Unit 14 ap psych

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked? A. Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love B. Grigory, who is busy studying for a history test C. Sigrid, who unexpectedly lost her part-time job and has time on her hands D. Fred, who is depressed because he just learned he got a D on a chemistry test E. Marcus, who wants to apply to medical school when he is older

A. Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love

Felippe, a 17 year old high school senior, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with A. Toren, who is talkative and assertive B. Erez, who is quiet and passive C. Tom, who is intelligent and quiet D. Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative E. Harvinder, who is talkative but insecure

A. Toren, who is talkative and assertive

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on A. altruism B. the mere exposure effect C. the fundamental attribution error D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. the effects of exposure to violent pornography

A. altruism

Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that A. hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility B. aversive events often distract people from acting on their hostile intentions C. frustration inevitably leads people to act aggressively D. aversive events lead to hostility in males but not in females E. some individuals are more likely to be aggressive and commit aversive events

A. hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility

In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates A. mirror-image perceptions B. implicit prejudice C. the other-race effect D. deindividuation E. a social trap

A. mirror-image perceptions

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are A. reciprocity and social responsibility B. social responsibility and social exchange C. reciprocity and social facilitation D. social facilitation and social exchange E. similarity and proximity

A. reciprocity and social responsibility

Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior A. reflected her personal disposition B. was situationally determined C. demonstrated role-playing D. illustrated normative social influence E. was the product of deindividuation

A. reflected her personal disposition

The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of A. suggestibility B. the bystander effect C. groupthink D. deindividuation E. social facilitation

A. suggestibility

Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? A. they have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone B. they have relatively high levels of dopamine and low levels of testosterone C. they have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone D. they have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine E. they have relatively low levels of dopamine and high levels of testosterone

A. they have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that A. women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex B. women seem to be unpredictable, because no two are alike C. most men tend to be logical and emotionally controlled D. in contrast to women, men have very similar tastes in dress and fashion E. women tend to act on ingroup bias, while men tend to act on outgroup bias

A. women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6 year old son? A. "Encourage your son to express his anger by slugging a punching bag." B. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic." C. "Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst, so he'll realize that aggression never pays." D. "Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed on TV." E. "Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness, unless the behavior pattern continues beyond the fifth grade."

B. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "To proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members." B. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue." C. "Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?" D. "As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue." E. "Let's research the opposing sides of the issue so that we know we're making an educated decision as a group."

B. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam? A. Gita's older brother, who probably has nothing better to do that evening B. Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer C. Gita's father, who always points out how differently men and women think and act D. Gita's younger sister, whose boyfriend just canceled their date for the next evening E. Gita's co-worker, who stayed late after work to chat with Gita

B. Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer

Conformity is best described as A. performing simple tasks more quickly in the presence of others B. adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard C. neglecting critical thinking in order to preserve group harmony D. losing self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity E. following the directions of a powerful authority figure

B. adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard

Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy? A. announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the enemy B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5% and inviting the enemy to do likewise C. announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the enemy D. announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged in an international court of law E. announcing that all countries within a defined geographic region will unite to form a collective negotiating group

B. announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5% and inviting the enemy to do likewise

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to A. experience any empathy for a stranger B. assume personal responsibility for helping the victim C. realize that the incident was really an emergency situation D. notice that the incident was taking place E. act on their empathetic feelings

B. assume personal responsibility for helping the victim

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates A. the reciprocity norm B. central route persuasion C. normative social influence D. deindividuation E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

B. central route persuasion

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that A. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive B. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction C. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives D. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something E. we are most likely to conform to the opinions of others when faced with a unanimous decision

B. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgement of the lengths of lines A. only when the group was composed of at least 6 members B. even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect C. even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgement D. only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment E. only when the group was composed exclusively of males

B. even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely? A. a highway crew responsible for filling potholes in streets and expressways B. factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bikes each assembles individually C. Girl Scouts who must gather wood for a campfire D. a game show audience instructed to applaud when the host appears on stage E. high school students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade

B. factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bikes each assembles individually

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in A. communication systems B. genetic predispositions C. scientific knowledge D. social norms E. migration patterns

B. genetic predispositions

Makato, a 15 year old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to A. be physically coordinated and athletic B. have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers C. become a loving and dependent brother D. earn low grades in his courses E. be well liked by other male students

B. have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers

When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of A. the fundamental attribution error B. informational social influence C. the mere exposure effect D. normative social influence E. ingroup bias

B. informational social influence

After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be A. more likely to believe that such movies should be banned B. less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape C. more likely to favor long prison sentences for convicted rapists D. less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment from men E. more likely to be more sensitive to the discrimination experienced by women

B. less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape

College students judged an averaged, composite face as A. less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less realistic B. more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical C. less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more realistic D. more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical E. less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical

B. more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger with A. less pressure than they had just experienced B. more pressure than they had just experienced C. the same amount of pressure they had just experienced D. Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction E. hostility resulting from the frustration-aggression principle

B. more pressure than they had just experienced

Luella publicly agrees with her seventh grade classmates that parents should allow 13 year olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of A. deindividuation B. normative social influence C. the mere exposure effect D. informational social influence E. social facilitation

B. normative social influence

Compared with the central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to A. be more durable B. occur more rapidly C. be more likely to influence behavior D. involve a greater number of logical arguments E. take longer to affect others

B. occur more rapidly

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our _________ on prejudice. A. superordinate goals B. social identities C. deindividuation D. reciprocity norms E. social traps

B. social identities

People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading A. hindsight bias B. social script C. bystander effect D. two-factor theory E. social-responsibility norm

B. social script

Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase __________ in research participants' saliva. A. serotonin B. testosterone C. endorphins D. insulin E. dopamine

B. testosterone

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when A. the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves B. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher" C. they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter D. they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished E. they were introduced to the "learner" before the experiment began

B. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by A. the plan of a university freshman to enter medical school and eventually become a physician B. the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market C. the desire of a social worker to do volunteer work in the inner city in order to improve race relations D. a university president's plan to give students two extra days of spring vacation E. the motivation of a student to achieve the highest test average in the class

B. the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates A. the fundamental attribution error B. the mere exposure effect C. mirror-image perceptions D. the bystander effect E. the social exchange theory

B. the mere exposure effect

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to cheat on his income tax returns? A. Jake, who loves his country B. Jonas, who admires personal honesty C. Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax D. Fabio, who cares little about personal wealth E. Donald, who bases his self-worth on his income

C. Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax

Which of the following describes a stereotype? A. Vladimir is especially attracted to Latin-American women B. Peter feels very uncomfortable interacting with Blacks C. Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful D. Cyril never hires people over age 50 to work in his restaurant E. Patrick argues that raising the minimum wage leads to increased illegal immigration

C. Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT A. a reaction to frustration B. influenced by social norms C. an unlearned instinct D. a product of deindividuation E. a result of group polarization

C. an unlearned instinct

Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he A. has a high level of self-esteem B. does not have to reveal his personal opinion at the close of the class discussion C. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position D. verbally expresses his own unique opinion early in the class discussion E. never developed a strong attachment to his mother

C. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position

Cassandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Cassandra during their telephone conversation if he has just A. awakened from a short nap B. finished eating a delicious meal C. completed a series of aerobic exercises D. been studying his history lecture notes E. started writing a romantic poem

C. completed a series of aerobic exercises

If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to A. hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries B. minimize their trade and economic exchanges C. conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars D. allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country E. encourage open communication and exchanges of ideas

C. conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars

Explicit attitudes are typically __________, whereas implicit attitudes are often _________. A. persistent; temporary B. negative; positive C. conscious; unconscious D. objective; subjective E. ingroup biased; outgroup biased

C. conscious; unconscious

People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by A. identical twins B. social scripts C. cultural diversity D. the social-responsibility norm E. the other-race effect

