Unit 2
Displacement of one ideology by another due to greater practicality or efficiency
"...Another and perhaps more interesting issue is the obvious parallelism between Buddhism and Islam imagined themselves to be: a cosmopolitan religion of the merchant elite. Both religions were therefore speaking to the issues and concerns of the same audience; and while such a situation may not be by definition untenable, in this case it turned out to be so and ultimately the 'Islamic international' beat out the 'Buddhist international.' "Islam was thus the first religion to be able to successfully challenge the entire support system that had sustained Buddhism for over a millennium...At the ideological level it influenced the reinvestment of wealth in trading ventures by the lay devotees; at the social level, donations to Buddhist monastaries provided status to traders; at the economic levels, Buddhist monastaries were reposititories of records and skills such as writing; and at the community level, participation in the fortnightly uposathia ceremony instilled an identity among the law worshipers. Islam with its prosperity theology; its mosques, and the larger networks of the Islamic community within the Caliphate clearly offered a viable alternative to all four of these structural components." Elverskog, Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road, 2010 Question: What was the result of the cross-cultural exchange described by historians in this passage? Displacement of one ideology by another due to greater practicality or efficiency Synthesis and convergence between two world religions Borrowing of major elements of devotional practice and ritual over time A long-term tradition of hospitality and competition between neighboring people
Your Answer: A. Between the period of 1200-1450, Mali was extremely wealthy. Mali had lots of gold resources, which led to lots of people coming to mine gold. People would come from all over to get gold to trade for other items in Sub-Saharan Trade or come to trade their own items for gold. B. Mali's wealth helped grow their own government during the period 1200-1450 because they allowed people to mine their gold, but would take the large gold nuggets for themselves as a tax while allowing the export of gold dust. This increased the gold, and money the government had. As their government grew wealthier, this opened up more jobs for people within the government and led to its expansion. C. Between the period of 1200-1450 one example of a technology that led to an increase in interregional trade is the camel caravan. The camel caravan allowed long-distance trade to take place, and because the camels could go without water for up to 10 days, they could transport more items to trade. The caravans consisted of up to 5,000 camels and hundreds of people. The camel caravan helped connect regions all over Africa.
"Between the 11th and the 17th centuries West Africa was the leading supplier of gold to the international economy. African gold contributed to the functioning of the domestic economy in Europe...And it contributed to the wealth of the great states of the Western Sudan." - Anthony G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, 1973 "Copper mined in Mali came to be a crucial element in trade patterns. It could be exchanged with the peoples to the south who controlled the sources of gold. Kola nuts, animals skins, grains, meat, and even dairy products were also transported by trading networks.: -J .Rotondo-McCord, 1998 Answer all parts of the question below: A. Explain ONE way in which a resource in Mali was used in Sub-Saharan trade during the period 1200-1450. B. Explain ONE way in which Mali's wealth contributed to the expansion of its government during the period 1200-1450. C. Explain ONE example of transportation technology that led to growth in interregional trade during the the period 1200-1450.
Catholicism
"I say, then, that the years of the fruitful Incarnation of the Son of God had attained to the number of one thousand three hundred and forty-eight, when into the notable city of Florence, fair over every other of Italy, there came to death-dealing pestilence, which, through the operation of the heavenly bodies or of our own iniquitous doings, being sent down upon mankind for our correction by the just wrath of God, had some years before appeared in the parts of the East and after having bereft these latter of an innumerable number of inhabitants, extending without cease from one place to another, had now unhappily spread towards the West." - Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1353 Question: Which of the following is most clearly reflected in Boccaccio's views as expressed in the passage? Protestantism Catholicism Secularism Nationalism
the Pax Mongolica
