Unit 2- inflammation causes and treatments

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of chronic inflammation? a. A decline in inflammatory mediator release b. Death c. Cancer d. Organ failure

a. A decline in inflammatory mediator release

Lamar has been diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Which of the following is NOT a symptom you would expect him to have? a. A rapid heartbeat b. Problems with talking c. Difficulty chewing d. Problems with muscular movement

a. A rapid heartbeat

What is released from damaged cells in the immune response? a. Histamine b. Cyclooxygenase c. Arachidonic Acid d. Lipooxygenase

a. Histamine

Which of the following medications would be the safest option to use for some minor aches and pains caused by a sports injury? a. NSAIDs b. Opioids c. Muscle relaxants d. Glucocorticoids

a. NSAIDs

Which of the following is an example of acute inflammation? a. You are bitten by a spider while you are sleeping. The area is red and warm to the touch when you wake up. By the end of the day it seems better. b. You develop pain in several joints after a summer hike and wonder if you could have Lyme Disease. Pain persists in these joints for years. c. You develop redness and pain in your knee that lasts for six months and slowly begins to clear. d. You are stung by a bee and begin to feel your throat constricting along with increasing trouble breathing.

a. You are bitten by a spider while you are sleeping. The area is red and warm to the touch when you wake up. By the end of the day it seems better.

An immune response specific to self-antigens is known as _____. a. an autoimmune disease b. an allergic reaction c. an antibody d. a T cell

a. an autoimmune disease

During an acute inflammatory response, this substance is released from cell membranes. a. arachidonic acid b. antihistamine c. septic acid d. histamine

a. arachidonic acid

Diseases which damage the body's own immune receptors are known as _____ and include_____. a. autoimmune diseases; Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis b. acute inflammation diseases; Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis c. autoimmune diseases; Lyme disease and seasonal allergies d. acute inflammation diseases; Lyme disease and myasthenia gravis

a. autoimmune diseases; Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis

The immune cells in Katie's body are overreacting to an antigen and causing excessive inflammation and damage to her own body's cells and receptors. This describes _____. a. hypersensitivity reaction b. hyposensitivity reaction c. autoreaction d. antireaction

a. hypersensitivity reaction

Which of the following is NOT a possible characteristic of inflammation? a. Loss of function in the body part b. Cartilage and bone loss c. Pain and swelling d. Redness and heat

b. Cartilage and bone loss

Which molecule is responsible for attracting neutrophils to a damaged area in the body? a. Acute phase proteins b. Cyclooxygenase c. Leukotrienes d. Prostaglandins

b. Cyclooxygenase

Inflammatory mediators may be, or have derivatives made of all of the following, EXCEPT: a. Proteins b. DNA c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids

b. DNA

How does Graves' disease differ from myasthenia gravis? a. Graves' disease occurs due to a sluggish thyroid that slows the system, while myasthenia gravis occurs because of an overactive thyroid. b. Graves' disease occurs due autoantibodies binding to receptors in the thyroid, while myasthenia gravis is due to autoantibodies blocking receptors on muscle cells. c. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease, while myasthenia gravis is not. d. Graves' disease is not an autoimmune disease, while myasthenia gravis is.

b. Graves' disease occurs due autoantibodies binding to receptors in the thyroid, while myasthenia gravis is due to autoantibodies blocking receptors on muscle cells.

Which of the following structures regulate our body's temperature? a. Trigeminal nerves b. Hypothalamus c. Olfactory bulbs d. Sciatic gland

b. Hypothalamus

What is chronic inflammation? a. Inflammation that only occurs with viruses b. Long-term inflammation c. Short-term inflammation d. Inflammation that just started

b. Long-term inflammation

Which of the following are examples of eicosanoids? a. Chemokines and nitrous oxide b. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes c. Nitrous oxide and acute phase proteins d. Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins

b. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

What is the technical term for fever? a. Pyromaniac b. Pyrexia c. Pyrogenic d. Pyrannical

b. Pyrexia

Mark is suffering from inflammation and is showing signs of dolor and rubor. He is experiencing which of the following symptoms? a. pain and swelling b. pain and redness c. swelling and redness d. heat and pain