C. cultural diversity

When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they A. did not believe they were actually delivering shock to the "learner" B. had actually enjoyed shocking the "learner" C. did not regret taking part in the experiment D. did not believe the study should be repeated E. had actually believed that Milgram would stop the experiment before the shocks were delivered

C. did not regret taking part in the experiment

A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people A. are motivated to confirm their current stereotypes of specific groups B. typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable characteristics C. estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics D. strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves E. are prone to committing the fundamental attribution error

C. estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of A. social facilitation B. mirror-image perceptions C. face-to-face contact D. deindividuation E. norms of reciprocity

C. face-to-face contact

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will A. notice the emergency B. report the emergency to the police C. fail to interpret the incident as an emergency D. assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency E. act altruistically rather than aggressively

C. fail to interpret the incident as an emergency

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ violent criminals. A. amygdala B. hypothalamus C. fronal lobes D. sensory cortex E. medulla

C. fronal lobes

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of A. the fundamental attribution error B. social facilitation C. group polarization D. deindividuation E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

C. group polarization

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character is A. ingroup bias B. deindividuation C. implicit racial associations D. the fundamental attribution error E. the other-race effect

C. implicit racial associations

Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n) A. increase in the incidence of depression and a decrease in marriage rates B. decrease in the incidence of anxiety disorders and an increase in work hours C. increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours D. decrease in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours E. increase in the incidence of anxiety disorders and a decrease in marriage rates

C. increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote A. social facilitation B. the bystander effect C. ingroup bias D. deindividuation E. cognitive dissonance

C. ingroup bias

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to A. express dissatisfaction with their own physical appearance B. deny that their liking for physically attractive dates is influenced by good looks C. judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance D. marry someone who is less physically attractive than themselves E. be attracted to dating partners whose hips are narrower than their waists

C. judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n) A. reaction to frustration B. instinctive behavior C. learned response D. product of deindividuation E. biologically triggered behavior

C. learned response

Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have A. similar divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage B. higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage C. lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage D. higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage E. similar divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage

C. lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage

On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt _________ attraction toward that person than they did for someone they talked with face to face. A. more; equal B. less; more C. more; more D. less; equal E. more; less

C. more; more

Cross-cultural research on gender relations indicates that A. the majority of the world's children without basic schooling are boys B. in most countries men and women share equally in the duties of child-rearing C. people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores D. there is little evidence that females are more likely to be aborted than males E. women are more likely than men to engage in multi-tasking behaviors and are more capable of performing these kinds of tasks

C. people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores

Observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to A. social norms B. role-playing C. personality traits D. the mere exposure effect E. situational elements

C. personality traits

According to the text, aggression always involves A. physical damage B. anger and hostility C. the intent to hurt D. a reaction to frustration E. nonverbal behavior

C. the intent to hurt

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the terrible treatment they receive best illustrates A. group polarization B. the other-race effect C. the just-world phenomenon D. the frustration-aggression principle E. scapegoat theory

C. the just-world phenomenon

Melissa regularly donated blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of A. the reciprocity norm B. the bystander effect C. the social-responsibility norm D. the mere exposure effect E. the ingroup bias

C. the social-responsibility norm

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when A. they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong B. their victims are distant and depersonalized C. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures D. they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is effective

C. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study A. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores B. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard C. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued D. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals E. were selectively chosen in order to maximize their effectiveness as prisoners or guards

C. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued

Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if A. your parents helped you study for tests when you were younger B. your classmates are slow learners who really need your help C. you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request D. you know that someone else helped them prepare for an earlier test E. your classmates cannot afford to pay for a private tutor

C. you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with A. Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall B. Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing chess C. James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his major D. Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science E. Ester, a freshman who sits across the row from him in his first large lecture class

D. Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of A. social facilitation B. the bystander effect C. the mere exposure effect D. deindividuation E. ingroup bias

D. deindividuation

Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their A. heredity or their environment B. biological motives or their psychological motives C. thoughts or their emotions D. dispositions or their situations E. abilities or their effort

