Unit 2 questions

Speciation by allopolyploidy results from errors during gamete production combined with what? A. hybridization B. geographic isolation C. habitat differences D. random genetic drift E. natural selection over long time periods

*A. hybridization

The biological species concept requires that some reproductive isolating mechanism be operating between two species. Which one of the following statements about reproductive isolating mechanisms is true? A. under the biological species concept, only pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms are allowed B. post-zygotic isolation results from differences in habitat, timing of reproduction, courtship behavior, or morphology C. reproductive isolation can occur at any point in the reproductive sequence D. gametic isolation occurs when zygotes form but fail to develop E. reproductive isolation only evolves slowly over long time periods

*C. reproductive isolation can occur at any point in the reproductive sequence

Assuming that if x occurred and then y occurred. then x must have caused y, rather than considering the timing could be a coincidence, e.g., y might have occurred even if x had not, is what fallacy? A. post hoc fallacy B. natural is good fallacy C. equivocation D. false dichotomy E. confirmation bias ≈ cherry picking evidence

A. post hoc fallacy

The cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum, is an auto-tetraploid species. Being an auto-tetraploid means that A. it can use carbon from other organisms, not just from carbon dioxide, to synthesize organic molecules. B. its chromosomes can be grouped (on the basis of length, location of the centromere and banding pattern) into 4 pairs. C. its chromosomes can be grouped (on the basis of length, location of the centromere and banding pattern) into quadruplets (groups of 4). D. each of its cells, other than its gametes, has four nuclei. E. its chromosomes are from at least two other and different species within the same genus.

C. its chromosomes can be grouped (on the basis of length, location of the centromere and banding pattern) into quadruplets (groups of 4).

When you are constructing a cladogram (phylogeny), the species or lineage that is known to have diverged before the taxa in the study group (the group that you are interested in the relatedness among) is known as the A. polyphyletic group. B. most parsimonious group. C. outgroup. D. cladistic group. E. ingroup.

C. outgroup.

A _______________ hypothesis is a hypothesis for which there is a logically possible observation(s) that may or may not have been observed but IF shown to be true, would be inconsistent with the hypothesis.

Falsifiable

Suggesting or assuming that there are only two possibilities, e.g., alternative points of views, when really there are other possibilities is what logical fallacy?

false dichotomy

a comparison of live and dead cowbirds during 1976 indicates that within each age class the dead birds had statistically significantly longer wings. this suggest: A) directional selection B)disruptive selection C) frequency dependent selection D) neutral variation E) stabilizing selection

A) directional selection -if the long-winged birds are dying, that leave behind short winged birds, so the mean wing length will shift to shorter.

_______ is transcribed into ________ A)DNA,RNA B)RNA,DNA C)RNA, amino acids D) amino acids, RNA E) amino acids, proteins

A)DNA,RNA

Which of these phylogenies are the same? A. all 3 trees. B. the left tree and right tree, but not the center tree. C. the left and center tree. D. the right and center tree. E. none of the 3 trees

A. all 3 trees

One summer, you study multiple populations of a tiny aquatic arthropod. If you plot two variables, and your graph shows that as one variable increases, another variable also decreases (e.g., as the proportion of the prey population that is eaten by predators increases, the proportion of the prey population that is hairy looking decreases) demonstrates a... A. negative correlation B.positive correlation C. causal relationship D. A and C E. B and C

A. negative correlation

What numbered character was possessed by the most recent common ancestor of the taxa A and G? A. 1 B. 3 C. 7 D. 5 and 9 E. 9 only

B) 3

It has not happened yet, but if someone eventually showed that a particular trait could not possibly have evolved, why would scientists not conclude that God(s) or another supernatural being purposely designed the trait? A. Scientists would probably lose their jobs, unless they were at a religious university. B. There might be another natural (not supernatural) explanation that has not yet been thought of. C. confirmation bias ≈ cherry picking evidence D. equivocation E. post hoc fallacy

B. There might be another natural (not supernatural) explanation that has not yet been thought of.

. A phylogenetic tree that is ʺ rooted ʺ is one A. that extends back to the origin of life on Earth. B. at whose base is located the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree. C. that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in life ʹ s history. D. that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa depicted on the tree. E. with very few branch points.

B. at whose base is located the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree.

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B. from engulfed, originally free-living bacteria C. by secondary endosymbiosis of a small protist by a larger protist D. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E. when a protist evolved a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

B. from engulfed, originally free-living bacteria

If we want to create a phylogeny, ideally we will want to A. measure lots of characters and assume the taxa that on average are most similar are also most closely related. B. include only traits that are homologous. C. include only traits that are ancestral, i.e., that all taxa in the phylogeny have. D. all of the above E. B and C only

B. include only traits that are homologous.

If one variable decreases, as another variable also decreases this demonstrates a A. negative correlation B. positive correlation C. causal relationship D. A and C E. B and C

B. positive correlation

Which of the following are TRUE? 1. Taxon A is more closely related to Taxon C than to Taxon B. 2. Taxon D is more closely related to Taxon F than to Taxon C. 3. Taxon G is more closely related to Taxon H than to Taxon E. 4. Taxon C is more closely related to Taxon F than to Taxon H. A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2 and 3 only E. all of the above, i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 4

C. 2 and 4 only

when we begin to observe the population, the relative frequency of the homozygote dominant is 0.16, that of the heterozygotes is 0.48, and thta of the homozygote recessive is 0.36. the population contains over 100,000 individuals. what are the allele frequencies when we begin to observe the population? a)0.16 and 0.48 and 0.36 b)0.32 and 0.68 c) 0.40 and 0.60 d) 0.80 and 0.20 e)0.80 and 1.20

C) 0.40 and 0.60 -How many A's:(2x0.16)+.48=0.4 How many a's:(2x0.36)+0.48=0.60

if a population with two alleles is at hardy Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of one allele is 0.7, what is the heterozygote frequency? a)0.21 B)0.3 C)0.42 D)0.09 E) insufficient information

C) 0.42 -if ther are only 2 alleles, the sum of the proportion of the 2 alleles has to add to one. 1-.7=0.3. 2pq=2x0.7x0.3=0.42

_________________ is different growth rates between different body parts of an individual, e.g., the lower jaw of an embryo or fetus growing faster than its upper jaw. A. disruptive selection B. heterochrony C. allometry D. morphogenesis E. cladistics

C) allometry

Imagine an infinitely large population of a sexual species. The total number of offspring added up across all the adult males in the population will equal the total of all offspring added up across all the adult females in the pop. Therefore, if there are currently fewer males and females, each male will, on average, have higher fitness than each female. Thus by the process of natural selection, any heritable trait that causes the production of more sons is expected to increase. However, if the revers is true, if there are more males than females, then selection will increase any trait that causes more daughters to be produced. What have I just described? A) random genetic drift B) disruptive selection C) negative frequency dependent selection D) gene flow E) sexual dismorphism

C) negative frequency dependent selection

a healthy individual is a carrier of a lethal allele but is unaffected by it. what is the probable genotype of this individual at this locus? A) two dominant normal alleles B)one recessive lethal allele and one dominant lethal allele C) one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele D) one dominant lethal allele and on recessive normal allele

C) one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele

A news report said that a scientist proved that African lions can count. The scientist used a big loudspeaker and recordings of lions in various numbers to experiment with African lions. A group of male lions was less likely to approach the loudspeaker when the recording was of more lions. What is wrong with the first sentence of this question? A. lions do not have fingers. B. lions do not have brains and counting requires a brain. C. "prove" is a poor choice of words because there could be another explanation besides counting for why the lions responded to number of roarers. D. there is no such thing as African lions; only cheetahs and leopards live in Africa; lions live in the Americas.

C. "prove" is a poor choice of words because there could be another explanation besides counting for why the lions responded to number of roarers.

"Nobody was there when the first whales came into existence, so there is no direct evidence that whales evolved from walking hooved animals." --Why do scientists consider this unimportant? A. direct evidence means obtained through your senses, e.g., see or feel; and our senses can mislead us. B. indirect evidence is something that you infer (figure out by evidence and reason (logic)), which can be as strong or stronger than direct evidence.

C. A and B

Scientists sometimes talk about the theory of gravity, the theory of evolution, the atomic theory (things are made of atoms), the Copernican theory (the earth goes around the sun rather than vice versa), etc. By "theory" they mean A. an untested idea. B. that the data are ambiguous, i.e., that there is a lot of uncertainty about whether gravity, evolution, etc. occur. C. a large group of evidence and ideas about some phenomenon. D. a falsified hypothesis (an idea that data has shown to be wrong). E. a nonfalsifiable hypothesis (an idea that data cannot address)

C. a large group of evidence and ideas about some phenomenon.

By the morphological species concept, a species is a group of organisms all of which A. can interbreed but are reproductively isolated from members of other groups B. have the same ecological niche but are ecologically distinct from other groups C. can be recognized as distinct from members of other groups based on appearance D. share a unique genetic and evolutionary history E. occur together in the same geographic location

C. can be recognized as distinct from members of other groups based on appearance

The evolution of certain protein-coding genes deviate from molecular clock-like behavior. If so, A. the rate of evolution is approximately constant for those gene loci. B. the number of mutations between homologous copies of the gene loci is proportional to the amount of time since divergence from a common ancestor. C. those gene loci will not be useful in estimating time since divergence between two taxa. D. the evolution must represent neutral substitution mutations, which have no measurable effect on fitness. E. all of the above.

C. those gene loci will not be useful in estimating time since divergence between two taxa.

From a scientific viewpoint, an untestable, unfalsifiable hypothesis, [such as the brain in a vat idea], is NOT necessarily wrong. Why doesn't science conclude such a hypothesis is wrong? A. That would be a "natural is good" logical fallacy. B. That would be equivocation. C.That would be cherry picking data. D. Science is about testing ideas with data, and there are no data that one could collect that would either support or reject such a hypothesis. E. all of the above

D. Science is about testing ideas with data, and there are no data that one could collect that would either support or reject such a hypothesis.

By definition, when a cell divides and the 2 daughter cells are different from the parent cell in shape and other properties, ________________ has occurred. A. heterochrony B. cell lysis C. phagocytosis D. cell differentiation E. mutation

D. cell differentiation

A brochure titled "God or Evolution" may be offensive to religious people who accept science. For them, what logical fallacy might the title exhibit? A. post hoc fallacy B. natural is good fallacy C. equivocation D. false dichotomy E. confirmation bias ≈ cherry picking evidence

D. false dichotomy

When somebody asks you if differences between men and women are genetic or environmental, what logical fallacy are they most clearly making? A. correlation is necessarily causation fallacy B. natural is good fallacy C. equivocation E. confirmation bias ≈ cherry picking evidence

D. false dichotomy

Mules' parents are A. female zebra, male horse (stallion) B. ligers, tigons C. mules D. female horse (mare), male donkey E. gibbons, gibbons, and more gibbons

D. female horse (mare), male donkey

What about auto- and allopolyploidy often leads to speciation? A. auto- and allopolyploidy only occur in allopatry . B. auto- and allopolyploidy only occur in sympatry. C. hybrid offspring with parent types are likely to differ in habitat and timing of reproduction. D. odd numbers of chromosomes in offspring from pairings of the polyploid and the ancestral parent type(s) lead to errors during meiosis. E. polyploids often have smaller cells than the parent type, and a large cell and a small cell have difficulty fusing.

D. odd numbers of chromosomes in offspring from pairings of the polyploid and the ancestral parent type(s) lead to errors during meiosis.

If there is a significant correlation between x and y, changes in the y axis are _______ changes in the x axis. A. caused by B. associated with. C. a consequence of. D. possibly caused by. E. B and D

E. B and D

The Death Valley is a desert in the U.S.A. In the Pleistocene (thousands to millions of years ago), that location had been a system of lakes connected by a river. As the river and lakes dried, the fish there became restricted to where water remained above ground. Today, Death Valley still has some isolated springs and found in different springs are different species of pupfish. Which of the following is least likely to have contributed to the allele differences among the different species of pupfish as the lakes and rivers dried? A. adaptation to different levels of salinity B. mutation in the gametes C. random genetic drift because each remaining pool had few individuals in it D. temporary flooding during spring rains leading to gene flow among the remaining pools of water

D. temporary flooding during spring rains leading to gene flow among the remaining pools of water

What genes were surprising when first discovered because they expressed in different body segments in the same order as they occurred on the chromosomes? A. transcription factors B. apoptosis (programmed cell death) C. allometric D. allopatric E. Hox

E) HOX

What type of gene seems to determine the number of vertebrae that a mouse develops and the number of full wings that a fruit fly (Drosophila) develops? A. protist B. prokaryotic C. sympatric D. allopatric E. homeotic

E) homeotic

A genotype or allele that is uncommon is called what? A. homeotic B. heterochrony C. allometric D. wildtype E. mutant

E) mutant

Many people say that it would still be unfair to require teachers to teach Genesis 1 (part of the Bible) in science classes even though evolution is also taught. Which of the following support this? (Which in this case, is the same as which are true?) A. There are other stories about how the world and life in it came to be besides the description in Genesis 1. B. Some statements in Genesis 1 are not supported by scientific data based on observations of the world. C. The teachers are scientists, and scientists have to sign an oath of allegiance to evolution. D. The teachers are scientists, and all scientists are atheists. E. A and B

E. A and B

Scientists avoid saying that they have proved something, e.g., a hypothesis (or theory or model) because A. doing so is anthropomorphic. B. even if current data are consistent with the hypothesis, the possibility of future data that are inconsistent with the hypothesis remains. C. there could be another hypothesis that is also consistent with the data but which they haven't yet thought of. D. that would be a "natural is good" fallacy, and the poison hemlock plant is natural. E. B and C

E. B and C

Why is "Darwinism has been falsified" an example of equivocation? A. Science does not deal with falsifiable hypotheses. B. The phrase is both true and false. C. Darwinism is often used to mean "natural selection" but also to mean "what Darwin said." D. all of the above E. B and C

E. B and C

A news article in 2001 had 2 headlines: "Fathers urged to bathe baby" and "Babies who miss out on regular baths by their father are more likely to grow up with social problems, a survey has revealed." Which of the following are true? A. The 1st headline assumes that babies with traits that make them later grow up to have few social problems are more pleasant for fathers to bathe. B. The 1st headline assumes that fathers bathing their baby will help their child have fewer social problems later. C. The 2nd headline describes a correlation but not causation. D. The information provided in the 2nd headline is consistent with the 1st headline but also with other hypotheses. E. B, C, and D

E. B, C, and D

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? A.The fossil record indicates that the time span over which organisms that were recognizably bacteria, fish, and humans first came into existence was billions of years. B. In court under sworn testimony, "scientific" creationists said their position is not science. C. Scientific evidence shows the earth to be billions of years old. D. The existence of God(s) is not a falsifiable hypotheses to most people and hence is not a question that science addresses as being right or wrong. E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Atmospheric oxygen is essential for harvesting large amounts of energy from food molecules, and hence for the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells. What was the source of nearly all of the oxygen at the time of evolution of the first eukaryotes? Hint: it was also the cause of the red-banded iron formations? A. fungi B. diatoms C. flowering plants D. volcanic magma E. cyanobacteria

E. cyanobacteria

By definition, equivocation A. is a trait that allows an organism to acclimate to its environment. B. is a trait that evolved for one function but then became used in another way. C. is a trait that increases survival but not reproduction. D. is a trait that used to be adaptive but is not any longer. E. is use of ambiguous language, e.g., using one definition when you know your audience will assume a different definition of the same word.

E. is use of ambiguous language, e.g., using one definition when you know your audience will assume a different definition of the same word.

To what does the term maximum parsimony apply? A. methods for distinguishing between homologous and analogous traits B methods for distinguishing outgroups from ingroups C. methods for calibrating molecular clocks D. methods for determining the age of fossils E. methods for selecting among different phylogenetic hypotheses

E. methods for selecting among different phylogenetic hypotheses

Sediments get trapped in mats of cyanobacteria and other prokaryotes, forming piles of layers called __________________, which look like stumps and are found in the ocean around the Bahama Islands, in western Australia and in fossils even in the Midwest. A. banded iron formations B. hydrothermal vents C. prezygotic barriers D. polymorphisms E. stromatolites

E. stromatolites

Which of the following is least likely ot help maintain allelic variation in a populatin? a)directinoal selection b)heterozygotes having higher mating success than homozygotes c)gene flow D)mutation e) negative frequeny-dependent selection

a)directional selectino -not E becasue it maintains variation

are the genotype frequencies in hardy weinberg equilibrium in the previous question a)yes b)no

a)yes -take the allele frequencies form the previosu question and use hardy weinberg calculations to see if the genotype frequencies match. from homozygotes p2 for one and q2 for th eother so 0.4 squared for one =0.16 and for the other 0.6 squared = 0.36. For heterozygotes, 2pq=2x0.4x0.6=0.48. the values expected from hw match up to what was observed.

Scientific evidence indicates that the oldest fossil is how many years old? thousands? millions? billions? Billion How many zeros does that number have in it?

billion, 9

Which one of the following would cause the Hardy Weinberg principle to be inaccurate? a) the size of the population is infinitely large b)individuals mate wiht one another at random c) all genotypes have equal fitness d) there isno source of new copies of alleles from outside the population e) none of the answers is correct

e) none of the answers are correct - anything that causes evolution can prevent the hardy weinberg prinicple form accuratly predicting genotype frequencies(random genetic drift), natural selection, gene flow, nonrandom mating.