Unit 2
Self-awareness is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory.
False
When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.
False
If trying to learn a Romance language, like Spanish, you would have greater difficulty with interference if you already knew___________.
Italian
In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory, which stage is the shortest?
Sensory memory
In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
False
In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?
Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder does Daniella most likely suffer from?
anorexia nervosa
A two-year-old child has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor and sees the neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?
assimilation
Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with ________.
cognitive dissonance theory
Nancy is working on inventing a new battery technology to improve the usefulness of solar energy. What type of intelligence would be most helpful for Nancy?
creative
Freud claimed only a very limited part of our mind operates at the level of awareness while the rest seems to be in our unconscious. He compared these levels of awareness to a(n) ___________.
iceberg
You are at a museum and looking at a beautiful painting by Pablo Picasso. After walking away from the painting, you can still briefly visualize what the painting looked like. Which sensory register are you using in that moment?
iconic
During the development of the superego, the child goes through this process in which they try to incorporate the moral standards and values of parents and members of their community.
identification
Andre realized right away that something was different about the store he walked into so many times before. He heard the cashier trying to get out of the cooler, and let him out. What type of intelligence did Andre use in this scenario?
practical
Hazel helps feed the dogs in the morning because she knows her mom will give her a little treat. If the reward is the motivation for her action, what level of morality is she exhibiting?
preconventional
Kennedy was recently involved in a car accident in which they was critically injured. They was unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Kennedy is suffering from ________.
retrograde amnesia
Which one of the following refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world?
thinking
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved is called the ______________.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.
True
Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?
We work to bring about the events we believe in.
Ali enjoys vaping nicotine, but is aware of cases of vaping causing severe lung damage. Ali decides to make a list of reasons to vape and reasons not to vape, and by doing so has taken which step in the problem-solving process?
evaluating pros and cons
A researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then, he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's ___________.
fixation time
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that ________.
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal
The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is the definition of _______________.
memory
What is the term for the ability to calculate numbers "in your head"?
numeric ability
The loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma is _____________.
Dissociative amnesia
In part, which perspective reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century?
existentialism
Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?
"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of children in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?
Children need to develop feelings of self-control over physical functions.
The most well-adjusted immigrants are those who abandon the language and customs of their country of origin and become like members of the dominant culture in their new host country.
False
Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?
It is brief but grammatically correct.
Which of the following is true of crystallized intelligence?
It is shown more generally by vocabulary.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.
Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement.
Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?
The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality.
Although Hippocrates' theory of personality traits was speculative, many of his terms such as choleric, sanguine, melancholic are still used in descriptions of personality today.
True
By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.
True
If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.
True
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.
True
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
True
Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.
True
In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?
Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed)
Chelsea sells used cars and she has noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price for a car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of ________.
an anchoring and adjustment heuristic
According to psychodynamic theory, people who have a strong need for order might be considered to have (the) _________.
anal fixation
Alex was trying to make weight for the wrestling team and developed a life-threatening eating disorder. Which of these is most likely the disorder?
anorexia nervosa
Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of accommodation and _____________.
assimilation
Ophelia is 51-years-old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Since Ophelia is in middle adulthood, what is she most likely experiencing?
climateric phase
Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her materials and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high?
conscientiousness
Shandra is playing with some modeling clay. Her dad has two large pieces of clay, each about the same size. He then rolls one out into an elongated, snake-like shape. Shandra explains, "Wow! How did you make it so much bigger?" She doesn't understand it is the same amount of clay as before because she has yet to master _______________.
conservation
Theodor robs a gas station as he does not have the necessary funds to feed his family. When he is caught, he tells the police he did it because he knows it is his job to take care of and provide for his family and there was no other way to immediately solve their issue with food insecurity. Which stage of morality is Theodor at with this explanation?
conventional
In memory theory, when information is lost from short-term memory due to adding new information, this is called _______.
displace
Which of the following is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place?
displacement
In the context of creativity and intelligence, which of these helps generate many possible solutions to problems?
divergent thinking
When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.
echoes
According to psychologist Erik Erikson, late adulthood is the stage of _________.
ego integrity versus despair
Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.
eidetic memory
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _________.
elaborated rehersal
A pregnant woman undergoes an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her developing child for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the developing child will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. Which stage of prenatal development does this scenario depict?
embryonic stage
Alex and Sean had been dating for a while before they had sex with each other for the first time. They agreed that it was time to take their relationship to the next level. Which type of motivation is displayed in this scenario?
emotional
Jordan and Quinn have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Recently, their younger daughter moved to a different country for her undergraduate studies. Now, Quinn is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do her free time. This scenario best illustrates the ______________.
empty-nest syndrome
Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ________.
extrinsic rewards
It is September 11, 2021 and Javier is reflecting on that day. He remembers that 20 years ago he was sitting in his freshman biology class watching the footage of the World Trade Center attacks on a television set. To this day, he can vividly remember exactly where he was sitting, where the television was located, and how he felt. Javier's memory of September 11th, 2001 is an example of a(n) ___________.
flashbulb memory
In a horror movie, Molly is being chased through the kitchen by the monster. She is looking for a weapon, but runs right past the fire extinguisher, and gets caught just as she reaches a kitchen knife. What caused Molly to not consider the fire extinguisher as a weapon?
functional fixedness
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called ________.
homeostasis
The view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior describes which psychological model?
humanism
In a sudden accident, Stan's hypothalamus is damaged, causing him to eat excessively, a condition known as ________.
hyperphagia
A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory is a(n)_____________.
icon
Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) ________.
incentive
Which of these is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or is desirable for its own sake?
insentive
Pavel loves to play the violin. He feels best when he has played to the best of his ability. What kind of incentive makes Pavel practice so he can do his best?
intrinsic
According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that ________.
it was collected from a non-random sample
The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that which one of the following were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension?
monozygotic twins
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ________.
overregulization
In the context of problem solving, which strategy involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems?
parallel processing
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body?
parasympathetic nervous system
The speed with which one can compare figures and symbols is known as _______________.
perceptual speed
Freud believed that the Electra complex develops during which stage of psychosexual development?
phallic stage
Nathan is teaching his son about dogs. He points to a dog in the neighborhood while saying the word "dog." In this scenario, which aspect of the dog concept is Nathan using?
positive instances
Hedwig learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this, her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from __________.
proactive interference
Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________.
procedural memories
According to which theory, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language?
psycholingistic theory
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the ___________.
reality principle
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, what is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness called?
repression
Zied has been studying for his midterm psychology exam and is nervous he didn't prepare well enough. Once handed the test, he found that he is easily able to recall the necessary information to perform well on the exam. What is the main memory process he is using when he is able to access and utilize information in his memory while taking the tests?
retrieval
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her ________.
safety needs
In the case of stimulus motives, organisms ________.
seek to increase stimulation
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________.
self-actualization
Simone has been unbeaten in her sport for years. What motivates her to continue innovating with new moves?
self-actualization
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ________.
sensory memory
Twyla is watching all the cars on the highway speed by. As they pass, all she sees is a blurred color cruise by. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, the part of Twyla's memory that is initially sent the image of the blurred color would be her
sensory memory
Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?
the age of instability
In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?
the body to burn fewer calories
The influence of wording, or the context in which information is presented, on decision making is known as _________.
the framing effect
According to the psychosexual stages of development, if little Jevonte experiences the world by putting everything in his mouth and finds gratification when he sucks his thumb, which stage is be mostly likely in?
the oral
During which stage of psychosexual development do gender roles begin forming due to childen identifying with the parent of the same gender leading to them internalizing their values?
the phallic
Mary Ainsworth used this infamous experiment to assess attachment styles between infants and caregivers:
the strange situation
Luis is trying to remember the name of that actor from the popular superhero trilogy. He knows the name of the character they play and know their name starts with an "R." He is so certain he knows it, but just can't access the information. Luis is experiencing
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by ________.
vaginal lubrication
Dr. Bammo was experimenting with gamma rays and accidentally damaged his brain and rendered one part of it non-functional. He now finds himself eating constantly, even though he's not actually hungry. What part of his brain is most likely damaged?
ventromedical nucleus (VMN)
The situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops, is called __________________.
zone of proximal development
Sexual desires fall into which category?
drive
Stefania was feeling down, and her mother said "smile, and the whole world smiles with you." If Stefania smiles and actually starts feeling better, which hypothesis has been validated?
facial feedback
To explore the role of genetics on intelligence, psychologists utilize ________.
hereditary studies
According to Sigmund Freud, conflicting emotions such as love and hate can dwell side by side in the ___________.
id
The cessation of menstruation, at which point a woman's fertility ends, is called________________.
menopause
The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another is the definition of _______________.
personality
Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting ________.
naturalist intelligence
As she was listening to her psychology professor discuss ways to improve memory, Ebony thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. Later that day she was trying to recall the different techniques, but she could only recall the first couple. This reflects ___________.
the serial-position effect
Alva is in her early 50s and is going through menopause. She went it for her yearly physical and her doctor informed her she is experiencing a loss of bone density, which can lead to what ailment?
osteoporosis
There is a positive correlation between:
positive self-efficacy & high self-esteem.
Azura decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?
pre-conventional
According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development in children, which involved difficulty with conservation tasks, is called ______________.
preoperational stage
Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.
False
Which memory process is utilized when you locate stored information and then return it to consciousness?
retrieval
The Heinz dilemma is used to determine what level of development you are in _________________.
morally
In a movie about a fictitious monster called "Kaiju," scientists built a bomb to remove oxygen from an area. This would likely kill the monster because oxygen is a(n) ________.
need
Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?
a high fat-to-muscle ratio
Acquiring knowledge by observing others refers to which type of learning?
cognitive learning
Song is a woman who is romantically attracted to men. Which term for Song would be used in this case?
heterosexual
When an infant's head turns toward a touch, which newborn reflex are they demonstrating?
rooting
If a student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn the information and the amount of time required to re-learn the material after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as __________.
saving
Which male pituitary hormone is associated with the testes and when output increases, it causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair?
testosterone
Which theory holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways?
the nativist theory of language development
The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called____________.
traits
Hippocrates believed that our personalities were determined by four basic fluids, or humors. Those four humors are:
yellow bile, blood, phlegm, and black bile
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration.
Consciousness and awareness are said to come from which region of the brain?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is true of psychological needs?
Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.
You are in your U.S. History class and your teacher tells you to get out a blank sheet of paper. He asks you to write down as many of the U.S presidents' names as you can from memory. As you begin to run out of names you remember, you realize you did a good job recalling some of the first presidents over and the more recent ones. You struggled with those who were chronologically in the middle. Which process does this exemplify?
Serial position effect
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?
the concept of the imaginary audience
Imad's parents told him in middle school that he will play football next year. They even went as far as requiring him to work out with them at their local gym. Imad's parents are using which parenting style?
authoritarian
Cooper's fear of flying may, in part, stem from the ________.
availability heuristic
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
Which of the following is a characteristic of middle adulthood?
Menarche in women occurs.
Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?
Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.
Olisa is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the __________.
anal stage
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) ________.
memory trace
Which of these is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas?
semanticity
The term Rogers used to describe when someone accepts something based on their intrinsic merit regardless of what they have done is ________________.
unconditional positive regard
Once adult children leave their home, their parents ________________________.
usually report increased marital satisfaction
A criticism of the linguistic-relativity hypothesis is that a language's vocabulary suggests the cognitive limits of the speakers of the language.
False
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
According to psycholinguistic theory, environmental influences do not affect language acquisition.
False
The behaviorists Watson and Skinner emphasized the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction.
False
The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.
False
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Which of the following is true of the trait theory?
It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.
Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?
Mina witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.
Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?
People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.
Which of the following is a cognitive perspective on motivation?
People strive to become what their culture emphasizes of them
In the context of long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?
Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.
Which of the following statements is true of concepts?
They can represent visions of things that never were measured.
In language development, we naturally use prototypes and exemplars to organize and label objects within categories.
True
People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.
True
Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.
True
Which of these is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine?
adaptive thermogenesis
Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as ________.
displacement
Katie finished up the multiple-choice questions on the exam, and read the essay question. She began to think of different ways to answer it. What kind of thinking is she using?
divergent
The final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the ______________.
formal operational stage
A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) ________.
heuristic
How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _________.
implicit memory
Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use?
incubation
In America, it is common that people focus on their personal goals rather than a goal that would benefit the group. What type of perspective is exhibited here?
individualistic
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ________.
infinite creativity
Milos wants to become a professional tennis player. He is already playing well on his college team, and studies video and next generation statistics to help him understand the difference between where he is now as a player and where he needs to be as a professional. Milos is using which heuristic device?
means-end analysis
An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus is called a(n) _______________.
memory trace
Another term for emotional instability is _____________.
neuroticism
According to Freud, the id follows the _________.
pleasure principle
At the staff meeting, Adriana heard pitches from each of the teams working on the advertising campaign. Adriana's choice is an example of which step of the problem-solving process?
selecting a promising solution
According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones ________.
show increased male-stereotyped play during childhood
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of the psyche functions according to the moral principle?
superego
When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda that he was holding. This reaction is linked to the ________.
sympathetic nervous system
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________.
umbilical cord
What reflex in newborns help them to avoid painful stimuli?
withdrawal reflex
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage of intimacy versus isolation is associated with which stage of life?
young adulthood
As it relates to the placenta, which of the following is accurate?
It prevents the mother and developing child's blood from mixing.
Identify a true statement about heuristics.
Unlike algorithms, they permit rapid decisions
How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?
about 12 seconds
Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?
bulimia nervosa
According to the theories of intelligence, who can most likely solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas?
creative people
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _________.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
Which of the following is an aspect shared between the communication systems of lower animals, and true language?
holophrase
Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel would score eight as his ________.
mental age
Which set of twins will have the greatest correlation in their IQ scores?
monozygotic twins living together
Which heuristic assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category?
representatives heuristic
Amanda has long dreamed of becoming a mother. She tracks her menstrual cycle and tries to have sex with her husband at the most opportune times. What type of factor is Amanda's motivation for sex based on?
goal attainment
Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds:
have higher self-esteem than those who do.
In the context of organization in long-term memory, an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features is known as a(n)__________.
hierarchy
Which of the following is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a "start-eating" center.
lateral hypothalamus
Anna points to an object and tells her two-year-old son what it is. He then points and repeats what Anna said. In the context of the social-cognitive perspective, what role is Anna playing for her child to acquire language skills?
model
The Thematic Apperception Test is an example of which type of personality test?
projective
After they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations, children refine their ________.
prototypes
During Dai's infancy, his mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was never emotionally available to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the __________.
psychosocial development theory
Darby was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _________.
savings
Cassietta has parents that are very affectionate and reliable. When she cries, her parents are attentive and come to her aid. It is likely that Cassietta has what type of attachment to her parents?
secure
What is the term for the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series?
serial-position effect
Henry is reading three years below his grade level. If he makes a goal to do extra work and catch up one years for every two years in school, he is employing which approach to problem solving?
setting achievable goals
If a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories, it is likely that which part of their brain has been damaged?
thalamus
Koko's 4-year-old son is really becoming territorial and possessive of his mother. It has become so bad that neither his sibling nor his father can approach her. Freud would suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:
the Oedipus complex
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of the developing child. She is also able to see its fingers and toes. She tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is depicted in the scenario?
the fetal stage
Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?
the id
Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall are ____________.
paired associates
Santiago is a typical child in the United States. How many commercials for fast food and soft drinks will he see in an average year?
10,000
Ibn is trying to memorize the color spectrum for science class. He finds it helpful to use the acronym ROYGBIV. What type of rehearsal is using an acronym an example of?
Elaborative rehearsal
When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely ________.
become aphagic
In the context of theories of motivation, birds build nests ________.
by instinct
Cognitive theorists note that ________.
people are motivated to reduce tension
In the context of the social and emotional development of children, which of the following statements is true?
Attachment formed in infancy tends to endure.
Which psychologist studied the reliability of eyewitness testimonies?
Elizabeth Loftus
The Wechsler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.
False
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
It begins to develop during the first year of life.
The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems is also known as ________.
creativity
According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________.
situational or environmental influences
Echoic memories last longer than iconic memories.
True
Which are the arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior?
activating effects
Kyrone works at a daycare center in the toddler room. It is snack time and he decides to have some graham crackers with the kids. He gives them each one piece and takes two for himself. One of the children states it isn't fair he has more. He goes around and breaks their one piece into two. The child is appeased because "now everyone has two" even though they still don't have as much food as Kyrone. This exemplifies the lack of understanding of ________.
conservation
What is the term used to describe beliefs that we can accomplish certain things?
self-efficacy expectations
Lula is an infant and constantly explores her universe by putting everything into her mouth. What stage would Piaget say she is in?
sensorimotor
A professor asks the class which test format they would prefer for their midterm. They can choose between a multiple-choice exam or short answer questions. Which one will the students most likely vote for and why?
The multiple-choice exam because it utilizes recognition which is easier.
Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic, energy, which Freud labeled __________.
libido
Which term refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another?
personality
According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.
False
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
False
Trait theory focuses on reasons that people develop traits while psychoanalytic theory focuses on describing and categorizing the traits
False
Which psychologist studied memory traces and discovered that there is a difference between what people can see and what they can report?
George Sperling
Which psychologists would have the most in common professionally in terms of their views and area of expertise?
Skinner and Watson
According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
True
In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.
True
Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. This is termed rooting.
True
If every door in the store swings both ways, a young child might believe all doors work this way. When the child encounters a door that does not work this way, she assumes that it must not be a door. This method of explaining doors according to the child's existing schema is called __________.
assimilation
Freud believed that a major instinct aims to preserve and perpetuate life. What term did he use for this instinct?
eros
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
establishment of close relationships
During which process do, female rats respond to males by hopping, wiggling their ears, and arching their backs with their tails to one side, thus enabling males to penetrate them?
estrus
Freud was one of the first to suggest psychological disorders stem from psychological problems during a time when most people associated psychological disorders with ________________.
evil spirits
Another term for declarative memory, which means the same thing because it indicates intentional remembering, is _____________.
explicit memory
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.
hippocampus
Which of these is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger?
hypothalamus
Teeyona has to memorize a Shakespearean sonnet for her English class. After school, she goes home and reads the sonnet over and over again until she thinks she has it memorized. What method of rehearsal is she using?
maintenance rehearsal
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Valentina is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________.
maintenance rehearsal
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory.
Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is ________.
primarily genetic
Carl Rogers thinks it is important to reduce the difference between a person's __________________.
self-concepts and self-ideals
Jamar, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. According to social cognitive theorists, his belief in his success is called
self-efficacy expectations
In the context of prenatal development, the male embryo starts producing androgens, male sex hormones, by about the:
seventh week
Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of ________.
the means-end analysis
Kyle decides to have sex with Lance to thank him for an amazing birthday present. Which motivation for having sex is Kyle using?
utilitarian
Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.
False