Unit 2 Test

Compatibalists do not believe that the past determines the future. T/F

False

D'Holbach believed that humans have free will and that personal agency could never be discounted by previous events or other types of causation. T/F

False

Existentialists believe that everything we do matters because the universe itself has designated it with deep purpose and meaning. T/F

False

Most scientists today believe that the universe is eternal; it never began to exist but has always existed in one form or another. T/F

False

Searle believes it is possible for machines to actually achieve strong AI. T/F

False

The RF video claims that If a person does not believe in God, their lives have no significance. T/F

False

The multiverse can be detected and measured through new scientific research and studies being done in Switzerland and Russia. T/F

False

William Lycan does not believe that a robot with strong AI could or should ever be considered a person. They can only be considered person-like. T/F

False

According to Hank, Pascal claimed we should believe in God even if there were very little evidence for God's existence because the benefits of belief were so high and the costs were low. T/F

True

Both libertarians and hard determinists believe that it is hard to deny that we all have the feeling of freedom. T/F

True

Existentialists believe that nothing we do has real meaning other than the meaning we give to it. T/F

True

Hank Green says that if his brother John is a robot with motor oil, he's still Hank's brother. T/F

True

Hank's criticism of Pascal's Wager is that he says, if you can jump to belief in God you can just as easily jump to belief in a flying teapot or belief that God wants you to kill people. T/F

True

Our brains can be developed to have control over many aspects of our lives; like where and when we pee. Even so, certain brain abnormalities like tumors can activate our brains so as to reduce control over certain actions (such as sexual urges). T/F

True

The RF video claims that even many atheists admit that since there is no God, all of life is absurd. T/F

True

The Turking test says that strong AI is AI that can actually fool a person into thinking it is human. T/F

True

The idea of a maximally great pizza is logically incoherent, even though the idea of a maximally great God existing is not. T/F

True

The ontological argument claims to be able to prove that God exists on the basis of reason and the nature of God alone. T/F

True

If any one of the fundamental constants and quantities of the universe were altered even a hair's breadth, what would be the result? a. No interactive life of any kind could exist. b. The biblical account of creation would be untrustworthy. c. There would be no god or goddesses. d. Life would be much different.

a. No interactive life of any kind could exist.

Which story from Ancient Greece illustrates their belief in fate or determinism? a. Oedipus b. Theseus c. Sophecles d. Odyseus

a. Oedipus

This video explores the question, "Could a robot with AI be considered a ______?" a. Person b. Good Business Venture c. Lover d. Machine

a. Person

Bertrand Russell said of the universe, "The universe is just there, and that is all." His point was what? a. The universe needs no explanation. b. The universe is larger than we thought. c. The universe is the creation of no God or goddess. d. The universe is a beautiful thing to behold.

a. The universe needs no explanation.

"Frankfurt cases" have what qualities? a. a person is morally responsible even though they could have done nothing else b. a person chooses to do what is real to them and avoids what has the quality of unrealness c. a person is free to do otherwise yet chooses to do what is familiar d. a person could have done other things yet still has no moral responsibility

a. a person is morally responsible even though they could have done nothing else

If God does not exist, this physical universe is all there is. This means that everyone is a(n) _________________ _____________________ _____________________. a. accidental byproduct of nature b. purposeful agent of change c. a competing set of ideas d. a law unto ourselves

a. accidental byproduct of nature

_______________ ____________ is the belief that an actor, propelled by a mind, can start a whole chain of causality that wasn't caused by anything else. a. agent causation b. mind causation c. actor causation d. implied causality

a. agent causation

Jackson's thought experiment of Mary, a neuro-physicist specializing in color, who sees 'red' for the first time, is meant to teach us what? a. all experience cannot be boiled down to physical states b. reducing things to spiritual natures is not sufficient c. red is the color of life and death d. Mary should get out more and enjoy real color

