Unit 2- Learn smart questions (basis of chemistry)

3 groups that are a part of the structure of an amino acid

-amino group -carboxyl group -R group (side chain)

2 reactions that require the net input of energy

-creation of glycogen from glucose molecules -synthesis

function of proteins in the body

-form enzymes -provide structure -function as receptors on cell surfaces -function as receptors

nucleic acids

-form genes -take part in protein synthesis

what is likely to occur in an atom that only has one electron in its outmost shell

-likely donate that electron to another atom

4 types of organic compounds important to cell structure and function

-lipids -nucleic acids -proteins -carbohydrates

4 main groups of organic chemicals in the body

-lipids -proteins -carbohydrates -nucleic acids

2 characteristics off element

-make up all matter -composed of atoms

3 characteristics of electrons

-orbit the atomic nucleus -smaller than protons or neutrons -negative charge

which 2 electron shells can each hold a maximum of eight electrons

-second shell -third shell

2 characteristics of nucleic acids

-take part in protein synthesis -form genes

inert atoms

-very stable -full outermost electron shell

order atom, electron, molecule, neutron, atomic nucleus is smallest to largest

1.electron 2.neutron 3.atomic nucleus 4. atom 5. molecule

the innermost electron shell (closest to the nucleus) can hold a maximum of ___________ electrons and the second shell can hold up to ___________ electrons

2, 8

molecules of ______________ store information needed to manufacture protein molecules

DNA

what type of bond is formed when oppositely charged atoms, such as sodium and chloride atoms are attracted to each other

Ionic

Calcium Ion

Part of bone tissue; necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting

Type of nucleic acid called ______________ uses a cell's genetic information to guide the process of protein synthesis

RNA

which nucleic acid consists of a single nucleotide chain containing the sugar ribose

RNA

compound

a particle formed when atoms of different elements bond together

ion

a particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost electrons

solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide. How would this solution be described

acidic

building blocks that form proteins

amino acids

what is a base

an electrolyte that releases ions which, in turn, bind H+

how do atoms participating in polar covalent bonds differ from atoms participating in nonpolar covalent bonds

atoms participating in polar bonds have areas of slightly positive charge and areas of slightly negative charge

Why is a complete atom electrically neutral?

because it has an equal number iff electrons and protons

what type of substance works to resist changes in the pH of a solution

buffer

a chemical bond between atoms that share electrons

covalent bond

if during a chemical reaction, the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form, it is a type of chemical reaction called a ________________ reaction

decomposition

Hydrogen ions

determines pH of internal environment

carbonate ions

determines pH off internal environment

within an atom particles called ____________ constantly move around the central nucleus

electrons

ionic bond

electrons are lost or gained; little to no sharing

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between the two atoms

polar covalent bond

electrons are shared unequally

what type of reaction do parts off 2 different types off molecules trade positions as bonds break and reform

exchange reaction

a solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. What is the pH of this solution

greater than 7.0

a weak attraction between the positive hydrogen end of one polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule

hydrogen bond

compounds are classified as acids if they release __________when they dissociate in water

hydrogen ions

compounds are classified as acids iff they release ________ when they dissociate in water

hydrogen ions

components of substances that are _________ seperate when the substances is placed in water

ionically bound

atoms that become electrically charged due to the gain or loss of electrons are called

ions

what is the function of RNA

it uses the genetic information in DNA to carry out protein synthesis

_______________ are the group of organic substances that are insoluble in water

lipids

denaturation

loss of 3D shape and therefore, function

chloride ion

major extracellular anion

hydrogen ion

major extracellular anion(negatively charged)

anything that has weight and takes up space

matter

2+ atoms that bond together form a

molecule

a nucleic acid is chain off many subunits called _____________

nucleotides

carbohydrates molecules are made up of atoms of _____________,____________,__________________

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

Phosphate ion

part of ATP, DNA, RNA and bone tissue

carbonate ions

part of bone tissue

chloride ion

part of bone tissue

molecule

particles formed by the chemical union of 2+ atoms

a ___________ molecule has covalent bonds between atoms, but the electrons within those bonds are unequally shared

polar

why do salts dissociate in water

polarity of water molecules causes ions to make up the salt to be pulled apart

what is the term for the molecule or atoms that result from a chemical reaction

products

what particles cause the nucleus of an atom to have a positive charge

proton

during a chemical reaction, the molecules that enter the reaction are called the _________. The molecules that result from the reaction are called __________

reactants, products

neutron

relatively large, uncharged subatomic particle

What is the classification of a chemical reaction in which the products can later be changed back to the original reactants

reversible reaction

what is the structure of RNA

single stand off nucleotides containg ribose

atom

smallest particle of an element that has the properties off that element

3 physical states of matter are

solid, liquid, gas

_______________ is a liquid substance, such as water, that is capable of dissolving another substances within it

solvent

a ____________ reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when 2+ reactants bond together to form a larger, more complex product

synthesis

what property of an atoms makes it a particular element

the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

what is represented in a molecular formula

the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule

what does pH indicate about a solution

they hydrogen ion concentration of the solution

what is the function of a catalyst

they speed ip the rate off the chemical reaction