Unit 2: Study Guide Bio121 Johnstone
A diet high in animal products and hydrogenated vegetable margarine may increase the risk for atherosclerosis. This is because ______. A. most animal fats are unsaturated and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of steroids B. most hydrogenated vegetable margarines are hydrogenated oils and most animal products contain high levels of phospholipids C. most animal fats are used for energy storage and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of unsaturated fats D. most animal fats are saturated and many hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of trans fats E. most animal products contain high levels of unsaturated oils and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain anabolic steroids
D
A hydroxyl group is ________. A. also called a carbonyl group B. characteristic of proteins C. hyrdophobic D. characteristic of alcohols E. basic
D
Understand basic prokaryotic anatomy(CH 4)
Fimbrae Cytoplasam Bacterial Chromosome Ribosomes Nucleoid Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Capsule - Slime layer Flagella
Light microscope (CH 4)
Good for visualizing cells and some internal structures; able to see live specimens; limited resolution
Understand why actively metabolizing cells must be small (CH 4)
Greater surface are makes them more efficient in the job they do.
Identify the three types of microscopy discussed in your book (CH 4)
Light Microscope Electron Scan Electron Transmission
Identify when each type of microscopy would be best used (CH 4)
Light Microscope: living cells Electron Scan: Surfaces and textures Electron Transmission: Detailed internal structure of a organelle, not living
Resolution (CH 4)
To measure of the clarity of an object; ability to distinguish two things as separate
Explain how compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells allows for their complexity (CH 4)
similarity to a city where each area has a specific function. Some areas house highly acidic fluids that if they were loose would kill the other organelles
Mitochondria (CH 4)
site of ATP production; inner and outer membrane, cristae increase surface area; matrix is the innermostpart; anatomy is important to energy conversion reactions; contains DNA and ribosomes
Chloroplasts (CH 4)
site of photosynthesis in plant cells; double membrane; stroma inside; thylakoids contain chlorophyll, energy conversion reactions occur across thylakoid membranes; contains DNA and ribosomes
Rough ER (ch 4)
site of secretory and membrane protein synthesis; studded with ribosomes
Ribosome (CH 4)
(not a membrane bound organelle) made of rRNA and proteins; small and large sub units; workbench for protein synthesis; free ribosomes translate cytoplasmic proteins, bound ribosomes translate membrane or secretory proteins into the rough ER
Organelles and functions (CH 4)
(see table 4.22):
Identify the three components of the cell theory (CH 4)
1.) cell is basic unit of life, 2.) Living things are made up of cells 3.) Cells come only from pre existing cells
Ribosome
>Site of protein synthesis • Translates the message of mRNA and carries out the building of proteins. • May be found loose in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. • Consists of two subunits- a large subunit and a small subunit. • Not a membrane-bound organelle • The parts of this organelle are manufactured by the nucleus • The most numerous organelles in most cells • Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins • Found in tissues that have a high rate of protein synthesis. A pancreatic cell contains a few million of these
A disaccharide forms when ________. A. two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis B. two starches join by dehydration synthesis C. two monosaccharides join by hydrolysis D. two starches join by hydrolysis E. a starch and a monosaccharide join by dehydration synthesis
A
Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be ______. A. unsaturated B. saturated C. completely hydrogenated D. triglycerides E. monoglycerides
A
Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from _______. A. plants B. dairy products C. red meats D. fish E. poultry
A
If you were to add olive oil to your food as part of a diet to lower your risk of atherosclerotic disease, you would use olive oil that _____. A. is liquid at room temperature B. is hydrogenated C. is modified to be solid at room temperature D. has lard added to it E. contains high levels of trans fat
A
Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have______. A. the same molecular formula, but different chemical properties B. different molecular formulas, but the same chemical properties C. the same molecular formula and the same chemical properties D. the same number of carbon atoms, but different numbers of oxygen and hydrogen E. the same molecular formula, but represent different states of the compound
A
Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group? A. amino acids B. fats C. sugars D. ATP E. vinegar
A
Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is FALSE? A. hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds B. hydrocarbons are composed of a linked chain of carbon atoms, called a carbon skeleton C. hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms D. hydrocarbons consist of atoms linked by single and double bonds E. hydrocarbons can form straight, branched or ringed structures