a. all experience cannot be boiled down to physical states

All things in the universe exist either contingently or necessarily. Which is it? a. contingently b. necessarily

a. contingently

What is the one thing the experience machine cannot do? a. give you actual experiences in the real world b. give you the thrill of a lifetime c. help you solve life's problems d. create intensity of emotion and joy

a. give you actual experiences in the real world

Who believes that, in spite of how we may feel, we cannot help but react to any situation we way we actually do react. a. hard determinists b. libertarian free wills c. Strong Rationalists d. Strict specialists

a. hard determinists

Churchland believes that as social animals, we cannot help but do what? a. hold people morally responsible b. dislike those who we find repugnant c. control our emotional states of being d. love those whom we find attractive

a. hold people morally responsible

_____________________ is the theory that our minds and our bodies can have an effect on each other. a. interactionsim b. duality c. integrationism d. monality

a. interactionsim

What is the problem many find with compatibalism? a. it is difficult to isolate external causes from internal ones b. we want to be freer than we possibly can be c. we cannot tell for sure when actions are freely chosen d. it is impossible to know what would make a compatible action

a. it is difficult to isolate external causes from internal ones

If God does not exist, there is no absolute standard of _______________ ________________. a. moral value b. hopeful insight c. graceful living d. right direction

a. moral value

Leibniz made a key distinction between things that exist contingently and things that exist ________________. a. necessarily b. linguistically c. regretfully d. trepidatiously

a. necessarily

The fine tuning of the universe is due to which three things? a. physical necessity, chance, design b. mechanical needs, light and dark forces c. water, ice and water vapor d. evolutionary biology, physics and chemistry

a. physical necessity, chance, design

________________ is the view that all parts of the world, and of our own experience, can be traced back to one singular thing; the biological force of nature. a. reductionism b. rationalism c. rectificationism d. passifisim

a. reductionism

Reductive Physicalism emphasizes which aspect of the mind-body question. a. the body b. the truth c. the reduction d. the mind

a. the body

If morality is simply based on evolutionary social convention, that means that slavery is not really wrong, it is just ________________. a. unpopular b. categorically commanded c. really really wrong d. intentionally neutral

a. unpopular

What is the problem faced by atheists as to what makes a good or bad life? Atheist cannot explain ________________________________ (multiple words). a. why there is a difference between a good and bad life b. the proper way to interpret philosophical positions c. the totems of sacredness d. what is the fundamental nature of graceful living

a. why there is a difference between a good and bad life

The Turing test for differentiating AI from human intelligence operates on the principle of ________________. a. Blood or oil question b. Behavior c. Intention d. Design

b. Behavior

According to Searle, the fact that a machine can fool someone into thinking it is a person does / doesn't mean the machine has strong AI. a. Doesn't b. Does

b. Does

Who believes that, while we may feel free, our actions have invisible causes that happen in our brains. a. Constitutionalists b. Hard Determinists c. Congregationalists d. Libertarians

b. Hard Determinists

Patricia Churchland says that asking, "Am I free?" is really the wrong question. A better question is what? a. How much time do I have? b. How much control do I have? c. How much energy do I have? d. How much insight do I have?

b. How much control do I have?

What is the difference between weak and strong AI? a. Strong AI has enough information to operate a vehicle b. Strong AI actually thinks like us c. Strong AI can replicate a battlefield d. Strong AI is able to be used to do actual work

b. Strong AI actually thinks like us

A fideist like Kirkegarrd says, "I believe because it is _____________ to believe." a. honest b. absurd c. real d. duty

b. absurd

The ontological argument claims that if God possibly exists (as a maximally great necessary being in all possible worlds), then God _____________ exists. a. assuredly b. actually c. may d. probably

b. actually

Atheists sometimes claim that simply through what process, we all know it is good to feed a hungry child and bad to torture someone for fun. a. clarity of thought and reason b. biological evoution c. belief in God's grace d. time a chance