"Ibn Battuta traveled primarily to Muslim-ruled lands, the Dar al-Islam (House or Abode of Islam), while the Christian Polo, son of a European merchants lived and worked in countries whose cultures and religions were foreign to him. This difference makes a comparison of their works most interesting. Marco Polo's knowledge of four Asian languages as well as Italian allowed him to communicate with foreigners and even work as an administrator for the Chinese emperor. Yet, in all his travels, he remained culturally an "outsider" to the peoples he met, and this fact enhanced his power of observation and stimulated his natural curiosity. By contrast, Ibn Battuta usually traveled as an "insider" and his hosts accepted him as a respected Muslim jurist (qadi) and student of Islam mysticism (Sufism). Traveling to more than sixty Muslim courts, where he met rulers and their officials, Ibn Battuta was able to judge the behavior of his hosts in light of the Muslim scripture, the Koran, and the precepts of Islamic law. For him, the difference between their native cultures and his own North Arabic culture was a secondary importance." -Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta: The Merchant and the Pilgrim Question: Which of the following would have been most likely to "set the state" for Marco Polo to have been able to travel to the lands he did? the Pax Mongolica the voyages of Vasco da Gama the development of the printing press the conquests of the Umayyad Dynasty
to frighten the Hungarians into surrendering
"The [Russian] Duke who had spoken before gave a short account of all that had taken place since the death of [Genghis Khan], and the partition of his vast dominions. And then the younger Duke, Wsewolodovics, took up the tale. 'Lord, King!' he began, 'these Mongols don't carry on warfare in an honorable, chivalrous way. They fight only to destroy, they are bloodthirsty, merciless; their only object is to plunder, slay, murder, and burn, not even to make any use of what land they conquer. They are like swarm of locusts. They stay till everything is eaten up, till all are plundered, and what they can't carry off, that they kill, or reduce to ashes. They are utterly faithless; their words and promises are not in the least to be trusts, and those who do make friends with them are the first upon whom they wreak their vengeance if anything goes wrong. We are telling you no fairy tales! We known to our own cost what they are, we tell you what we have seen with our own eyes. And let me tell you this, my lord king, their lust of conquest and devastation knows no bounds! If it is our turn today, it will be yours tomorrow! And, therefore, while we seek a refuge in your land, we at the same time warn you to be prepared! For the storm is coming, and may sweep across your frontiers sooner than you think.'" Baron Nicholas Josika (1796-1865), 'Neath the Hoof of the Tartar or The Scourge of God, a novel about the Mongols Question: How would the Mongols use the Russian duke's description to their advantage if they chose to invade Hungary? to persuade Hungarians to fight against other Christian kingdoms to frighten the Hungarians into surrendering to cause Hungarians to convert to Islam to attract Hungarian knights who admired their style of warfare
established political institutions in the territories they conquered
"The [Russian] Duke who had spoken before gave a short account of all that had taken place since the death of [Genghis Khan], and the partition of his vast dominions. And then the younger Duke, Wsewolodovics, took up the tale. 'Lord, King!' he began, 'these Mongols don't carry on warfare in an honorable, chivalrous way. They fight only to destroy, they are bloodthirsty, merciless; their only object is to plunder, slay, murder, and burn, not even to make any use of what land they conquer. They are like swarm of locusts. They stay till everything is eaten up, till all are plundered, and what they can't carry off, that they kill, or reduce to ashes. They are utterly faithless; their words and promises are not in the least to be trusts, and those who do make friends with them are the first upon whom they wreak their vengeance if anything goes wrong. We are telling you no fairy tales! We known to our own cost what they are, we tell you what we have seen with our own eyes. And let me tell you this, my lord king, their lust of conquest and devastation knows no bounds! If it is our turn today, it will be yours tomorrow! And, therefore, while we seek a refuge in your land, we at the same time warn you to be prepared! For the storm is coming, and may sweep across your frontiers sooner than you think.'" Baron Nicholas Josika (1796-1865), 'Neath the Hoof of the Tartar or The Scourge of God, a novel about the Mongols Question: The most valid counterargument to the description of the Mongols by the Russian duke was that the Mongols took only what they needed to survive from people they conquered had no reason to invade other areas west of Russia established political institutions in the territories they conquered appreciated architecture and art, and hence, rarely destroyed cities
The conquests of the Mongols, which led to improved trade routes and reduced trading costs
"The road you travel from Tana to Cathay [China] is perfectly safe, whether by day or by night, according to what the merchants say who have used it...Cathay is a province which contained a multitude of cities and towns. Among others there is one in particular, that is to say the capital city, to which is great resort of merchants, and in which there is a vast amount of trade; and this city is called Cambalec. And the said city hath a circuit of one hundred miles, and is all full of people and houses and of dwellers in the said city." -Francesco Pegolotti, The Merchant's Handbook, c 1471 Question: Which development was the turning point that led to the expansion of trade between Asia and Europe? The formation of the Silk Road by Marco Polo allowed goods from Asia to be imported into Europe for the first time The conquests of the Mongols, which led to improved trade routes and reduced trading costs The invention of silk cloth during the early Mongol rule allowed the Mongols to trade for pottery, wool, and other European goods The invention of paper money by Venetian bankers helped to facilitate trade between Europe and Asia
Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; silk, paper and gunpowder went from China to Europe
"The road you travel from Tana to Cathay [China] is perfectly safe, whether by day or by night, according to what the merchants say who have used it...Cathay is a province which contained a multitude of cities and towns. Among others there is one in particular, that is to say the capital city, to which is great resort of merchants, and in which there is a vast amount of trade; and this city is called Cambalec. And the said city hath a circuit of one hundred miles, and is all full of people and houses and of dwellers in the said city." -Francesco Pegolotti, The Merchant's Handbook, c 1471 Question: Which objects or ideas was the author most likely writing about that represented continuity (something that stayed the same) or change in Chinese trade? Paper and Christianity went from Europe to China; silk, gunpowder, horses, and wool went from China to Europe Silk, paper, and Christianity went from Europe to China; gunpowder, silver, and Buddhism went from China to Europe Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; silk, paper and gunpowder went from China to Europe Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; wool, horses, and the ideas of Islam went from China to Europe
Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; silk, paper and gunpowder went from China to Europe
"The road you travel from Tana to Cathay [China] is perfectly safe, whether by day or by night, according to what the merchants say who have used it...Cathay is a province which contained a multitude of cities and towns. Among others there is one in particular, that is to say the capital city, to which is great resort of merchants, and in which there is a vast amount of trade; and this city is called Cambalec. And the said city hath a circuit of one hundred miles, and is all full of people and houses and of dwellers in the said city." -Francesco Pegolotti, The Merchant's Handbook, c 1471 Question: Which objects or ideas was the author most likely writing about that represented continuity (something that stayed the same) or change in Chinese trade? Paper and Christianity went from Europe to China; silk, gunpowder, horses, and wool went from China to Europe Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; silk, paper and gunpowder went from China to Europe Silk, paper, and Christianity went from Europe to China; gunpowder, silver, and Buddhism went from China to Europe Silver, gems, and gold went from Europe to China; wool, horses, and the ideas of Islam went from China to Europe
Trade between Europe and Cathay was greatly enhanced by the security established by the Mongol Empire
"The road you travel from Tana to Cathay [China] is perfectly safe, whether by day or by night, according to what the merchants say who have used it...Cathay is a province which contained a multitude of cities and towns. Among others there is one in particular, that is to say the capital city, to which is great resort of merchants, and in which there is a vast amount of trade; and this city is called Cambalec. And the said city hath a circuit of one hundred miles, and is all full of people and houses and of dwellers in the said city." -Francesco Pegolotti, The Merchant's Handbook, c 1471 Question: Which statement about China and trade does this passage best support? Cambalec was an important trade hub, but it was not a large city Trade between Europe and Cathay was greatly enhanced by the security established by the Mongol Empire Merchants rarely traveled between Tana and Sara because the road was more dangerous than the route between Tana and Cathay The author felt the risks of trade with China outweighed the rewards
West African gender and marriage relations
"The women there have 'friends' and 'companions' amongst the men outside their own families, and the men in the same way have 'companions' amongst the women of other families. A man may go into his house and find his wife entertaining her 'companion' but he takes no objection to it. One day at Iwalatan I went into the qadi's (Islamic judge) house, after asking his permission to enter, and found with a young woman of remarkable beauty. When I saw her I was shocked and turned to go out, but she laughed at me instead of being overcome by shame, and the qadi, said to me 'Why are you going out? She is my companion.' I was amazed at their conduct, for he was a theologian and a pilgrim [to Mecca] to boot. I was told that he had asked the sultan's permission to make the pilgrimage that year with his 'companion'- whether this one or not I cannot say- but the sultan would not grant it." - Source: Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler to Mali, 1351-1353 recounts his experiences Question: Based on the above text, what Ibn Battuta most disapproved of was The lack of Islamic judges or qadi The long journey required of pilgrimage West African gender and marriage relations The Malians being less than friendly
married wives who often converted to their religion