A
Electron microscope (CH 4)
A high resolution; scanning EM: external structures; transmission EM: internal structures in detail
Sucrose is formed _______. A. from two glucose molecules B. from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis C. when ionic bonds link two monosaccharides D. when water molecules are added to two monosaccharides E. when glucose and lactose are combined
B
The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by ______. A. condensation B. hydrolysis C. polymerization D. the addition of an amino group E. the addition of a phosphate group
B
The storage form of carbohydrates is ____ in animals and _____ in plants. A. starch...glycogen B. glycogen...starch C. cellulose...glycogen D. glycogen...cellulose E. chitin...glycogen
B
Which of the following is an amino group? A. OH B. NH₂ C. COOH D. SH
B
You now know that the old cliche "oil and water don't mix" is true. Why? A. oil exhibits polarity and water does not B. water exhibits polarity and oil does not C. oil is hydrophilic D. water is hydrophobic E. oil is an organic compound and water is not
B
A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is(are)___. A. cellulose B. triglycerides C. phospholipids D. glycerol E. waxes
C
Cellulose differs from starch in that _______. A. the monomers of cellulose are held together by covalent bonds, whereas the monomers of starch are held together by hydrogen bonds B. glycogen is formed by plants and cellulose by animals C. most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested D. starch is made of glucose monomers, whereas cellulose is made of fructose monomers E. cellulose is highly branched, whereas starch is unbranched
C
Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because ____. A. they produce the enzymes that break down cellulose B. they chew their food so thoroughly that cellulose fibers are broken down C. their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms D. they convert cellulose into starch, which is easily broken down in the intestinal tract E. their intestinal tract contains termites, which can break down cellulose
C
Organic Compounds _______. A. always contain nitrogen B. are synthesized only be animal cells C. always contain carbon D. can be synthesized only in a laboratory E. always contain oxygen
C
Which list below consists of ONLY polymers? A. sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids B. proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids C. proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides D. proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars E. polysaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids
C
Which of the following lists contain ONLY polysaccharides? A. sucrose, starch, and cellulose B. starch, amino acids, and glycogen C. cellulose, starch, and glycogen D. nucleotides, glycogen, and cellulose E. fructose, cellulose, and glucose
C
Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin? A. animals and plants B. plants and bacteria C. crustaceans and insects D. insects and plants E. crustaceans and bacteria
C
Anatomy of the organelles and structures in eukaryotic Plant Cell (CH 4)
Central Vacuole (Not in animal cells) Chloroplast (Not in animal cells) Cell Wall (Not in animal cells) Plasmoderma (Not in animal cells) Peroxisome Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Golgi Aparatus Ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope Nucleus: Chromatin Nucleus: Nucleous Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Cytoskeleton: Microfillament Cytoskeleton: Intermeadiate fillament
Describe the function of the organelles and structures in eukaryotic Plant Cell (CH 4)
Central Vacuole (Not in animal cells) Chloroplast (Not in animal cells) Cell Wall (Not in animal cells) Plasmoderma (Not in animal cells) Peroxisome Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Golgi Aparatus Ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope Nucleus: Chromatin Nucleus: Nucleous Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Cytoskeleton: Microfillament Cytoskeleton: Intermeadiate fillament
Anatomy of the organelles and structures in eukaryotic Animal Cell (CH 4)
Centriole (not in most plant cells) Lysome (not in most plant cells) Peroxisome Plasma Membrane Mitochondria Golgi Aparatus Ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope Nucleus: Chromatin Nucleus: Nucleous Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Cytoskeleton: Microfillament Cytoskeleton: Intermeadiate fillament Cytoskeleton: Centrosome
Describe the function of the organelles and structures in eukaryotic animal cell
Centriole (not in most plant cells) Lysome (not in most plant cells): digests food and waste materials Peroxisome: metabolizes waste Mitochondria: produces energy Plasma Membrane Ribosomes Cytoplasam Vacuole Golgi Aparatus: modifies proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Makes lipids Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Associated with ribosomes, makes secretory and membrane proteins Nucleus: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope: membrane enclosing the nucleous. Protein lined pores allow material to move in and out Nucleus: Chromatin: DNA plus associated proteins Nucleus: Nucleous: Condensing region where ribosomes are formed Cytoskeleton: Microtubule: form miotic spindle and maintain cell shape Cytoskeleton: Microfillament: Fiberous proteins that form the cellular cortex Cytoskeleton: Intermeadiate fillament: Fiberous proteins that hold organelles in place Cytoskeleton: Centrosome: microtubule organizing center
Because water and oil don't mix, water is not very effective at washing away oily dirt. The ability of soap to mix with both water and oily dirt allows dirt to be washed away. Which statement provides the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon? A. soap molecules have both positively and negatively charged regions. the positively charged regions are attracted to water; the negatively charged regions are attracted to oil. B. soap molecules have both positively and negatively charged regions. the negatively charged regions are attracted to water; the positively charged regions are attracted to oil C. soap molecules carry no charge. as a result, soap can form an effective bridge between charged water molecules and neutral oil molecules D. soap molecules have charged regions and neutral regions. the charged regions are attracted to water molecules; the neutral regions are attracted to oils E. soap molecules have charged regions and neutral regions. the neutral regions are attracted to water molecules; the charged regions are attracted to oils
D
Fatty acids are ______. A. composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio B. composed of carbon, hydrogen, glycerol, and a phosphate group C. hydrophobic D. composed of four linked rings E. components of DNA
D
What is the general function of enzymes within a cell? A. to promote the synthesis of monomers B. to start chemical reactions C. to stop chemical reactions D. to speed up chemical reactions E. to reverse the direction of chemical reactions
D
Which of the following is a carboxyl group? A. C₂O₂ B. OH C. NH₂ D. COOH E. SH
D
Which of the following statements about anabolic steroids is FALSE? A. they cause a general buildup of muscle mass B. they often cause the body to reduce its normal output of sex hormones C. they chemically resemble testosterone D. they promote bone growth E. they can stimulate mood swings and violent behavior
D
Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is FALSE? A. fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy B. phospholipids are important components of cell membranes C. steroids are lipids that function as signaling molecules D. many lipids function as enzymes E. cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of cell membranes and steroid hormones
D
Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is FALSE? A. functional groups help make organic compounds hydrophilic B. many biological molecules have two or more functional groups C. functional groups participate in chemical reactions D. all functional groups include a carbon atom of the organic compound's skeleton E. functional groups help make organic compounds soluble in water
D
Which of the following substances is a lipid? A. DNA B. glucose C. cellulose D. steroids E. enzymes
D
anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (CH 4)
Fasten cells to one another, common in stretched areas such as heart, uterus, and outer skin (adhesions) Protect tissues against mechanical stress
A phospholipid is composed of _______. A. one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids B. one fatty acid molecule linked to three glycerol molecules C. one glycerol molecule linked to three phosphate groups D. one fatty acid molecule linked to one glycerol molecule and two phosphate groups E. one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids
E
Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is true? A. one monomer loses a hydrogen atom, and the other loses a hydroxyl group B. electrons are shared between atoms of the joined monomers C. H2O is formed as the monomers are joined D. covalent bonds are formed between the monomers E. all the above are true
E
Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is FALSE? A. cells typically make all of their macromolecules from a set of 40-50 common monomers and a few other ingredients that are rare B. the monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal C. monomers serve as building blocks for polymers D. DNA is built from just four kinds of monomers E. monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
E
Which of the following statements regarding carbon is FALSE? A. carbon has a tendency to form covalent bonds B. carbon has the ability to bond with up to four other atoms C. carbon has the capacity to form single and double bonds D. carbon has the ability to bond together to form extensive, branched, or unbranched "carbon skeletons" E. carbon has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen
E
Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is true? A. triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to glycerol B. triglycerides are hydrophobic C. triglycerides play a role in energy storage D. triglycerides are a type of fat E. all the above are true
E
Understand the endosymbiont theory and identify the modern-day organelles involved (CH 4)
The endosymbiotic theory deals with the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, two eukaryotic organelles that have bacteria characteristics. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have developed from symbiotic bacteria, specifically alpha-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.
