Unit 2 Chapter 9.5
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector.
Transduction
This is known as "piggyback" DNA
Transduction
In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in "naked" DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient.
Transformation
This nonspecific acceptance by a bacterial cell is facilitated by special DNA binding proteins on the cell wall.
Transformation
What are 2 indirect ways to intermicrobial exchange?
Transformation, Transduction
A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end, enabling it to migrate to another plasmid, to the bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage.
Transposons
Known as "jumping genes".
Transposons
These shift or move from one place to another within the genome, plasmids, and viral genomes.
Transposons
A conjugative _____ is used to transfer genetic material from one bacteria to another.
Pilus (plural pili)
These can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.
Plasmid
Transmission of genetic material usually involves small pieces of DNA such as _____ and ______ ______.
Plasmids, Chromosomal Fragements
In E.coli the F-factor does to things. What are they?
(1)Transfer of the F+ cells F-factor to the F- cell making it F+ and capable of conjugation, (2) High frequency recombination donors the fertility factor integrated into the F+ donor chromosome
Which form of intermicrobial exchange is direct?
Conjugation
What is the end result of recombination?
A new strain of DNA
What are the 2 versions of transduction?
Generalized, Specialized
In bacteria, what are 3 things that transposons are known to be involved in?
Changes in traits (colony, morphology, pigmentation, antigenic characteristics, etc), Replacement of damaged DNA, Transfer of drug resistance (within bacteria)
These must integrate themselves into the bacterial chromosome in order to replicate
Chromosomal Fragment
In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids, can involve pili. Known as bacterial sex.
Conjugation
What are the 3 means of genetic recombination in bacteria?
Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
A cell that is denoted as F+ contains this, while a cell that is denoted as F- does not.
Fertility (F)-Factor
Donor plasmid that allows synthesis of a pilus in bacterial conjugation. Presence of this factor is indicated by F+ and lack of is indicated by F-.
Fertility (F)-Factor
This allows the conjugation pilus to grow out of a cell and attach to another cell in order to exchange genetic material.
Fertility (F)-Factor
Random fragments of disintegrating host DNA are taken up by the phage during assembly. Virtually any gene from the bacterium can be transmitted through this means.
General Transduction
A term used to denote that a cell with an integrated F-factor transmits it chromosmal genes at a higher frequency than other cells.
High Frequency Recombination
The movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides. Examples are transformation, conjugation, transduction.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
These are the smallest of transposons and consist only of two genetic sequences.
Insertion elements
An experiment by Frederick Griffith showed that DNA released from a ______ cell can be aquired by a _____ cell.
Killed, Live
This kind of organism contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism.
Recombinant Organism
A type of genetic tranfer in which DNA from one organism is donated to another.
Recombination
These bear genes for resisting antibiotics, heavy metals or synthesizing virulence factors.
Resistance (R) Plasmids/Factors
This type of transposons can transcribe DNA into RNA and then back to DNA again.
Retrotransposon
A highly specific part of the host genome is regularly incorporated into the virus.
Specialized Transduction
These sequences flank the coding region of DNA and mark the point at which the transposon is removed or reinserted into the genome.
Tandem Repeats
The biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents".
Vertical Gene Transfer