b. biological evoution

What is the best explanation as to why there is finely tuned life in the universe? a. free will b. design c. chance d. physical necessity

b. design

_________________________ is the view that physical states can give rise to mental states, but mental states cannot give rise to physical states. a. reductio ad absurdum b. epiphenomenalism c. Hawking/Penrose theory d. sisyphean tasking

b. epiphenomenalism

Pascal believed you must essentially train yourself into true belief so that which starts out as self-interested will eventually grow into ________________ __________________. a. true hope b. honest conviction c. greatest pleasure d. real intention

b. honest conviction

Aristotle believed in a fundamental _____________ ______________ and that everyone must find that path whereby we seek to know. a. animal desire b. human essence c. passionate urge d. emotional longing

b. human essence

Which of the following is not a problem with saying that an atheist can simply ask, "What leads to human flourishing?" a. who gets to decide? b. it is a bit confusing as a moral principle c. it is species specific d. can justify the holocaust

b. it is a bit confusing as a moral principle

Kirkegaard believed true religion was a ____________ __ _______________. a. trajectory of tragedy b. leap to faith c. progression of purpose d. journey of joy

b. leap to faith

The fundamental question asked by Leibniz is, "Why is there ______________ rather than ____________?" a. joy / sorrow b. something/ nothing c. light / darkness d. hope / despair

b. something/ nothing

If the gravitational constant were altered by just the tiniest amount, there are one of two possible results. What are these possibilities? a. there would be either light or dark matter energy penetration b. the universe would either implode on itself or explode so that no life or mass could exist. c. we might have a silicone or helium based life system. d. there would be either higher or lower levels of gravitational energy.

b. the universe would either implode on itself or explode so that no life or mass could exist.

Compatibalists believe that while all actions are determined, some actions have a quality that makes them free. What is that quality? a. they are determined by qualities of intention and will b. they are determined by causes within themselves c. they are determined by uncaused brain states d. they are determined by causes outside of themselves

b. they are determined by causes within themselves

Searle believes that strong AI should require that the machine have what? a.Representational Biology b. Deep Knowledge c. Actual Understanding d. Actual Integrity

c. Actual Understanding

John Searle's thought experiment called the ______________ ___________ is meant to show that strong AI should not be considered the same thing as human intelligence. a. Back Door b. Addison's Option c. Chinese Room d. World Alliance

c. Chinese Room

_________________ ____________________ is the belief that all events, even decisions or actions we make, are caused by past events so that nothing other than what does occur could occur. a. Soft Determinism b. Hard Libertarianism c. Hard Determinism d. Reified Analism

c. Hard Determinism

Colin McGinn believed that our minds are simply unable to solve the mind-body problem because of what? a. because we are simply confused b. because we hope so badly for life after death c. because our brains are compartmentalized d. because we are trapped by religious beliefs

c. because our brains are compartmentalized

Borde, Muth and Valenkin have argued that any adequate explanation or model of the early universe must have a ________________. a. physicality b. ulteriority c. beginning d. form and function

c. beginning

The Cosmological argument starts with the premise, "Whatever begins to exist has a _____________." a. purpose b. direction c. cause d. color

c. cause

Patricia Churchland believes that feeling free really means having what? a. options b. money c. control d. insight

c. control

A life of human flourishing is a life of __________________ (a Greek word). a. sarx b. elpis c. eudaimonia d. xara

c. eudaimonia

If a maximally great being exists in any possible world, then it exists in ______________ possible world. a. some b. most c. every d. lovely

c. every

Hank claims that Pascal's Wager is a _______________ argument for religious belief. a. professor's b. philosopher's c. gambler's d. mortician's

c. gambler's

Every atheist needs to make a choice on whether to be ____________________ or __________________. a. inquisitive or non-inquisitive b. directed or non-directed c. happy or consistent d. joyful and depressed

c. happy or consistent

Pascal believed that theists have better lives not because God is blessing them but because belief itself has certain ________________ . _______________. a. divine blessings b. golden opportunities c. inherent benefits d. deep insights

