family structure, psycho-social history, & review of systems]
Common problems with adolescence
Childhood Obesity Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Substance Abuse Sexuality related problems Abuse •Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse ‒Reporting issues •Human trafficking - avg age is 12-15
When assessing skin during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Color, texture, turgor, lesions, rashes, (stork bites, port wine stains, hemangiomas, Mongolian spots)
According to Piaget this is stage when thought becomes increasingly logical and coherent.
Concrete operational
Which Piaget stage is when thought becomes increasingly logical & coherent
Concrete operational
Which Kohlberg stage of development is children are concerned with conformity & loyalty
Conventional
What are some religious factors & their influences on healthcare?
Customs/Traditions/Beliefs Healing/Cure beliefs, Food customs, Traditions r/t newborn care or critically ill/dying persons Religion can conflict with law
What are the 5 stages of grief according to Kübler Ross?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, & Acceptance
Motor development actions expected of preschoolers
Dress/Undress, brush teeth, go to bathroom assisted Draw shapes & stick figures Hop on one foot for 5-10 seconds Throw & catch objects Speak in 5 word sentences by 5 years Vocabulary 2100 words by 5 years Tell stories, comprehend rhymes, state full name & address, recall stories, add to stories Count to 10, identify 4 colors, understand timing Asks a lot of "Why" questions *Important to promote self-care at this age*
What are key points of "Developmentally Appropriate Care?"
Ensure appropriate care per cognitive development Pain management Patient and family education Privacy and confidentiality
When assessing ears/eyes/nose/throat (EENT) during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Eyes: pupils, reflection, tracking, vision tests, red reflex, any drainage or redness, sclera hemorrhage, PERRLA conjunctivitis Ears: positioning, hearing, canals, tympanic membrane, tubes, wax buildup Nose: nares, symmetry, drainage Throat & mouth: tongue, teeth, lips, throat, palate, speech,
Which Piaget stage is when the child becomes flexible & is able to adapt
Formal
According to Piaget this is the stage when the child becomes flexible and is able to adapt.
Formal operational
What is "Therapeutic Relationships and Family Centered Care?"
Goal-directed Respect/Trust Empathy Advocacy Set Boundaries Involves family & kid in care plan
What are milestones of fine motor skills?
Grasp object 2-3 months Lift Head 45 degrees 0-2 months Sit with support 3-4 months Sit without support 6 months Palmar grasp at 6 months Crude pincer grasp 6-8 months Crawl 8 months Transfer object between hands at 7 months Neat pincer grasp at 10 months Stand with support 10 months Stand without support 11 months Put objects in/out of container at 11 months Build tower of two blocks at 12 months Walk 12 months
What are developmental milestones of ages 0-3 months?
Grasps objects, kicks legs, needs head/neck supported Can get hands/thumbs in mouth Primitive reflexes remain Respond to voices, begin tracking objects Purposefully smile by 2 months Coo, laugh out loud by 3 months
When assessing hair, nails during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Hygiene, scalp, hair distribution
What stage do 6-12 year old's belong in according to Erikson?
Industry vs. Inferiority
During what stage are physical & developmental achievements dramatic
Infant
What are the 5 stages of childhood and their age groups
Infant - birth to 1 year Toddler - 1 to 3 years Preschool - 3 to 6 years School-age - 6 to 12 years Adolescence - 12 to 18 years
Which Erickson stage is when you develop a conscience & learn to maintain the rights & privileges of others
Initiative vs Guilt
What are some Factors that Affect Growth and Development?
Intrauterine factors & birth events Chronic illness & hospitalization Environmental factors Medical, Emotional, Educational, Abandonment Socioeconomic Factors Cultural Background Nutrition Genetics
Which individual is associated with the moral development theory?
Kohlberg
During the toddler years where does the majority of physical growth of the body occur?
Legs
Where does the physical growth of the preschooler primarily occur?
Legs
What are some trends in pediatric nursing practice?
Mental Health needs increasing Internet safety Unstable households Obesity LGBT families
Motor development actions expected of adolescence
More & more coordinated in fine & gross motor skills Mastering math & reading skills Classification & serialization of numbers Understanding cause & effect Sex Ed (safe sex ed, safe communication, consent) Dating, sexual orientation, sexual experimentation Male: 2,800 cal/day Female: 2,200 cal/day
Motor development actions expected of school-ager's (6-12 years)
More & more coordinated in fine & gross motor skills Mastering math & reading skills Classification & serialization of numbers Understanding cause & effect Sex education (normal curiosity during preadolescence) [Ideal time for sex ed & info on sexual maturity & the process of reproduction]
What are the stages of Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development?
Oral (0-1 year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-6 years) Latency (6-11 years) Genital (12 years-adulthood)
What are the stages of Kohlberg's Social-Moral Development theory.
Pre-conventional (2-7 years) Conventional (7-12 years) Post-conventional/Autonomous/Principled (12+years)
Moral development (Kohlberg)- Which level is a child at when they determine an action in terms of its consequences?
Preconventional
What stage is considered critical for emotional & psychological development
Preschool
Healthcare is shifting focus towards what?
Prevention of disease and maintenance of health
What are developmental milestones of ages 3-6 months?
Reaches for object Rolls from abdomen to back Sleep stabilizes Teething may begin Opens mouth for spoon Can sit propped at 6 months
Route of taking temp for 0-2 years
Rectal or axillary [neonate temp >100 rquires intervention asap infant temp >103 requires intervention asap ask if given anti pyretics & assess for febrile siezure]
Physical examination growth measurements include what?
Recumbent length, naked weight, & head circumference (0-36 months) Standing height, weight, & body mass index [BMI] (37+ months) [>95% or <5% is outside norms]
What are developmental milestones of ages 6-9 months?
Rolls both ways Sits unsupported by 8 months Transfers object from hand to hand Object permanence, stranger danger Vocalizes sounds, first words, emotions (anger, frustration, joy) Distance vision
Cooperative play & team activities are aspects of play for which stage
School age
What are the stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Preoperational (2-7 years) & Intuitive thought phase (4-7years) Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) Formal operational stage (11 years-adulthood)
When assessing head, neck during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Shape, symmetry, flat spots, head control, posture, ROM, skull, facial expressions, fontanels
What are some issues in pediatric nursing?
Shortage of nurses Continuity of care Communication Healthcare costs
When assessing lymph nodes during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Size, palpability, tenderness [shouldn't be palpable until puberty]
What are normal infant sleeping patterns?
Sleep through the night at 3 months 8-12 hours/night by 6 months
What external factor influences health the most?
Socioeconomic status
Play activities when children play independently, but are among other children?
Solitary
What are developmental milestones of ages 9-12 months?
Teeth usually appear Creep along furniture Drink from cup Go from laying to sitting Stands alone briefly or begins walking Eats with spoon, cup Understands simple command
When assessing general appearance during a physical assessment, what is checked?
Temperament, posture, speech, social skills
What is the role of the pediatric nurse?
Therapeutic relationship building Family advocacy and caring Disease prevention/health promotion Ethical guidance and decision making
What does your text recommend for discipline?
Timeouts (1 min/year old)
What stage extends from 12-36 months & is a period of intense exploration of the environment
Toddler
What are challenges associated with toddlers?
Toilet training Separation anxiety Tantrums & discipline (negativism) Sibling rivalry Nutrition (1,800 cal/day) Dental caries Fears (dark, being left alone, animals, ghost, pain)
Which Erickson stage is the first & most important for developing a healthy personality
Trust vs Mistrust
What are the stages of Erikson's theory of psycho-social development?
Trust vs Mistrust (0-1 year) Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (1-3 years) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years) Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years) Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years)
Why does low birth weight and prematurity increase mortality?
Underdeveloped respiratory system
What are motor development actions expected of toddlers?
Walks by 15 months, begins to run Stands on tiptoes Climbs stairs Build towers of 5 or more blocks by 2 years Kick a ball, ride a tricycle Recognize/Point at objects/people 5 words (12 months) 50 words (18 months) 300 (2 years) Use 2-3 word sentences by 2 years Know colors, shapes "Make believe", hide & seek Sphincter control at 18-24 months
How to asses RR for children
Watch abdomen for kids & assess for 1 minute [nose breathing until 7 years]
What is the average growth rate of head circumference during first 6 months?
½ inch/month for 6 months
