Unit 11 - Developmental and Pediatric Assessment
Gross Motor Skill Complete head lag persists Cannot sit upright Primitive reflexes present Fine Motor Skill Reflexive grasp
Birth to 1 month gross motor skill fine motor skill
2 to 2 1/2 years old
Birth weight should be quadrupled by what age?
Period Ii: Preoperational (2 to 7 Years) During this time children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. They exhibit "egocentrism" in that they see objects and people from only one point of view, their own. They believe that everyone experiences the world exactly as they do. Early in this stage children demonstrate "animism," in which they personify objects. They believe that inanimate objects have lifelike thought, wishes, and feelings. Their thinking is influenced greatly by fantasy and magical thinking. Children at this stage have difficulty conceptualizing time. Play becomes a primary means by which they foster their cognitive development and learn about the world.
2nd period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Occurs at what age?
Gross Motor Skill Walks holding onto furniture Stands alone, for short periods May attempt first step alone Fine Motor Skill Can place objects into containers Can turn book pages (more than one page at a time)
10 to 12 months gross motor skill fine motor skill
Period I: Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 Years) Infants develop a schema or action pattern for dealing with the environment. These schemas include hitting, looking, grasping, or kicking. Schemas become self-initiated activities (e.g., the infant learning that sucking achieves a pleasing result generalizes the action to suck fingers, blanket, or clothing). Successful achievement leads to greater exploration. During this stage a child learns about himself and his environment through motor and reflex actions. He or she learns that he or she is separate from the environment and that aspects of the environment (e.g., parents or favorite toy) continue to exist even though they cannot always be seen.
1st period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Occurs at what age?
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 12 to 18 months) Establishing a basic sense of trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality. An infant's successful resolution of this stage requires a consistent caregiver who is available to meet his needs. From this basic trust in parents, an infant is able to trust in herself or himself, in others, and in the world
1st stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Gross Motor Skill When prone, lifts head and chest and bears weight on forearms With support, able to sit erect with good head control Can turn from back to side Fine Motor Skill Holds rattle for short periods but cannot pick it up if dropped Looks at and plays with hands Able to bring objects to mouth
2 to 4 months gross motor skill fine motor skill
Autonomy vs. Sense of Shame and Doubt (18 Months to 3 Years) By this stage a growing child is more accomplished in some basic self-care activities, including walking, feeding, and toileting. This newfound independence is the result of maturation and imitation. A toddler develops his or her autonomy by making choices.
2nd stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Period Iii: Concrete Operations (7 to 11 Years) Children now are able to perform mental operations. For example, the child thinks about an action that before was performed physically. Children are now able to describe a process without actually doing it. At this time they are able to coordinate two concrete perspectives in social and scientific thinking, so they are able to appreciate the difference between their perspective and that of a friend. Reversibility is one of the primary characteristics of concrete operational thought. Children can now mentally picture a series of steps and reverse the steps to get back to the starting point. The ability to mentally classify objects according to their quantitative dimensions, known as seriation, is achieved. They are able to correctly order or sort objects by length, weight, or other characteristics. Another major accomplishment of this stage is conservation, or the ability to see objects or quantities as remaining the same despite a change in their physical appearance
3rd period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Occurs at what age?
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 Years) Children like to pretend and try out new roles. Fantasy and imagination allow them to further explore their environment. Also at this time they are developing their superego, or conscience. Conflicts often occur between a child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior. These conflicts sometimes lead to feelings of frustration and guilt.
3rd stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Gross Motor Skill Turns from abdomen to back at 5 months and then back to abdomen at 6 months Can support much of own weight when pulled to stand No head lag when pulled to sit Fine Motor Skill Grasps objects at will and can drop them to pick up another object Pulls feet to mouth to explore Can hold a bottle
4 to 6 months gross motor skill fine motor skill
Period Iv: Formal Operations (11 Years to Adulthood) The transition from concrete to formal operational thinking occurs in stages during which there is a prevalence of egocentric thought. This egocentricity leads adolescents to demonstrate feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness: a belief that their actions and appearance are constantly being scrutinized (an "imaginary audience"), that their thoughts and feelings are unique (the "personal fable"), and that they are invulnerable. These feelings of invulnerability frequently lead to risk-taking behaviors, especially in early adolescence. As adolescents share experiences with peers, they learn that many of their thoughts and feelings are shared by almost everyone, helping them to know that they are not so different. As they mature, their thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. They have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities.