D. dispositions or their situations

Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by A. bringing the members of both groups into close contact B. having one group make conciliatory gestures to the other group C. allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate D. exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation E. encouraging a friendly competition between the groups

D. exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation

The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of A. social facilitation B. deindividuation C. the mere exposure effect D. groupthink E. the bystander effect

D. groupthink

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of A. the just-world phenomenon B. the bystander effect C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon D. hindsight bias E. deindividuation

D. hindsight bias

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by A. the mere exposure effect B. the bystander effect C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon D. hindsight bias E. deindividuation

D. hindsight bias

Groups of citizens who identified themselves as politically liberal and groups of citizens who identified themselves as conservative were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion, the liberal groups expressed increasingly ________ positions and the conservative group expressed increasingly _________ positions. A. liberal; liberal B. moderate; moderate C. conservative; liberal D. liberal; conservative E. conservative; conservative

D. liberal; conservative

In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to A. the bystander effect B. social facilitation C. the mere exposure effect D. passionate love E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

D. passionate love

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by _________. A. the poor; the rich B. attribution theory; social exchange theory C. social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists D. political conservatives; political liberals E. men; women

D. political conservatives; political liberals

Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer. A. provoke frustration B. reduce angry feelings C. trigger violent behaviors D. prime aggressive thoughts E. reduce testosterone levels

D. prime aggressive thoughts

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed A. an increased sense of deindividuation B. reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs C. lowered approval of the president's job performance D. reduced prejudice against African-Americans E. increased self-esteem and aggressive impulses

D. reduced prejudice against African-Americans

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their A. feelings of popularity B. level of earned income C. frequency of dating D. self-esteem E. perceived friendliness

D. self-esteem

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt is was necessary to respond the the Superian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of A. social facilitation B. the mere exposure effect C. deindividuation D. self-fulfilling prophecies E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

D. self-fulfilling prophecies

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _________ and to overestimate the impact of _________ in explaining the behavior of others. A. normative influences; informational influences B. informational influences; normative influences C. personal dispositions; situational influences D. situational influences; personal dispositions E. actions; attitudes

D. situational influences; personal dispositions

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about A. the association of the research with a prestigious university B. Milgram's professional status as a research psychologist C. how much they would actually be paid for participating in the research D. the amount of shock the victim actually received E. whether or not they knew the participants in the research

D. the amount of shock the victim actually received

When 68 year old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates A. the reciprocity norm B. the mere exposure effect C. social responsibility D. the bystander effect E. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

D. the bystander effect

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding A. the mere exposure effect B. group polarization C. the fundamental attribution error D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. the bystander effect

D. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A social trap is a situation in which A. people lose self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity B. there are insufficient resources to satisfy the needs of all group members C. a lack of critical thinking results from a strong desire for group harmony D. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm E. altruism violates a social-responsibility norm

D. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of A. social facilitation B. the mere exposure effect C. normative social influence D. the social-responsibility norm E. deindividuation

D. the social-responsibility norm

Darley and Latane observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought that there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of A. the ingroup bias B. a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency C. indifference and apathy D. their feelings of limited responsibility E. emergency preparedness

D. their feelings of limited responsibility

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they A. argue positions widely divergent from those of the majority B. make use of emotional rather than logical appeals C. acknowledge the wisdom of the majority position D. unswervingly hold to their own position E. pretend to agree with the majority opinions

D. unswervingly hold to their own position

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? A. it improves performance on unenjoyable tasks and hinders a person's performance on enjoyable tasks B. it improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders a person's performance on well-learned tasks C. it improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks D. it improves performance on verbal tasks and hinders a person's performance on mathematical tasks E. it improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks

E. it improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the A. foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. mere exposure effect C. just-world phenomenon D. fundamental attribution error E. reciprocity norm

E. reciprocity norm

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior? A. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of informational influence and our own behavior in terms of normative influence B. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of situational constraints and our own behavior in terms of personality traits C. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of environmental influences and our own behavior in terms of hereditary influences D. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of normative influence and our own behavior in terms of informational influence E. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints

E. we explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints