unit 1

describe how a deoxyribose to ribose changes the structure and function of a nucleic acid

the change would cause the nucleic acid to function as a rna molecule. the purpose of rna is to develop proteins within our body through the process of protein synthesis. rna is also single stranded whereas dna is double stranded.

describe why water is considered a polar molecule

there is a difference in electronegativity between the O and the H's. the O is more electronegative and thus pulls the shared electrons closer to it resulting in a polar covalent bond between each H and the O.

describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of dna

they have a different number of bonds required to bind to their complementary base and they have different numbers of rings so the width of the dna would be impacted. it would be wider where the guanine is added

describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of dna.

they have a different number of bonds required to bind to their complementary base so the connection between the guanine and the thymine would be unstable. changing a c to a t changes the genetic code for a protein and can result in a nonsense or missense mutation that can lead to a nonfunctional protein/genetic disorder.. ex. a to t substitution in the hemoglobin gene results in sickle cell anemia

how are the three different types of lipids different?

triglycerides: store fat cholesterol: bile, hormones and vitamin d phospholipids: lipid bilayer

how does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ?

unsaturated: has one double bond causing a kink saturated: carbons are saturated with hydrogens; a single bond

what is hydrolysis?

water molecule is added to break two subunits apart

high heat capacity

when heat is absorbed, hydrogen bonds are broken and water molecules can move freely. when the temperature of water decreases, the hydrogen bonds are formed and release a considerable amount of energy

excellent solvent

a polar molecule with partially-positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules. water is therefore referred to as a solvent: a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. the charges associated with these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the particle with water molecules

what is a hydrogen bond?

a weak bond between a proton and an electronegative atom

what is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

what are the ends of a protein called and what is found at each end?

amino group is found at the n terminus; a carboxyl group is found at the c terminus

which is the location of the growing polypeptide strand?

amino group of incoming amino acid reacts via dehydration synthesis and joins with the carboxyl group of existing chain

what are the functional groups found in all amino acids?

amino group, carboxyl group, r group

high heat of vaporization

as a result of the network of hydrogen bonding present between water molecules, a high input of energy is required to transform one gram of liquid water into water vapor, an energy requirement called the heat of vaporization

where are hydrogen bonds found in dna?

between the nitrogenous bases

where are hydrogen bonds found in water?

bonds between H in one water molecule and O in another water molecule

what are the elements found in a carbohydrate?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what are the elements found in a lipid

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are the elements found in a protein?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what are the elements found in nucleic acids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant.

cohesion- water attracted to other water molecules adhesion- water attracted to the polar components of the xylem

describe how a nonpolar to polar r group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein

depending no whether the r group is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. interaction between hydrophobic amino acids with each other and hydrophilic amino acids with each other result in folding that gives the protein its 3d shape. changing a nonpolar r group to a polar r group can change the 3d shape of the protein and therefore change its ability to function correctly

how does the r group affect the folding of the protein?

depending whether the r group is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. protein folding results from hydrophilic r groups positioning themselves near other hydrophobic r groups and away from hydrophilic r groups and the cytoplasm

polar

differences in electronegativity result in partial charges which are used to make hydrogen bonds

describe the structure of a steroid

fused ring structure. four linked carbon rings

what are the components of a fat molecule?

glycerol backbone and fatty acids

what are the components of a phospholipid?

glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group that is modified by an alcohol

what type of bond is found in carbohydrates?

glycosidic bond

cohesion

holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water.

what are three functions of lipids in living organisms?

hormones, membrane structure, long term energy storage, insulation, waxes

less dense as a solid rather than a liquid

in liquid water hydrogen bonds form and break constantly in ice hydrogen bonds remain stable and the water forms a crystalline structure keeping the water molecules farther apart making it less dense than water

adhesion

in the case of water this is caused by hydrogen bonding. in liquid water each molecule of water is attracted in all directions to perhaps as many as four other water molecules through hydrogen bonding

what are three functions of proteins in living organism?

metabolism, support, transport

what is the monomer of a carb?

monosaccharide

identify the components of a phospholipid

non-polar head and polar tail

which macromolecule contains phosphorus?

nucleic acids

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotide

what type of bond is found between protein monomers?

peptide bond

what are parts found in all nucleotides?

phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

what type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers?

phosphodiester bond

for each r group option, describe the polarity and justify your response

polar folds out because it is hydrophilic and is attracted to the water nonpolar folds in because it is hydrophobic and is "afraid" of the water charged folds out because it is hydrophilic and is attracted to the water

what are the properties of water?

polar, excellent solvent, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, cohesion, adhesion, less dense as a solid rather than a liquid

what are the three options for the r group of an amino acid?

polar, nonpolar, and charged

which macromolecules contain nitrogen?

protein and nucleic acids

which macromolecule contains sulfur?

proteins

what are the four macromolecules?

proteins, lipids carbs, nucleic acids

what are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?

quick energy, structure (chitin and cellulose), energy storage

what is dehydration?

removal of water molecule to join two subunits

how does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid?

saturated are solid at room temperature - stackable unsaturated are liquid at room temperature; pack less tightly

what are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?

storage of genetic information, transfer of info from dna to cell and energy storage/release

using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water

surface tension- water molecules attracted to one another creates a surface to the water. also, the water strider evenly distributes its weight to not break the surface

how many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing?

2 between a & t and 3 between c & g