4th period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Occurs at what age?
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 Years) School-age children are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools. They learn to work and play with their peers. They thrive on their accomplishments and praise.
4th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Puberty) Dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation mark this stage. There is a marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. This stage, in which identity development begins with the goal of achieving some perspective or direction, answers the question "Who am I?"
5th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Gross Motor Skill Sits alone without support Bears full weight on feet and can hold on to furniture while standing Fine Motor Skill Bangs objects together Transfers objects from hand to hand
6 to 8 months gross motor skill fine motor skill
School age
6-12 years old Moving from family and close friends to....school, community, church and peers.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult) Young adults, having developed a sense of identity, deepen their capacity to love others and care for them. They search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. Erikson portrayed intimacy as finding the self and then losing it in another
6th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Generativity vs. Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle Age) Following the development of an intimate relationship, an adult focuses on supporting future generations. The ability to expand one's personal and social involvement is critical to this stage of development. Middle-age adults achieve success in this stage by contributing to future generations through parenthood, teaching, mentoring, and community involvement.
7th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
Gross Motor Skill Scoots or crawls on hands and knees Pulls self to standing position Fine Motor Skill Picks up small objects Begins to use pincer grasp Shows hand preference
8 to 10 months gross motor skill fine motor skill
Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age) Many older adults review their lives with a sense of satisfaction, even with their inevitable mistakes. Others see themselves as failures, with their lives marked by despair and regret. Older adults often engage in a retrospective appraisal of their lives. They interpret their lives as a meaningful whole or experience regret because of goals not achieved`
8th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Occurs at what age?
autonomy
According to Erikson (1963) a sense of _________emerges during toddlerhood. Children strive for independence by using their developing muscles to do everything for themselves and become the master of their bodily functions. Their strong wills are frequently exhibited in negative behavior when caregivers attempt to direct their actions. Temper tantrums result when parental restrictions frustrate toddlers. Parents need to provide toddlers with graded independence, allowing them to do things that do not result in harm to themselves or others. For example, young toddlers who want to learn to hold their own cups often benefit from two-handled cups with spouts and plastic bibs with pockets to collect the milk that spills during the learning process.
During the preoperational stage of development the child's imagination develops, and children begin to discern the difference between past and future, although they still do not grasp more complex concepts such as cause and effect
According to Piaget, toddlers are in what stage?
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
According to _______, individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next one. Each task is framed with opposing conflicts, and tasks once mastered are challenged and tested again during new situations or at times of conflict
Competitive...strict rules Games/athletics/sports; movies; reading; parties; dancing; hobbies; computer games; music
Adolescent Type of Play Appropriate Play Activities
attachment
After immediate physical evaluation and application of identification bracelets, the nurse promotes early parent-child contact to encourage parent-child ________ Most healthy newborns are awake and alert for the first hour after birth. This is a good time for parent-child interaction to begin. Close body contact, often including breastfeeding, is a satisfying way for most families to start bonding through eye-to-eye contact and touch.
2- to 3-months-old 8 months
At ________, begin to smile responsively rather than reflexively. Similarly they recognize differences in people when their sensory and cognitive capabilities improve. By _________ most infants are able to differentiate a stranger from a familiar person and respond differently to the two.
first year of life
Breastfeeding is recommended for infant nutrition because breast milk contains the essential nutrients of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and immunoglobulins that bolster the ability to resist infection. Both the AAP and the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) recommend human milk for the __________
not only recognize their own names but are also able to say three to five words and understand almost 100 words
By 1 year, infants _________ (language)
"me do it" and "that's mine"
Children begin to think about things more symbolically as their vocabulary develops. "Who's that?" and "What's that?" are typical questions children ask during this period. Verbal expressions such as _____ and _____ demonstrate the 2-year-old child's use of pronouns and desire for independence and control.
