Unit 2- Learn smart questions (basis of chemistry)
3 groups that are a part of the structure of an amino acid
-amino group -carboxyl group -R group (side chain)
2 reactions that require the net input of energy
-creation of glycogen from glucose molecules -synthesis
function of proteins in the body
-form enzymes -provide structure -function as receptors on cell surfaces -function as receptors
nucleic acids
-form genes -take part in protein synthesis
what is likely to occur in an atom that only has one electron in its outmost shell
-likely donate that electron to another atom
4 types of organic compounds important to cell structure and function
-lipids -nucleic acids -proteins -carbohydrates
4 main groups of organic chemicals in the body
-lipids -proteins -carbohydrates -nucleic acids
2 characteristics off element
-make up all matter -composed of atoms
3 characteristics of electrons
-orbit the atomic nucleus -smaller than protons or neutrons -negative charge
which 2 electron shells can each hold a maximum of eight electrons
-second shell -third shell
2 characteristics of nucleic acids
-take part in protein synthesis -form genes
inert atoms
-very stable -full outermost electron shell
order atom, electron, molecule, neutron, atomic nucleus is smallest to largest
1.electron 2.neutron 3.atomic nucleus 4. atom 5. molecule
the innermost electron shell (closest to the nucleus) can hold a maximum of ___________ electrons and the second shell can hold up to ___________ electrons
2, 8
molecules of ______________ store information needed to manufacture protein molecules
DNA
what type of bond is formed when oppositely charged atoms, such as sodium and chloride atoms are attracted to each other
Ionic
Calcium Ion
Part of bone tissue; necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting
Type of nucleic acid called ______________ uses a cell's genetic information to guide the process of protein synthesis
RNA
which nucleic acid consists of a single nucleotide chain containing the sugar ribose
RNA
compound
a particle formed when atoms of different elements bond together
ion
a particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost electrons
solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide. How would this solution be described
acidic
building blocks that form proteins
amino acids
what is a base
an electrolyte that releases ions which, in turn, bind H+
how do atoms participating in polar covalent bonds differ from atoms participating in nonpolar covalent bonds
atoms participating in polar bonds have areas of slightly positive charge and areas of slightly negative charge
Why is a complete atom electrically neutral?
because it has an equal number iff electrons and protons
what type of substance works to resist changes in the pH of a solution
buffer
a chemical bond between atoms that share electrons
covalent bond
if during a chemical reaction, the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form, it is a type of chemical reaction called a ________________ reaction
decomposition
Hydrogen ions
determines pH of internal environment
carbonate ions
determines pH off internal environment
within an atom particles called ____________ constantly move around the central nucleus
electrons
ionic bond
electrons are lost or gained; little to no sharing
nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
polar covalent bond
electrons are shared unequally
what type of reaction do parts off 2 different types off molecules trade positions as bonds break and reform
exchange reaction
a solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. What is the pH of this solution
greater than 7.0
a weak attraction between the positive hydrogen end of one polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
hydrogen bond
compounds are classified as acids if they release __________when they dissociate in water
hydrogen ions
compounds are classified as acids iff they release ________ when they dissociate in water
hydrogen ions
components of substances that are _________ seperate when the substances is placed in water
ionically bound
atoms that become electrically charged due to the gain or loss of electrons are called
ions
what is the function of RNA
it uses the genetic information in DNA to carry out protein synthesis
_______________ are the group of organic substances that are insoluble in water
lipids
denaturation
loss of 3D shape and therefore, function
chloride ion
major extracellular anion
hydrogen ion
major extracellular anion(negatively charged)
anything that has weight and takes up space
matter
2+ atoms that bond together form a
molecule
a nucleic acid is chain off many subunits called _____________
nucleotides
carbohydrates molecules are made up of atoms of _____________,____________,__________________
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
Phosphate ion
part of ATP, DNA, RNA and bone tissue
carbonate ions
part of bone tissue
chloride ion
part of bone tissue
molecule
particles formed by the chemical union of 2+ atoms
a ___________ molecule has covalent bonds between atoms, but the electrons within those bonds are unequally shared
polar
why do salts dissociate in water
polarity of water molecules causes ions to make up the salt to be pulled apart
what is the term for the molecule or atoms that result from a chemical reaction
products
what particles cause the nucleus of an atom to have a positive charge
proton
during a chemical reaction, the molecules that enter the reaction are called the _________. The molecules that result from the reaction are called __________
reactants, products
neutron
relatively large, uncharged subatomic particle
What is the classification of a chemical reaction in which the products can later be changed back to the original reactants
reversible reaction
what is the structure of RNA
single stand off nucleotides containg ribose
atom
smallest particle of an element that has the properties off that element
3 physical states of matter are
solid, liquid, gas
_______________ is a liquid substance, such as water, that is capable of dissolving another substances within it
solvent
a ____________ reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when 2+ reactants bond together to form a larger, more complex product
synthesis
what property of an atoms makes it a particular element
the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
what is represented in a molecular formula
the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule
what does pH indicate about a solution
they hydrogen ion concentration of the solution
what is the function of a catalyst
they speed ip the rate off the chemical reaction