Since merchants were often delayed in foreign ports for lengthy periods of time, they frequently married wives who often converted to their religion lost their connection to the culture of their homeland became involved in local political affairs settled in the foreign port and converted to the local faith
along the Silk Road
The economic impact of the process depicted by the map would have been felt most strongly in the Pacific Ocean in the Indian Ocean along the Silk Road in the Mediterranean Sea
people adapted technology based on their needs
The information on camel saddles is an example of how differences in camels suite them for different tasks innovation results from out influences people adapted technology based on their needs climate variations influenced the relationship between people and animals
The dependence of merchants on technology and environmental knowledge to sustain trade routes
The map reflects which of the following characteristics of trans-Sarahan trade? The importance of state-sponsored commercial infrastructure to facilitate interregional trade The dependence of merchants on technology and environmental knowledge to sustain trade routes The importance of money economies and new forms of credit to fostering the growth of trade The interconnectedness of the Eastern and Western Hemisphere in terms of the global circulation of goods
The monsoon winds that provided needed water for South Asian agriculture
The trade winds in the Indian Ocean contributed most directly to which of the following? The existence of steam technology in navigation during the eighteenth century The use of irrigation canals in ancient Egypt to create surplus crops The monsoon winds that provided needed water for South Asian agriculture You Answered The spread of Buddhism to the East African coast in the tenth century
Trade flourished with a mix of East African, South Asian, and Middle Eastern merchants
We stayed one night in this island [Mombasa], and then pursued our journey to Kulwa, which is a large town on the coast. The majority of its inhabitants are Zanj*, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces. I was told by a merchant that the town of Sufala lies a fortnight's journey [south] from Kulwa and that gold dust is brought to Sufala from Yufi in the country of the Limit, which is a month's journey distant from it. Kulwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood. Its inhabitants are constantly engaged in military expeditions, for their country is contiguous to the heathen Zanj. The sultan at the time of my visit was Abu'l-Muzaffar Hasan, who was noted for his gifts and generosity. He used to devote the fifth part of the booty made on his expeditions to pious and charitable purposes, as is prescribed in the Koran, and I have seen him give the clothes off his back to a mendicant who asked him for them. When this liberal and virtuous sultan died, he was succeeded by his brother Dawud, who was at the opposite pole from him in this respect. Whenever a petitioner came to him, he would say, "He who gave is dead, and left nothing behind him to be given." Visitors would stay at his court for months on end, and finally he would make them some small gift, so that at last people gave up going to his gate." *Zanj= named used by Medieval Muslim geographers to refer to a certain group of the Swahili coast -Ibn Battuta, during his visit to the port city of Kilwa in Eastern Africa, circa 1330 CE Question: Which of the following is true of trade in the Indian Ocean during the period 600 to 1450 CE? Europeans played a dominant role in the Indian Ocean Due to nomadic invasions, economic activity slowed considerably Trade flourished with a mix of East African, South Asian, and Middle Eastern merchants Chinese merchants were the only major participants in the trade
the spread of rodents through trade
Which explanation for the cause of the rapid spread of the Black Death is best supported by this map? poverty among Europeans resulting from feudalism pollution caused by growing concentrations of people in cities the migrations of Central Asians into eastern Europe the spread of rodents through trade
The African gold trade was integral to Europe during the fourteenth century
Which of the following conclusions can be deducted from the map above? The African gold trade was integral to Europe during the fourteenth century Europeans had no interest in West Africa trade or its people The West African Malian king, Mansa Musa was unknown to Europeans Europeans had no knowledge of camels as a method of transportation
Mongol control of the Silk Road trade network facilitated travel across Eurasia
Which of the following factors most likely contributed to Marco Polo's ability to travel to China? Italian city-states grew more influential as a result of the Crusades The Yuan dynasty's expansion westward decreased the distance Mongol control of the Silk Road trade network facilitated travel across Eurasia European exploration in the Indian Ocean basin led to the establishment of sea routes to China
There was an increase in the wages that laborers could command
Which of the following is true of the effects of the Black Death on the Middle East? There was outbreaks of violence against Jews and other minorities There was an increase in the wages that laborers could command There was a prolonged decrease in trade in the Mediterranean Sea There was an increase in the amount of people to act as a labor force