- School readiness - Cause and effect - "The sun sets because people want to go to bed." - Very concrete thinking - Fear of bodily harm, the dark, animals, nurses
Cognitive Changes in preschoolers include...
Piaget- concrete thinking, more logical, can see other viewpoints Collections: Hatchimals, Num Noms, Pokemon cards, Chubbie puppies
Cognitive Changes in school-age children
school age 20%
Compared to the younger ages, growth slows during _______ Obesity for school age and teens is about ______ Focus on healthy food choices and being active
- Unsure if want parents with them or not when hospitalized; separation from friends source of anxiety - Fear being different from others/peers; give impression that they are not afraid even when are; become guarded with areas related to genitalia/sexuality - Expressed in anger, withdrawal, uncooperative; seek help, then reject it
Developmental Tasks Related to Hospitalization Adolescent
- Protests with crying/screaming/ fighting/searching for parent/rejecting contact with strangers/loss of newly learned skills - Affected by previous experiences, separation from parents, preparation for experience - Disruption of rituals/routines in toddler, esp. re: feeding, toileting, playing, bedtime
Developmental Tasks Related to Hospitalization Infant/Toddler
- Less obvious/serious than toddler; may displace feelings onto others; may become withdrawn, depressed, uninterested in environment; uncooperative - General lack understanding of body integrity; fears invasive procedures/mutilation; imagines things much worse than are - Likes familiar routines/rituals; regressive behavior without some control
Developmental Tasks Related to Hospitalization Pre-school
- Accustomed to separation, but with stress, may be more difficult; more concerned with missing school/friends - Fears bodily injury/pain/illness itself/disability/ death/intrusive procedures in genitalia area - Very inquisitive/asks questions about care/ procedures/illness; associates actions with cause of illness; may feel helpless/ dependent if physical limitations occur
Developmental Tasks Related to Hospitalization School-age
deep attachment
During the first month of life most parents and newborns normally develop a strong bond that grows into a _________ Feeding, hygiene, and comfort measures consume much of newborns' waking time. These interactions provide a foundation for the formation of this
stranger anxiety
Erikson (1963) describes the psychosocial developmental crisis for an infant as trust versus mistrust. He explains that the quality of parent-infant interactions determines development of trust or mistrust. The infant learns to trust self, others, and the world through the relationship between the parent and child and the care the child receives A stranger can induce ________
- Accidents from complete dependence - Baby proof house; car seats; gates on stairs; protect from hot/cold extremes; crib safety; no small piece toys
Infant Safety Issue Preventive Strategies
- Gross motor: walking, running, climbing, and jumping well established - Refinement in eye-hand and muscle coordination - Drawing, artwork, skillful manipulation
Gross and Fine Motor in preschoolers include...
Solitary Verbal, tactile, visual stimuli; soft toys; mobiles; rattles; water toys; large picture books
Infant Type of Play Appropriate Play Activities
◦ 5- to 7-oz weight gain per week ◦ Double birth weight by age 6 months ◦ Triple birth weight by age 1 year ◦ Quadruple by 2 years ◦ Height increases by 1 inch per month x 6 months ◦ Growth in "spurts" rather than gradual pattern
How does weight and height change as an infant grows?
honey cow milk
If a child is under 1 years old, what foods should be avoided?
fluoride
In infants, _________ is an essential mineral required for development of healthy teeth. To ensure adequate ingestion, it is often added to drinking water, toothpaste, and infant formula.