Microscopy (CH 4)
The examination of minute objects by means of a microscope, an instrument which provides an enlarged image of an object not visible with the naked eye.
Magnification (CH 4)
The increase in apparent size of an object, can create a loss of resolution
Cytoskeleton (CH 4)
actin filaments/microfilaments: maintains cell shape, responsible for cell movement; intermediate filaments anchor organelles within cytoplasm; microtubules transport vesicles and participate in cellular reproduction, also structural components of cilia and flagella; all cytoskeletal elements are dynamic (they move and reshape)
Peroxisomes (CH 4)
break down fatty acids; produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
cell junctions (CH 4)
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
Nucleus (CH 4)
contains genetic material (DNA plus associated proteins—called chromatin); surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane); nuclear pores allow substances to cross the nuclear envelope
Lysosomes (CH 4)
digestive vesicles that break down food, large molecules and worn out organelles
Endomembrane system (CH 4)
includes nuclear envelope, rough and smooth ER, Golgi, transport vesicles, lysosomes and vacuoles; series of highly folded membranous compartments, mostly continuous, within cells smooth ER: varied function depending on cell type; stores calcium in muscle cells; detoxifies materials in liver cells; site of lipid synthesis (oils, phospholipids, steriods)
Nucleolus (CH 4)
inside nucleus; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome sub unit assembly
Organelle
means "little organ," and organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as the organs of your body have specialized functions.
Endosymbiont theory (CH 4)
mitochondria and chloroplasts were once energy converting prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a larger host cell; both depended on each other for energy and protection (called symbiosis); gave rise to modern day animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells
tight junctions (CH 4)
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
gap junctions (CH 4)
provide communication and connection between cytoplasm in tissues for ion/nutrient transport cell walls: present in bacteria, fungi and plants; provide support and protection
Golgi apparatus (CH 4)
receives vesicles from rough ER; modifies and sorts membrane and secretory proteins which leave in transport vesicles; also makes lysosomes
Vacuoles (CH 4)
storage; water balance in plant cells
ECM (extracellular matrix) (CH 4)
support of cells within tissue; regulation of cell to cell communications
Cytoplasm
• A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended • The area of the cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane • This area contains the various organelles of the cell>Often called cytosol • Connsists of a gelatin-like, watery fluid that contains salts, minerals, and many organic molecules and compounds
Cytoskeleton
• A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement • Heavily involved in cell structure and support by providing a framework within the cell • Consists of mirotubules,microfilaments, and intermediate fibers • Involved in cell division, helps to push and pull chromatids during mitosis and meiosis • Helps to move materials around the inside of the cell>Involved in the contraction of muscle cells • Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintains it's shape
Vacuole
• A storage area found inside both plant and animal cells • May store food, water, or the ,metabolic wastes of the cell • The source of turgor pressure withinn a plant cell • One type, found in unicellular organisms, can contract to expel excess water
Cell Membrane
• Barrier that encloses the cell>Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell • This stuctural organelle consists of proteins and a phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins may be found on both the inner and outer surface of this organelle • The "fluid mosaic model" is used to describe this organelle
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Breaks down toxins and poisons • An intracellular highway along which molecules can move from one part of the cell to another • Manufactures cellular products like hormones and lipid component of cell membranes • Helps to regulate calcium levels in the cell
Lysosomes
• Can digest old organelles and foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria • Contains strong enzymes used for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids • Functions in "programmed cell death" to rid an organism of damaged or dead cell • These organelles may be produced by budding from the trans face of the Golgi
Cell size (CH 4)
• Cell size is limited by a cell's surface area to volume ratio. • A smaller cell is more effective and transporting materials, including waste products, than a larger cell. This allows them to be very efficient in transporting material across the membrane—in or out of the cell • Cells come in many different shapes. A cell's function is determined, in part, by its shape.
Leukoplasts
• Colorless organelles that serve as storage areas for starch in plant cells
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Consists of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae that extend from the nuclear membrane to the Golgi Body • An intracellular highway along which molecules can move from one part of the cell to another • Has rows of ribosomes attachedon it's surface • Receives polypeptides (proteins) from ribosomesto prepare proteins for export or for insertion into membranes
Chromoplast
• Contain pigments of colors other than green • Give fruits and flowers their color • Helps to attract insects to flowers for pollination • Helps to attract animals to fruits for seed dispersal
Chloroplast
• Contains 'STROMA' , contains many enzymes, DNA and ribosomes • One of two organelles of the cell that contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and can carry out their own replication • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll. • Converts the energy of the sun into chemical energy contained in molecules of glucose • Contains thylakoids, flattened sacs that increase the functional surface area. • Large stacks of flattened membranes sacs are called GRANA • Site of photosynthesis
Flagella
• Long, whip-like structures used to propel a cell throughthe environment • One of the two organelles are composed of a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules
Intercellular Junctions
• Plasmodesmata in plant cells provide passageways between plant cells • Tight junctions bind neighboring animal cells tightly together to prevent the leakage of fluids from a tissue • Desmosomes fasten animal cells together in strong sheets • Gap junctions provide channels between adjacent animal cells
Cell wall
• Rigid structure used for support in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes • Found outside of the cell membrane in plants; much thicker than a cell membrane • Composed of cellulose in plant cells • Composed of chitin into fungi • Composed of peptidoglycans in the bacteria
Golgi Body
• Ships proteins off to their final destinations • Processes and packages substances for export from the cell • A Collection of smooth, membrane-bound sacs isolated from the endoplasmic reticulum>works closely with RER and SER in preparing materials for release from the cell • Materials enter on the cis side and exit the trans • Completes final modifications of proteins
Cilia
• Short, hair-like structures used to propel a cell through the environment • Found alond the respiratory tract to sweep foreign particles out of the body • One of the two organelles that are composed of a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules
Mitochondria
• Site of cellular respiration>Transfers energy stored in organic compounds (glucose) to molecules of ATP • These organelles are very numerous in cells that have high energy requirements EX: live cells and muscle cells may conntain 2500 mitochondria • Inner membrane is folded into Cristae to increase the functional surface area>The 'matrix' of this organelle contains many enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• The most abundant part of this cell structure is collagen, which formes strong fibers outside the cell • Found in between animal cells for structural support • serves as connective tissue between cells • coordinates the cells of a tissue • Involved in cell-cell communication
Peroxisomes
• Transfers hydrogen to oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, and then breaks down the poisonous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen • Contains the enzyme called catalase • Breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules that can be transported to the mitochonndria for cellular respiration
Eukaryotic cells (CH 4)
• are compartmentalized, which allows separate chemical reactions to occur, making them much more complex than prokaryotic cells; • the size, number and presence of organelles varies with cell type
Nucleus
• controls the cell's activities • storage site of DNA and genetic information • Contains one or more nucleoli and all of the chromosomes of a eukaryotice cell • this organelle contains a nucleolus, which is responsible for manufacturinng ribosomal subunits • The site where RNA is copied from DNA to direct protein synthesis
Prokaryotic cells (CH 4)
• lack membrane bound organelles; • all have cell walls for protection (made of peptidoglycan) in addition to the plasma membrane • • DNA (in the nucleoid region), • Ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagella (for locomotion), • Capsule or slime layer (sometimes, for additional protection) cells have cytoplasm, which is the aqueous fluid inside the cell containing a balance of salts, ions and chemicals
Centrioles/Centrosomes
• organize microtubulesin the mitotic spindle during cell division
plastids (chloroplasts)
• types include chloroplasts,and leukoplasts • found only in plant cells, may store pigments or food
