Unit 1 Question Review

The first electron shell can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.

2

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

An injury to hyaline cartilage heals much more slowly than bone because it is devoid of blood vessels.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.

Cells become larger and are less able to divide and multiply.

Why is it important that DNA replication take place before cell division? What would happen if cell division of a body cell took place without DNA replication, or when DNA replication was incomplete

If DNA replication did not take place fully and before cell division, offspring cells would be missing some or all of the genome

Could two atoms of oxygen engage in ionic bonding?

No; Identical atoms have identical electronegativity and cannot form ionic bonds

Oxygen, whose atomic number is eight, has three stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, and 18O. Explain what this means in terms of the number of protons and neutrons:

Oxygen has eight protons. In its most abundant stable form, it has eight neutrons, too, for a mass number of 16.

Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.

The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption.

Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

Unlike other nutrients, fat cannot be absorbed directly into the blood from the gut because fat molecules are simply too large to be taken up by the tiny capillaries that line it; it would simply clog them up.

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Water is polar but oils, by contrast, are nonpolar, and as a result they're not attracted to the polarity of water molecules. In fact, oils are hydrophobic and repel water. So the water could not dissolve the oil

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.

You are looking at cardiac cells. They have the ability to contract and link up. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that communicate with each other and they begin to contract together

You are working in a clinic and plated red blood cells to look at under a microscope. You notice they are plump, swollen, and some have burst. How do you correct this issue?

add more solutes to the fluid

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because

after replication is complete, one of the two parent DNA strands makes up half of each new DNA molecule

which of the following are polysaccharides?

amylose amylopectin glycogen cellulose maltose galactose glucose fructose

Glycogenesis is an _____ reaction.

anabolic

Katherine dissolves table salt into a glass of water, and watches as it disappears. She remembers from science class that sodium has an atomic number of 11, and chlorine has 7 valence electrons. She knows therefore, in solution, that sodium will be a/an

anion

Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?

because the substances that are brought into the cell are the specific ligands that could bind to the receptors being endocytosed

lysosomes vs peroxisomes

both contain enzymes & are membrane bound organelles lysosomes digest material like bacteria peroxisomes aid in lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

similarities between transcription & DNA replication

both involve synthesis of nucleic acids and processes of initiation, elongation and termination

In glycogen, individual glucose molecules are______ through a _________ reaction.

bound; dehydration synthesis

an organelle that contains centrioles, which are composed of microtubules and pericentriolar material with protein complexes that play a critical role during cell division

centrosome

What type of bond is a peptide bond?

covalent

There are two types of bonds in water molecules. Which two?

covalent and hydrogen

translation location

cytoplasm

differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

exchange

Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood cells. This process takes place to recruit _____________ cells that aid in the growth of granulation tissue.

fibroblast

tissue type with primary cell type skin bone tissue cartilage muscle nervous

fibroblast osteocyte chondrocyte myocyte neuron

What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?

hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells

The sodium-potassium pump maintains a ___ concentration of Na+ on the outside of the cell.

high

What form of secretion do the sebaceous glands use?

holocrine

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the entire glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

holocrine; apocrine

According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because

its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons

bleach has a pH of around 13. this means it has a _____ concentration of H+ ions

low

A single-celled gland found in columnar epithelium known as a goblet cell secretes __________, which provides protection and lubrication.

mucus

Excitable forms of tissue

nervous and muscle

Transcription location

nucleus

Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.

nucleus, cytoplasm

What would happen if anaphase proceeded even though the sister chromatids were not properly attached to their respective microtubules and lined up at the metaphase plate

one or both of the new daughter cells would accidentally receive duplicate chromosomes and/or would be missing certain chromosomes

The most abundant element in our body is

oxygen

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle tissue is a result of

repeating bands of the proteins actin and myosin that are present along the length of myofibrils.

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers ofcations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n)

salt

Select ALL of the following that derive from ectoderm germ line cells.

skin & nerve cells

When a person has an asthma attack the circular _________ muscle constricts, preventing air to be expelled from the lungs.

smooth

DNA code is converted into an RNA code in the process of _________________. In this process a molecule of mRNA that is complementary to a specific gene is synthesized which provides the code to synthesize a protein.

transcription

if a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?

ventral, thoracic, pleural; parietal

What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?

- Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients - Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient - the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down their electrical gradient.

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

3

Carbon13 (13C) has how many neutrons?

7

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

hyaline cartilage

Amylase facilitates a _____ reaction to break down amylose into individual glucose molecules.

hydrolysis

In which situation is there a higher concentration of sodium inside of the cell?

hypotonic

identify three ways growth can occur in the human body

increasing number of existing cells increasing size of existing cells increasing amount of non-cellular material around cells