Learning more about word meanings and context Jokes and riddles
Language in school-age children
easy, slow to warm up, and difficult```
Most children have one of these three broad temperamental traits:
Walking, running, eye-hand coordination
Motor skills for toddlers include...
identify serious or life-threatening conditions before symptoms begin Blood tests
Newborn screening tests are administered before babies leave the hospital to ___________. Results of the screening tests are sent directly to the pediatrician. If a screening test suggests a problem, the baby's physician usually follows up with further testing and may refer the baby to a specialist for treatment if needed. ________ help detect inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). These are genetic disorders caused by the absence or deficiency of a substance, usually an enzyme, essential to cellular metabolism that results in abnormal protein, carbohydrate, or fat metabolism. Although IEMs are rare, neonatal screening is done to detect phenylketonuria (PKU), hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and other diseases to allow appropriate treatment that prevents permanent mental retardation and other health problems.
the continued presence of lanugo (fine downy hair) on the skin of the back; cyanosis of the hands and feet for the first 24 hours; and a soft, protuberant abdomen. Skin color varies according to racial and genetic heritage and gradually changes during infancy. Molding, or overlapping of the soft skull bones, allows the fetal head to adjust to various diameters of the maternal pelvis and is a common occurrence with vaginal births. The bones readjust within a few days, producing a rounded appearance to the head
Normal physical characteristics of the newborn include...
1800 calories half of average
Nutritional requirements for the preschooler vary little from those of the toddler. The average daily intake is _______ calories. Parents often worry about the amount of food their child is consuming, and this is a relevant concern because of the problem of childhood obesity. However, the quality of the food is more important than quantity in most situations. Preschoolers consume about _________ adult portion sizes. Finicky eating habits are characteristic of the 4-year-old; however, preschoolers engaged in meal preparation are more likely to try new things
energy Guilt
Preschoolers have a surplus of _________ that permits them to plan and attempt many activities that are beyond their capabilities, such as pouring milk from a gallon container into their cereal bowls. ______ arises within children when they overstep the limits of their abilities and think that they have not behaved correctly. Preschoolers also exhibit magical thinking and believe that if they simply think something, it will happen. Children who in anger wished that their sibling were dead experience guilt if that sibling becomes ill. Children need to learn that "wishing" for something to happen does not make it occur.
5 pounds/year 2½ to 3 inches/year
Physical changes in preschoolers Physical growth slows and stabilizes Average weight gain remains about ________ Average height increases _________ Body systems mature and stabilize; can adjust to moderate stress and change
object permanence
Piaget termed this understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched _______ and considered it one of the child's most important accomplishments.
solitary and exploratory as infants use their senses to observe and examine their own bodies and objects of interest in their surroundings.
Play is important for development of cognitive, social, and motor skills. Much of infant play is _________ Adults facilitate infant learning by planning activities that promote the development of milestones and providing toys that are safe for infants to explore with their mouth and manipulate with their hands such as rattles, wooden blocks, plastic stacking rings, squeezable stuffed animals, and busy boxes.
- Accidents from inquisitiveness - Teach about daring feats...they are not possible without injury; teach simple safety practices; car booster seats; fire safety; keep guns locked up and disarmed; stranger safety; teach full name, parents' names, phone number, address; teach how/when to dial 911; keep poison control center number posted; keep syrup of ipecac at home
Pre-school Safety Issue Preventive Strategies
Associative Imaginary friends; building blocks/toys; dress-up clothes; paints; crayons; puzzles; beginning sports
Pre-school Type of Play Appropriate Play Activities
12 hours Sleep disturbances
Preschoolers average ________ of sleep a night and take infrequent naps. _________ are common during these years. These range from trouble getting to sleep to nightmares to prolonging bedtime with extensive rituals. Frequently children in this playful age-group have had an overabundance of activity and stimulation. Helping them slow down before bedtime usually results in better sleeping habits.
2100 four to five
Preschoolers' vocabularies continue to increase rapidly; by the age of 5 children have an average of ______ words that they use to define familiar objects, identify colors, and express their desires and frustrations. They combine __________ words into sentences and use pronouns, prepositions, adjectives, and verbs. Language is more social, and preschoolers often question "Why?" and ask the same question repeatedly until answered. Phonetically similar words such as die and dye or wood and would cause confusion in preschool children. Avoid such words when preparing them for procedures and assess comprehension of explanations.
Child is successful, someone praises child, sense of worth Developing self-esteem, self-concept Thinking about abstract concepts Cognitive/ Piaget: formal operations Peers: school age- same sex peers "best friends", clubs Adolescent- opposite sex peers, group identity Sexual Identity - curiosity, experimentation, education
Psychosocial Changes in school-age children Erikson Piaget Freud adolescent
2 inches 4-7 lbs "bigger and taller" Scoliosis
School Age Height ______ per year Weight ______ per year Slimmer than preschool years Girls _________ than boys Better coordination, games, sports, activities.oBetter fine motor skills and more independent ________ screening- AL grades 5-9
Cooperative Drawing; collecting items; dolls; pets; guessing games; board games; computer games; TV/radio/CD players; reading
School-age Type of Play Appropriate Play Activities
crying cooing laughing imitating sounds comprehending the meaning of simple commands repeating words with knowledge of their meaning.
Speech is an important aspect of cognition that develops during the first year. Infants proceed from.... According to Piaget this demonstrates that an infant is demonstrating some symbolic abilities.
Stage 1: Oral (Birth to 12 to 18 Months) Initially sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable in their own rights. Late in this stage the infant begins to realize that the mother/parent is something separate from self. Disruption in the physical or emotional availability of the parent (e.g., inadequate bonding or chronic illness) could affect an infant's development.
Stage 1 of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Occurs at what age?
Stage 2: Anal (12 to 18 Months to 3 Years) The focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. Children become increasingly aware of the pleasurable sensations of this body region with interest in the products of their effort. Through the toilet-training process the child delays gratification to meet parental and societal expectations.
Stage 2 of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Occurs at what age?
Stage 3: Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 Years) The genital organs are the focus of pleasure during this stage. The boy becomes interested in the penis; the girl becomes aware of the absence of the penis, known as penis envy. This is a time of exploration and imagination as a child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as his or her first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra complex. By the end of this stage the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a way to win recognition and acceptance.
Stage 3 of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Occurs at what age?
Stage 4: Latency (6 to 12 Years) In this stage Freud believed that children repress and channel sexual urges from the earlier Oedipal stage into productive activities that are socially acceptable. Within the educational and social worlds of the child, there is much to learn and accomplish.
Stage 4 of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Occurs at what age?
Stage 5: Genital (Puberty Through Adulthood) In this final stage sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle. Unresolved prior conflicts surface during adolescence. Once the individual resolves conflicts, he or she is then capable of having a mature adult sexual relationship.
Stage 5 of Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Occurs at what age?
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS)
Studies have indicated that hearing loss is the most common congenital abnormality in newborns. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends universal screening of newborn hearing before discharge or within the first month of life, this is called __________
1: elevation of papillae; adrenarche, ovarian growth 2: breast bud, areolar enlargement; clitoral enlargement, growth of uterus 3: breast tissue grows, no contour; axillary hair, acne 4: projection of areolar and papilla, secondary mound formation; menarche 5: adult-type contour; adult genitalia
Tanner stages female genitalia and other
1: testes less than 2.5 cm; adrenarche 2: Testes grow, thinning and reddening of scrotum; decreased body fat 3: Testes grow, penis length increases; voice break, increased muscle masss 4: testes and penis grows, darkening of scrotum; axillary hair, voice change, acne 5: testes greater than 4.5 cm, adult genitalia; facial hair, muscle mass increases
Tanner stages male genitalia and other
1: villus hair only 2: sparse hair 3: coarse, thicker hair 4: adult hair, does not spread to thighs 5: adult hair, spread to medial thigh
Tanner stages pubic hair both genders
The easy child
Temperament Easygoing and even-tempered. This child is regular and predictable in his or her habits. The child is open and adaptable to change and displays a mild to moderately intense mood that is typically positive.
