Unit 1: Chapter 4 Wrap It Up Quiz, Mindtap Ch. 4 & 5 American Gov., Unit 3: Chapter 8 Wrap It Up Quiz, Chapter 6 wrap it up quiz, ch 6 interest groups wrap it up, POLS EXAM LAST

Established in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Supreme Court's current free speech doctrine

requires government to show that speech is directed at producing an illegal action.

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Supreme Court:

ruled that the right to bear arms is incorporated by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

_____ is designed to remedy past discriminatory hiring practices, government contracting, and school admissions.

Affirmative Action

Gun ownership was highest in _____.

1990

Prior to _____ , individuals with disabilities had no protection from discrimination in employment and no public accommodations were made with respect to their condition.

1990

In the war on racial discrimination, African American citizens of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to ride the city's buses for more than a year in the mid-1950s. This was an example of using_____as a tactic to seek civil rights.

A legal boycott

Which of the following would most likely be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?

A public school teacher starting each day by having the class recite a specified prayer.

What type of briefs may interest groups submit as a "friend of the court"? a. Amicus curiae b. Quid pro quo c. Concurring d. Dissenting

Amicus curiae

In which case did the Supreme Court confirm that the Bill of Rights applied restrictions to the national government, and not state governments?

Barron v. Baltimore

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are normally regarded as the?

Bill of Rights

Which Supreme Court decision that upheld limits on donations to congressional campaigns resulted in the expansion of political action committee (PACs)? a. New York Times v. Sullivan b. Griswold v. Connecticut c. Buckley v. Valeo d. Marbury v. Madison

Buckley v. Valeo

Which law banned racial discrimination in all public and private accommodations, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate discrimination?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

is the umbrella term given to positive rights, whether political, social, or economic, conferred by the government to individuals and groups.

Civil rights

In 1947, several big-name Hollywood stars, screenwriters, and directors flew to Washington D.C. to protest the actions of Joseph McCarthy, a U.S. Senator who was accusing American citizens, many from the film industry, of being "card-carrying" a. Socialists. b. Communists. c. Libertarians. d. Fascists.

Communists

What did Congress do in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary murders in Newtown, CT? a. Congress and the states have both actively restricted gun access since the shootings. b. Congress has been inactive in restricting access to guns, but the states have varied in restricting and expanding gun rights. c. Congress took the lead in passing laws restricting gun access, but the states have resisted any such restrictions. d. Congress and the majority of states have expanded gun rights following the Newtown shootings.

Congress has been inactive in restricting access to guns, but the states have varied in restricting and expanding gun rights

With passage of the______ , the U.S. government divided tribal lands still in existence among individual Indians who ceded their tribal holdings.

Dawes Severalty Act in 1887

The ruling in ________ protects an individual's right to possess a handgun in the home for self-defense.

District of Columbia v. Heller

Passed by Congress in 1972, but never ratified by the states, the ____ stated, "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex."

Equal Rights Amendment

During World War I, which law did Congress pass to make it a crime to obstruct military recruiting? a. Militia Act b. Military Commissions Act c. Espionage Act d. Sedition Act

Espionage Act

Which constitutional clause prevents Congress from recognizing one church as the nation's official church? a. Necessary and proper clause b. Establishment clause c. Full faith and credit clause d. Privileges and immunities clause

Establishment clause

According to which regulation, illegally seized evidence may NOT be used in trial? a. Exclusionary rule b. Establishment clause c. Fourth amendment d. Probable clause

Exclusionary rule

Prisoners of war must be protected and treated in accordance with which international treaty? a. United Nations Charter b. Geneva Conventions c. Kyoto Accord d. Emancipation Proclamation

Geneva Conventions

Which Supreme Court case established a right to privacy? a. New York Times v. Sullivan b. Griswold v. Connecticut c. Brown v. Board of Education d. Mapp v. Ohio

Griswold v. Connecticut

The organization MoveOn.org explains its purpose as "Over the past 20 years, [our members] have...worked together to play a leading role in ending the war in Iraq, passing landmark legislation such as healthcare reform, and advancing the cause of economic fairness." What type of interest group is MoveOn.org? a. Nongovernmental organization b. Union c. Ideological interest group d. Concept-based

Ideological interest group

Which Supreme Court case protected consensual homosexual relationships? a. Marbury v. Madison b. Lawrence v. Texas c. New York Times v. Sullivan d. Griswold v. Connecticut

Lawrence v. Texas

What is the name for the small, divisive groups James Madison feared would divide the young nation? a. Fraternities b. Interest groups c. Cults d. Factions

Factions

Which of these early amendments to the Constitution guarantees the government will provide just compensation for private property that it takes? a. Eighth b. Fifth c. Second d. First

Fifth

If the police conduct a search that is later found to be in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the expectation of privacy test holds that the evidence cannot be used in trial. a. True b. False

False

An interest group forms in order to tackle the environmental issue of fracking. The leaders decide to use social media sites and e-mail to ensure their members register and to provide updates on developments and legislation. What interest group activity does this represent? a. Contributing to campaign activities b. Political assembly c. Informing d. Lobbying

Informing

What lobbying strategy keeps policy requests narrowly tailored to the group's needs and tries to influence legislators directly? a. Coalition formation b. Campaign activity c. Outside strategy d. Inside strategy

Inside strategy

In gender discrimination cases, the Supreme Court has applied ____ scrutiny, which is a standard requiring the government to show that the gender classification is "substantially related to an important state interest."

Intermediate

Which best describes the Supreme Court's 2008 majority opinion on whether the District of Columbia could restrict private possession of firearms? a. It denied an individual's right to keep and bear arms, as long as this only applied within the District of Columbia. b. It reaffirmed an individual's right to keep and bear arms and asserted that any restrictions on gun access were unconstitutional. c. The Supreme Court's refusal to hear the case allowed the lower court decision to stand which allowed "any reasonable restriction on firearm possession." d. It reaffirmed an individual's right to keep and bear arms, indicating that the right could be regulated but not denied.

It reaffirmed an individual's right to keep and bear arms, indicating that the right could be regulated but not denied

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission? a. It removed limits on how much money can be given to one candidate. b. It decided that unions can spend as much money as they want on issue ads. c. It removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections. d. It ruled that an individual cannot contribute to every single candidate running for federal office.

It removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.

In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the Bakke decision in the case of Grutter v. Bollinger. What was the Court's ruling in this 2003 case concerning affirmative action?

It ruled that race may be used as one of several positive factors in the admission process.

By the turn of the twentieth century, Southern states had enacted ______ , which required segregation of whites and nonwhites in public facilities.

Jim Crow Laws

The Supreme Court continues to use the_____ test as its legal standard for determining whether a government action is in violation of the establishment clause.

Lemon

The Supreme Court test for determining whether laws violate the establishment clause is known as the a. Kurtz test. b. Warrant test. c. Miller test. d. Lemon test.

Lemon test

_____is the crime of printing or disseminating false statements that harm someone.

Libel

Since the 1980s, the makeup company Mary Kay Inc. has been committed to ending domestic violence against women. In 2005, six sales directors drove to Washington D.C. to persuade Congress to renew the Violence Against Women Act. What democratic and legitimate form of petitioning did the Mary Kay employees perform? a. Lobbying b. Campaigning c. Protesting d. Boycotting

Lobbying

For published material to be considered obscene, it must pass which test? a. Miller b. Miranda c. Pentagon Papers d. Lemon

Miller

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that an individual who is arrested must be read a statement that explains their right to remain silent and right to an attorney?

Miranda v. Arizona

Which 1966 Supreme Court decision protected the rights of individuals in custody and mandated that police inform them of their rights? a. Marbury v. Madison b. Brown v. Board of Education c. Miranda v. Arizona d. Mapp v. Ohio

Miranda v. Arizona

What proportion of states have some sort of marijuana access laws?

Nearly All

Which interest group is unaffiliated with government and works hard to preserve its neutrality so it can operate in as many parts of the world as possible? a. Trade associations b. Foreign policy groups c. Nongovernmental organizations d. Single-issue groups

Nongovernmental organization

What does the First Amendment state Americans have the right to do? a. Peaceably assemble b. Refuse military service c. Overthrow government d. Protest without restriction

Peaceably assemble

Which of the following concerns opponents of medical marijuana use?

People without medical ailments will claim to have them in order to procure marijuana.

In which case did the Supreme Court establish the "separate but equal" doctrine for purposes of upholding state segregation laws?

Plessy v. Ferguson

What type of interest group is created in response to an opening or opportunity for social, political, or economic changes? a. Nonpartisan b. Pluralist c. Reactive d. Proactive

Proactive

To what has the medical marijuana debate been compared?

Prohibition

By Madison's logic, as expressed in Federalist 14, why was a bill of rights unnecessary?

Protection of rights is inherent in a limited government.

What type of interest group forms in response to a perceived threat? a. Pluralist b. Grassroots c. Reactive d. Proactive

Reactive

In which case did the Supreme Court refuse to protect plural marriage by declaring that, while government had no power to regulate religious belief, it could prohibit practices that impair the "public interest"?

Reynolds v. U.S. (1878)

Which Supreme Court case established a national right to abortion? a. Marbury v. Madison b. Brown v. Board of Education c. New York Times v. Sullivan d. Roe v. Wade

Roe v. Wade

Under current _____standards, individuals have a constitutional right to the assistance of counsel.

Sixth Amendment

Which of the following is accurate regarding use of the death penalty as punishment? a. It is generally banned under Eighth Amendment protections again cruel and unusual punishment. b. The death penalty may be imposed under federal sentencing mandates applicable to all fifty states. c. Only judges may impose the death penalty in a few circumstances involving federal crimes. d. States may impose the death penalty if they provide specific guidelines to jurors to consider.

States may impose the death penalty if they provide specific guidelines to jurors to consider

In 1960, four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina, approached a whites-only lunch counter to order coffee. Despite being denied service and encountering threats from those around them, the students sat quietly, waited to be served, and stayed until the store closed. Now known as a sit-in, this scenario exemplifies what type of speech? a. Prior restraint b. Fighting words c. Content-neutral d. Symbolic

Symbolic

On what grounds did the Supreme Court invalidate the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

The Constitution does not prohibit discrimination by private individuals.

What test does the Supreme Court commonly use to determine whether a particular limitation of a constitutional right is acceptable a. The Miller test b. The compelling interest test c. The clear and present danger test d. The selective incorporation test

The compelling interest test

According to the____theory, government restriction on speech must be kept to a minimum because only through a free exchange of arguments can the truth prevail.

The marketplace of ideas

What impact did the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) have on gay and lesbian rights?

The ruling invalidated a Texas law that criminalized certain intimate relations between gay couples.

If a school that receives federal funding offers three sports to male students, then three sports must also be available to female students under the tenants of

Title IX

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) considers itself the voice for radio and TV broadcasters across the United States. Specifically, it "advances the interests of our members in federal government, industry and public affairs; improves the quality and profitability of broadcasting; encourages content and technology innovation; and spotlights the important and unique ways stations serve their communities." What type of interest group is the NAB? a. Citizens' group b. Issue-oriented group c. Trade association d. Nongovernmental organization

Trade association

For which ailments has marijuana achieved medical benefits?

Treating cancer

The Second Amendment declares, "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The key phrase in this amendment that opponents of gun rights cite to support their argument is "well regulated militia." a. True b. False

True

The Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue-based, it was protected under the guarantee of free speech. a. True b. False

True

True or False: Support for stricter gun laws decreased after the Sandy Hook shooting?

True

What banned poll taxes in federal elections?

Twenty-fourth Amendment

What economic interest group aims to protect workers through safer working conditions and better wages? a. Unions b. Professional associations c. Trade associations d. Corporations

Unions

After passage of the _____ , literacy tests and property requirements for voting were invalidated, and municipalities with a history of voting discrimination were required to obtain pre-approval if they wanted to change voting laws.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Who proposed a specific platform to achieve social, economic, and political equality for African Americans using the philosophy of agitation by challenging racial discrimination?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Does the federal government consider the use of marijuana to be a crime?

Yes

If you followed Booker T. Washington's belief in_______during the 1800s, then you tolerated racial segregation and believed that African Americans should receive vocational training.

accommodation

Congress is prohibited from passing ______, which is a criminal law retroactively applied to those who engaged in activities when they were not yet illegal.

an ex post facto law

Marc lives in a country where there is little control over the behavior of its citizens. There is often chaos and a complete irreverence for authority and convention. This country, in which people have too much freedom and do as they please without regard to others, represents a. anarchy. b. a monarchy. c. a republic. d. democracy.

anarchy

In the 1857 Supreme Court case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote that

blacks "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect."

Established in 1974, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust "engages the public in educational and aesthetic experiences to foster an appreciation of architecture, design, and the legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright." Because it is a 501(c)(3) organization with tax-exempt status, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust is forbidden from a. producing voter education guides. b. counseling citizens on election procedures. c. campaigning for a candidate or party. d. explaining issues to the public that might be brought up during the election.

campaigning for a candidate or party.

A word or phrase, such as a racial epithet, that attacks an individual as opposed to a group of people, is called a. symbolic speech. b. fighting words. c. exclusionary speech. d. hate speech.

fighting words.

After studying the methods used by Mohandas Gandhi, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. began to use _____to call attention to unjust laws in the American South.

civil disobedience

In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court established the_____ test for determining whether government could limit individual speech rights.

clear and present danger

In the case of Sherbert v. Verner (1963), the Supreme Court applied the_______test, and found in favor of the Seventh-Day Adventist who refused to work on Saturdays.

compelling state interest

A group formed to advance the financial status of its members is called a(n) a. grassroots movement. b. ideological interest group. c. citizens' group. d. economic interest group.

economic interest group.

The Civil War Amendments are important because they institutionalized freedom for former slaves and guaranteed them______ , citizenship, and the right to vote.

equal protection under the law

If Jamal believes everyone should have the same rights to enter contracts, purchase and sell property, and otherwise compete for resources, Jamal supports a system of

equality of economic opportunity.

According to the _____, evidence obtained by police in violation of the Bill of Rights must not be admitted in a court of law.

exclusionary rule

States are generally free to pass laws that restrict religious practices if such laws a. don't restrict the majority religion. b. have a valid secular purpose. c. provide sufficient evidence that the religion is a cult. d. don't also discriminate based on race.

have a valid secular purpose

The U.S. Supreme Court uses the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause to make most of the individual rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights also applicable to the states, by a process called?

incorporation

A group of citizens with common interests who try to influence public policy to benefit its members is called a(n) a. caucus. b. iron triangle. c. interest group. d. lobby.

interest group.

The right to privacy is referred to as an "unenumerated" right because

it is not specifically referred to in the Constitution.

The publishing of false and damaging statements about a person is referred to as a. free speech. b. hate speech. c. libel. d. censure.

libel

In the 1990 case, Employment Division v. Smith, the Supreme Court adopted a new approach to the free exercise of religion, namely that states

may limit religious exercise when applying neutral laws that serve a legitimate state interest

If you live in a country where women are not allowed to vote or lobby the government, then your country does not grant ______equality to all groups within society.

political

Aimed at disenfranchising former slaves, southern states passed a _____that required a payment to the government before an individual could be allowed to vote.

poll tax

Government limitation on publication before the material has actually been published is known as

prior restraint.

Generally, warrants that allow searches and seizures must be backed by a. eyewitness accounts. b. legal consent. c. photographic evidence. d. probable cause

probable cause

Which of the following is protected by the Fourth Amendment?

protection from unreasonable searches and seizures

Brown v. Board of Education set a level of judicial review called ______ , which requires the government to prove that the racial classification of a law in question is "narrowly tailored" to meet a "compelling state interest."

strict scrutiny

A standard that the Supreme Court established to determine if material is obscene, based in part on whether the material has serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value, is more commonly referred to as

the SLAPS test.

Who is responsible for ultimately interpreting the First Amendment and determining if a particular government action or law is in violation of the Free Exercise Clause?

the U.S. Supreme Court

In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court decided the Bill of Rights applied to a. citizens only. b. the national government only. c. states only. d. both states and the national government.

the national government only

In the 1992 case, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Court replaced the trimester framework with the _____, for purposes of determining a woman's right to privacy.

undue burden test