Unit 1 Question Review
The first electron shell can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.
2
Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?
An injury to hyaline cartilage heals much more slowly than bone because it is devoid of blood vessels.
Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.
Cells become larger and are less able to divide and multiply.
Why is it important that DNA replication take place before cell division? What would happen if cell division of a body cell took place without DNA replication, or when DNA replication was incomplete
If DNA replication did not take place fully and before cell division, offspring cells would be missing some or all of the genome
Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding?
No; Identical atoms have identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds
Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons:
Oxygen has eight protons. In its most abundant stable form, it has eight neutrons, too, for a mass number of 16.
Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.
The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?
Unlike other nutrients, fat cannot be absorbed directly into the blood from the gut because fat molecules are simply too large to be taken up by the tiny capillaries that line it; it would simply clog them up.
In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?
Water is polar but oils, by contrast, are nonpolar, and as a result they're not attracted to the polarity of water molecules. In fact, oils are hydrophobic and repel water. So the water could not dissolve the oil
You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.
You are looking at cardiac cells. They have the ability to contract and link up. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that communicate with each other and they begin to contract together
You are working in a clinic and plated red blood cells to look at under a microscope. You notice they are plump, swollen, and some have burst. How do you correct this issue?
add more solutes to the fluid
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because
after replication is complete, one of the two parent DNA strands makes up half of each new DNA molecule
which of the following are polysaccharides?
amylose amylopectin glycogen cellulose maltose galactose glucose fructose
Glycogenesis is an _____ reaction.
anabolic
Katherine dissolves table salt into a glass of water, and watches as it disappears. She remembers from science class that sodium has an atomic number of 11, and chlorine has 7 valence electrons. She knows therefore, in solution, that sodium will be a/an
anion
Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?
because the substances that are brought into the cell are the specific ligands that could bind to the receptors being endocytosed
lysosomes vs peroxisomes
both contain enzymes & are membrane bound organelles lysosomes digest material like bacteria peroxisomes aid in lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification
similarities between transcription & DNA replication
both involve synthesis of nucleic acids and processes of initiation, elongation and termination
In glycogen, individual glucose molecules are______ through a _________ reaction.
bound; dehydration synthesis
an organelle that contains centrioles, which are composed of microtubules and pericentriolar material with protein complexes that play a critical role during cell division
centrosome
What type of bond is a peptide bond?
covalent
There are two types of bonds in water molecules. Which two?
covalent and hydrogen
translation location
cytoplasm
differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.
exchange
Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood cells. This process takes place to recruit _____________ cells that aid in the growth of granulation tissue.
fibroblast
tissue type with primary cell type skin bone tissue cartilage muscle nervous
fibroblast osteocyte chondrocyte myocyte neuron
What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?
hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells
The sodium-potassium pump maintains a ___ concentration of Na+ on the outside of the cell.
high
What form of secretion do the sebaceous glands use?
holocrine
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the entire glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
holocrine; apocrine
According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because
its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons
bleach has a pH of around 13. this means it has a _____ concentration of H+ ions
low
A single-celled gland found in columnar epithelium known as a goblet cell secretes __________, which provides protection and lubrication.
mucus
Excitable forms of tissue
nervous and muscle
Transcription location
nucleus
Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.
nucleus, cytoplasm
What would happen if anaphase proceeded even though the sister chromatids were not properly attached to their respective microtubules and lined up at the metaphase plate
one or both of the new daughter cells would accidentally receive duplicate chromosomes and/or would be missing certain chromosomes
The most abundant element in our body is
oxygen
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle tissue is a result of
repeating bands of the proteins actin and myosin that are present along the length of myofibrils.
A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers ofcations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n)
salt
Select ALL of the following that derive from ectoderm germ line cells.
skin & nerve cells
When a person has an asthma attack the circular _________ muscle constricts, preventing air to be expelled from the lungs.
smooth
DNA code is converted into an RNA code in the process of _________________. In this process a molecule of mRNA that is complementary to a specific gene is synthesized which provides the code to synthesize a protein.
transcription
if a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?
ventral, thoracic, pleural; parietal
What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?
- Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients - Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient - the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their electrical gradient.
How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?
3
Carbon13 (13C) has how many neutrons?
7
Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.
hyaline cartilage
Amylase facilitates a _____ reaction to break down amylose into individual glucose molecules.
hydrolysis
In which situation is there a higher concentration of sodium inside of the cell?
hypotonic
identify three ways growth can occur in the human body
increasing number of existing cells increasing size of existing cells increasing amount of non-cellular material around cells