The difficult child
Temperament Highly distracted, active, irritable, and irregular in habits. This child may benefit from "practice" or role playing to be successful with new skills, situations, or environments.
The slow-to-warm up child
Temperament Typically displays discomfort when introduced to new situations and needs time to adjust to new environment, authority figures, and expectations. These children respond with tears, somatic complaints, or other maneuvers to avoid the situation (e.g., complaining of a stomachache to avoid going to school).
10 words 300 words
The 18-month-old child uses approximately ____ words. The 24-month-old child has a vocabulary of up to _____ words and is generally able to speak in two-word sentences, although the ability to understand speech is much greater than the number of words acquired
preschool period
The __________ refers to the years between ages 3 and 5. Children refine the mastery of their bodies and eagerly await the beginning of formal education. Many people consider these the most intriguing years of parenting because children are less negative, more accurately share their thoughts, and more effectively interact and communicate. Physical development occurs at a slower pace than cognitive and psychosocial development.
6 months iron-fortified cereal one food should be introduced and consumed for approximately 1 week before introducing the next food
The addition of solid foods is not recommended before the age of ______ because developmentally, infants are not ready for solid food before this age After this age, _________ is generally an adequate supplemental source. To identify food sensitivities, __________. This allows for easier identification of which food causes the reaction.
12 to 18 months end of the second or third month
The anterior fontanel of an infant usually closes by _________, whereas the posterior fontanel closes by the _________.
6 to 9 pounds (2700 to 4000 g), is 19 to 21 inches (48 to 53 cm) in length, and has a head circumference of 13 to 14 inches (33 to 35 cm). 10%
The average newborn is ___________ (measurements) Neonates lose up to ____ of birth weight in the first few days of life, primarily through fluid losses by respiration, urination, defecation, and low fluid intake. They usually regain birth weight by the second week of life, and a gradual pattern of increase in weight, height, and head circumference is evident.
3 inches 4 to 6 pounds
The average toddler grows _______ in height, mostly through elongation of the legs, and gains approximately ________ each year
solitary parallel
The child continues to engage in _______ play during toddlerhood but also begins to participate in ______ play, which is playing beside rather than with another child. Play expands the child's cognitive and psychosocial development. It is always important to consider the safety of a toy and whether the toy supports development of the child.
parallel to associative play. in groups of two or three the group has a temporary leader for each activity. make-believe play screen time `
The play of preschool children becomes more social after the third birthday as it shifts from __________ Children playing together engage in similar if not identical activity; however, there is no division of labor or rigid organization or rules. Most 3-year-old children are able to play with one other child in a cooperative manner in which they make something or play designated roles such as mother and baby. By age 4, children play____________, and by 5 years _________ During the preoperational stage of growth and development the child begins to engage in ______ play ______ also help support development and the learning of basic skills. However, these should be only one part of the child's total play activities and should be limited
self-care activities such as feeding, dressing, and toileting
The rapid development of motor skills allows a toddler to participate in skills like...
Early cognitive development begins with innate behavior, reflexes, and sensory functions. Newborns initiate reflex activities, learn behaviors, and learn their desires. At birth, newborns are able to focus on objects about 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) from their faces and perceive forms. Newborns respond to human faces, black and white contrasting patterns, and bright colors. Crying is a means by which newborns communicate to provide cues to parents.
What kind of cognitive changes occur in a newborn? What do newborns do to communicate with parents?