b. pain and redness

Cachexia, caused when the inflammatory mediator _____ is released for too long, leads to the wasting away of body fat and muscle. a. tumor mediating factor alpha b. tumor necrosis factor alpha c. tumor mediating factor beta d. tumor necrosis factor beta

b. tumor necrosis factor alpha

Acetaminophen is an example of a/an _____, which is a substance that is used to reduce a fever. a. Steroid b. Analgesic c. Antipyretic d. Antibiotic

c. Antipyretic

How do epinephrine and corticosteroids cause leukocytosis? a. By reducing the amount of neutrophil in the blood stream. b. By forcing an abundance of red blood cells into the blood stream. c. By forcing an abundance of neutrophils into the blood stream. d. By reducing the amount of red blood cells in the blood stream.

c. By forcing an abundance of neutrophils into the blood stream.

Which of the following is NOT associated with fever? a. Interleukin 1 b. The hypothalamus c. Creatinine d. Prostaglandin E

c. Creatinine

Steve has pneumonia and is running a low-grade fever. His doctor recommends that Steve ignore the fever since, in situations such as Steve's, the fever can help with the body's immune response. Which statement below is TRUE and SUPPORTS the doctor's advice? a. Decreased body temperature can kill pathogens. b. Body temperature fluctuations release histamine. c. Elevations of body temperature can kill pathogens. d. Body temperature fluctuations decrease white blood cells.

c. Elevations of body temperature can kill pathogens.

What is leukocytosis? a. An abnormal increase of red blood cells in the blood. b. An abnormal decrease of white blood cells in the blood. c. An abnormal decrease of red blood cells in the blood. d. An abnormal increase of white blood cells in the blood.

d. An abnormal increase of white blood cells in the blood.

Heidi was recently diagnosed with gout and prescribed prednisone by her physician. How will this type of medication reduce her inflammation? a. By shutting down the activity of COX enzymes so arachidonic acid cannot be released b. By suppressing the release of histamine c. By stopping COX enzymes from functioning d. By shutting down the activity of phospholipase A2 so arachidonic acid cannot be released

d. By shutting down the activity of phospholipase A2 so arachidonic acid cannot be released

Which of the following is a list of drugs which are ALL used as anti-inflammatory drugs? a. Benzodiazepines, NSAIDS, anti-histamines, antibiotics b. Benzodiazepines, NSAIDS, antibiotics, antipyretics c. Corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antidepressants, and antipyretics d. Corticosteroids, NSAIDS, anti-histamines, and antipyretics

d. Corticosteroids, NSAIDS, anti-histamines, and antipyretics

Which is the correct order for the inflammatory response? a. Damage, eicosanoids formed, arachidonic acid released from cell membranes, blood vessels dilate. b. Damage, arachidonic acid released from cell cytoplasm, eicosanoids formed, blood vessels dilate. c. Damage, arachidonic acid released from cell membranes, eicosanoids formed, blood vessels dilate. d. Damage, blood vessels dilate, arachidonic acid released from cell membranes, eicosanoids formed.

d. Damage, blood vessels dilate, arachidonic acid released from cell membranes, eicosanoids formed.

Gary has been taking Celebrex (an NSAID) to treat his arthritis for a few months. However, his physician recently discovered that Gary has a history of ulcers. Why might this be a problem? a. The doctor does not want to be held liable. b. The manufacturer will not sell the drug to patients who may lower its success rate. c. Gary may have recovered enough to wean off of the medication. d. Gastric ulcers are a side effect associated with NSAIDS.

d. Gastric ulcers are a side effect associated with NSAIDS.

What do we call molecules and free radicals derived from oxygen that are involved in the process of inflammation? a. Cyclooxygenase b. Non-reactive oxygen species c. Arachidonic acid d. Reactive oxygen species

d. Reactive oxygen species

How can a virus trigger chronic inflammation? a. Every time the body is infected with a new virus, it prompts a new round of inflammation. b. By destroying the virus, the body becomes acclimatized to a high level of inflammation. c. The virus cycles through the body, and the body's inflammatory response follows it. d. The body is unable to eliminate it, but keeps attempting to.

d. The body is unable to eliminate it, but keeps attempting to.

