Unit 14: Social Psychology Study Guide

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of

deindividuation

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

develop an increasing dislike for his brother.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

emergency is being observed by a number of other people

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar

Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by

exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?

factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

frustration

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

frustration-aggression principle

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of

group polarization

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of

groupthink

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

identity

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as "assertive" and "bold" as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate

implicit prejudice

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote

ingroup bias

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that:

many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters

Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among

men in cultures that value individualism

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates

mirror-image perceptions

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

mirror-image perceptions

People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a(n) ________ version of them.

mirror; actual

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

modeling violence

College students judged an averaged, composite face as

more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger with

more pressure than they had just experienced

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

norms

In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates

overt prejudice

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to:

passionate love

Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten

patriotism

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated

patronization

Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer.

prime aggressive thoughts

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

reduced prejudice against African-Americans

Norms are best described as

rules for socially acceptable behavior

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

scapegoat theory

Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce __________

self-awareness; deindividuation

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian repsonse best illustrates the danger of

self-fulfilling prophecies

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

situational attributions

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

social inequalities

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates

social loafing

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as:

social loafing

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

stereotypes

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

superordinate

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

the bystander effect

Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?

the chameleon effect

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

the rape myth

Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

the scapegoat theory

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they

unswervingly hold to their own position

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ___________ or the demands of the _________

"Learner"; experimenter

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic"

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

"We all seem to be in basic argument, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue"

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?

"We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?

Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love

To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed

Attribution theory

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with:

Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about

The amount of shock the victim actually received

A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when

The attitudes are implicit rather than explicit

Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach

Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of

a reward theory

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

aggression

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on:

altruism

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called

attitudes

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that

babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.

Svetlana, a 16-year-old high school senior, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive high school girls.

be perceived as more socially skilled

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority, he should

be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

bystander effect

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we

can easily recall our attitudes

If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to

conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

conformity

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation

Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to

deindividuation