- Accidents from exploration - Supervise at play; car seats; lock car doors/safety locks in home; child proof house; protect from water inside/outside house; protect from poisons/post poison control center number; keep syrup of ipecac at home
Toddler Safety Issue Preventive Strategies
Parallel Push/pull toys; bubbles; large balls; crayons; trucks/dolls; containers; clay; toy telephones; cloth books; wooden puzzles
Toddler Type of Play Appropriate Play Activities
independence negative behavior and temper tantrums negativism
Toddlerhood is the period from 12 to 36 months of age during which children enjoy increasing ________ bolstered by greater physical mobility and cognitive abilities. Toddlers are increasingly aware of their abilities to control and are pleased with successful efforts with this new skill. This success leads them to repeated attempts to control their environments. Unsuccessful attempts at control result in _________. Parents cite these as the most problematic behaviors during the toddler years and at times express frustration with trying to set consistent and firm limits while simultaneously encouraging independence. Nurses and parents should limit the opportunities for a "no" answer, known as __________. For example, do not ask the toddler, "Do you want to take your medicine now?" Instead, tell the child that it is time to take medicine, and offer a choice of water or juice to drink with it.
body parts 2 years old
Toddlers begin to know ________ Recognizes gender differences by age ____
"food jags" finger foods
Toddlers often develop __________ or the desire to eat one food repeatedly. Rather than becoming disturbed by this behavior, encourage parents to offer a variety of nutritious foods at meals and to provide only nutritious snacks between meals. Serving _________ to toddlers allows them to eat by themselves and to satisfy their need for independence and control. Small, reasonable servings allow toddlers to eat all of their meals.
If parents or children experience health complications after birth, this may compromise the attachment process. These newborns' behavioral cues are sometimes weak or absent, and caregiving may be less mutually satisfying. Some tired or ill parents have difficulty interpreting and responding to their newborns. Preterm babies and those born with congenital anomalies are often too weak to be responsive to parental cues and require special supportive nursing care.
What may compromise the attachment process?
D. Object permanence
When Ryan was 3 months old he loved his crib mobile; when his view of it was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he looks for it. This is called: A. Sensorimotor play B. Magical thinking C. Adaptability D. Object permanence
measure height, weight, head and chest circumference, temperature, pulse, and respirations and observe general appearance, body functions, sensory capabilities, reflexes, and responsiveness.
When a baby is born, perform a comprehensive nursing assessment as soon as a newborn's physiological functioning is stable, generally within a few hours after birth. At this time, you should....
D. Prepare the child through play with a doll and toy medical equipment.
You are preparing a 4 yo for a procedure. Which method is the most developmentally appropriate method to use? A. Allow the child to watch another child undergoing the same procedure. B. Show the child pictures of what he or she will experience. C. Talk to the child in simple terms about what will happen. D. Prepare the child through play with a doll and toy medical equipment.
Increased locomotion skills, the ability to undress, and development of sphincter control 18-24 months
_______ allow toilet training if a toddler has developed the necessary language and cognitive abilities. Assisting parents in the recognition of the child's patterns and urge to urinate and defecate is crucial in determining a child's readiness. The toddler must also be motivated to hold on to please the parent rather than letting go to please the self to successfully accomplish toilet training Remind parents that patience, consistency, and a calm attitude, in addition to the child's readiness, are essential to successful toilet training. At what age does toilet training usually occur?
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
________ includes four periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding. He built his theory on years of observing children as they explored, manipulated, and tried to make sense out of the world in which they lived. He believed that individuals move from one stage to the other seeking cognitive equilibrium or a state of mental balance and that they build mental structures to help adapt to the world. Within each of these primary periods of cognitive development are specific stages
Child maltreatment
_________ includes intentional physical abuse or neglect, emotional abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse of children, usually by adults. More children suffer from neglect than any other type . Children of any age can suffer from this, but the youngest are the most vulnerable.
vision screening
_________ usually begins in the preschool years and needs to occur at regular intervals. One of the most important tests is to determine the presence of nonbinocular vision or strabismus. Early detection and treatment of strabismus must occur by age 6 to prevent amblyopia
Injury Prevention
__________ is a major cause of death in children 6 to 12 months old. An understanding of the major developmental accomplishments during this time period allows for injury-prevention planning. As a child achieves gains in motor development and becomes increasingly curious about the environment, constant watchfulness and supervision are critical for injury prevention.
Temperament
a behavioral style that affects an individual's emotional interactions with others
Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development
states that individuals go through five stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body: the mouth, the anus, and the genitals.