During a chronic inflammatory response an excessive amount of these may be released, damaging cell DNA. a. histamines b. antioxidants c. white blood cells d. free radicals

d. free radicals

Why is the release of Histamine such an important factor during the body's response to a foreign invader? a. it limits the response of other molecules and chemicals in order to maintain safe levels and avoid a potentially deadly whole body reaction b. it keeps the pressure in the tissues from building up to a level that would affect nerve receptors c. it allows the body to tailor its inflammation response according to the nature of the foreign substance that is invading the body d. it increases permeability of blood vessels to cells and molecules, this allows white blood cells to enter the affected area and kill the bacteria

d. it increases permeability of blood vessels to cells and molecules, this allows white blood cells to enter the affected area and kill the bacteria

Histamine is _____ substance involved in ensuring that immune cells _____. a. the most important; do not decrease in number during an inflammatory response b. an important; maintain a safe distance from other blood cells during an inflammatory response c. not a; reach the infection site during an inflammatory response d. the most important; reach the infection site during an inflammatory response

d. the most important; reach the infection site during an inflammatory response

Which of the following best describe the body's inflammation response to a foreign invader? a. The inflammatory process is very specific. The molecules that are released only kill invading bacteria. The bacteria release chemicals that cause swelling, pain and other symptoms. b. When a foreign invader enters the body, it triggers the release of Histamine which closes off the blood vessels. This reaction does not allow the substance to have access to other parts of the body and reduces its effect. c. When a foreign substance enters the body, a series of defensive biological reactions occurs that results in increased blood flow to the area and the release of many different molecules by your body's cells. d. The physical action of a sting slicing through tissues sets off a signal of pain to your brain. The molecules that send this signal are called Cytokines.

c. When a foreign substance enters the body, a series of defensive biological reactions occurs that results in increased blood flow to the area and the release of many different molecules by your body's cells.

In order to produce an environment in which bacteria and viruses cannot survive, as well as speed up bodily reactions involved in fighting infection, your body will produce _____. a. a reduction in white blood cells b. acidic substances in the blood c. a fever d. a protective coma

c. a fever

Since spring began, Marty has experienced sneezing, watery eyes, and a runny nose. He recently was tested for allergies and was prescribed Benadryl to help suppress the inflammation in his body. Benadryl is an example of a/an _____. a. antidepressant b. glucocorticoid c. antihistamine d. COX inhibitor

c. antihistamine

How does the inflammatory response create the dangerous reaction we know as Anaphylactic Shock? a. repeated exposure to venom can cause the response to diminish, releasing smaller amounts of histamine and other important molecules; the venom takes over body systems to cause cardiovascular and respiratory failure b. chronic inflammation can alter the structure of the body's cellular DNA; mutations in the DNA may occur that lead to the harmful cell replicating over and over again c. as fluid leaks in to the affected area, swelling increases, causing pressure in the tissues to build up; as pressure builds up it compresses everything, including nerve receptors in the area of the swelling d. repeated exposure to venom can increase sensitization, intensifying the response; the over-release of cytokines, histamine and other molecules can cause respiratory and cardiovascular failure

c. as fluid leaks in to the affected area, swelling increases, causing pressure in the tissues to build up; as pressure builds up it compresses everything, including nerve receptors in the area of the swelling

Brandon is stung by a bee and goes into anaphylactic shock. Action must be taken quickly, since anaphylactic shock causes the body to release excessive amounts of ___ which can lead to _____. a. cytokines and histamine; hypersensitivity b. white blood cells and cytokines; auto-immune disorders c. cytokines and histamine; respiratory or cardiovascular failure d. white blood cells and histamine; hypersensitivity

c. cytokines and histamine; respiratory or cardiovascular failure

During an allergic reaction, the release of _____ allows fluid to rush into the affected area which causes swelling. This is why allergy medicines contain _____. a. histamine; reaction inhibitors b. antihistamine; histamine c. histamine; antihistamine d. antihistamine; histamine catalysts

c. histamine; antihistamine

What role do Cytokines play when the body is combating inflammation? a. they allow white blood cells to more easily pass through vessel walls. b. they transport proteins, enzymes and other chemicals to help kill the foreign invader c. they signal stronger cells to kill bacteria in the inflamed area d. they increase permeability of blood vessels to cells and molecules

c. they signal stronger cells to kill bacteria in the inflamed area