c. inherent benefits

Kirkegaard believed that the fantastic thing about belief in God is that it is _________________. You cannot do it with your ______________. a. practical / soul b. emotional / mind c. irrational / brain d. rational / faith alone

c. irrational / brain

The belief that some of our actions are freely chosen is called ___________________ free will. a. Kantian b. fatalistic c. libertarian d. Hobbsean

c. libertarian

What is the implication that arises out of the Phineas Gage case as it relates to the mind-body problem. a. that our moral nature is affected by our natural desires b. that our personalities can be changed over time if we give it great effort c. our personality can be affected by what happens to us physically d. that our bodies have less impact on our minds than we thought

c. our personality can be affected by what happens to us physically

The default scientific position on the mind-body problem is which of the options? a. substance dualism b. substance physicalism c. reductive physicalism d. reductive dualism

c. reductive physicalism

The view that the world (even us) is made only out of physical stuff is called what? a. reductio ad absurdum b. rational emotivism c. reductive physicalism d. transformative maximalism

c. reductive physicalism

The more control we have over our actions, the more _____________________ we have. a. purpose b. emotion c. responsibility d. direction

c. responsibility

The second law of thermodynamics says that the universe is slowly running out of _______________. If it was eternal and always existing, it would have already run out. a. neutrino and dark energy b. natural gass c. usable energy d. methane

c. usable energy

In substance dualism, what makes humans so unique and special? a. we're the only animal that can regret wrongs done b. we're the only animal that can think critically c. we're the only animal that combines both a mind and a body d. we're the only animal that can plan for the future

c. we're the only animal that combines both a mind and a body

Did Leibniz believe that it is logically possible that the whole universe might not have existed? a. on Tuesdays and Thursdays b. when he was feeling good c. yes d. no

c. yes

Instances of subjective, first person experience, are called what? a. Johnson sets b. Butzmann brains c. Descatres Demons d. Qualia

d. Qualia

Camus believed that in a sense, each one of us is a __________________ because nothing we do is inherently _______________. a. Aristotle / virtuous b. Socrates / curious c. Theseus / determined d. Sisyhus / important

d. Sisyhus / important

Determinism holds that every event is caused by what? a. an intention or will b. a competing desire for power c. a motive d. a previous event

d. a previous event

For free will to be meaningful, a person must have been able to do something other than what they have done. This is called the "principle of __________________ ______________." a. itemized intentions b. ulterior motives c. clarified qualities d. alternate possibilities

d. alternate possibilities

The existentialist message is that your life is in your ____________. a. future b. dreams c. religion d. hands

d. hands

Sisyphus was doomed to roll a rock up a hill eternally. Every time he got to the top, it would roll down and the process started over again. Camus said we have to imagine that Sisyphus was ______________. a. depressed b. sore c. indignant d. happy

d. happy

In the ontological argument, God is defined as a ______________ great being. a. righteously b. etherially c. minimally d. maximally

d. maximally

According to existentialists, who can evaluate the greatness of your life? a. religious authorities b. your parents and friends c. philosophers d. only you

d. only you

The first question in living a good life is to know whether the value of the life is determined by the person living that life or by ____________ . ___________________. a. sacred texts b. living relatives c. regional authorities d. other people

d. other people

A maximally great being would have to be all powerful, all knowing and morally perfect in every _________________ world. a. quantifiable b. imaginary c. reductionistic d. possible

d. possible

Hank on CC says that Blaise Pascal was a ____________________ when it comes to religious faith. a. supercessionist b. essentialist c. relativist d. pragmatist

d. pragmatist

If we were not intentionally designed, we can have no ___________________. a. grace b. hope c. value d. purpose

d. purpose

Pascal argued that the smart bet is to put your chips on what being true? a. that angels exist b. that the Bible is God's word c. that Christ is alive d. that God exists

d. that God exists