Unit 2 vocab
Ravenstein's Migration Laws
*Describe voluntary migration patterns: the laws that still apply today. **Every migration flow generally generates a counterflow. **The majority of migrants move a short distance. **Migrants who move long distances tend to choose big city destinations. **Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. **Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
Reluctant and Forced Migration
*In forced migration, an individual migrates against his or her will. *Somewhere between voluntary and forced migration is reluctant migration where an individual reluctantly chooses to move because factors at the current location prohibit them from remaining there. *A common example of an internal forced migration event in the United States is the Trail of Tears in the 1830s during which Native Americans from numerous eastern tribes had to migrate west (to what is now Oklahoma). *A common example of an international forced migration event is the migration of millions of Africans to North and South America during the slave trade beginning in the 1500s.
Rust Belt
*In the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and the West Coast (the sun belt). *The area people were moving from in the upper Midwest became known as the rust belt. These previous industrial powerhouses lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world.
Cornucopians
*In the 1980s, when many argued that stricter population controls needed to be placed on countries with high TFR in order to stimulate development, many economists argued that increasing populations stimulate rather than hinder economic development. *Believe that with increasing populations come increasing opportunities for innovation. *Current global totals have not proven to have the dire consequences predicted by Malthus and his followers. Even though many across the globe die of starvation on a daily basis, this is more an issue of food distribution than food availability.
Overpopulation vs. Underpopulation
*Overpopulation is essentially a value judgment reflecting an opinion that an area does not have adequate resources to support the existing population: If an area is overpopulated, it has exceeded its carrying capacity. *Underpopulation describes scenarios in which areas or regions do not have enough people to fully exploit the local resource base.
internally displaced persons
*People who have had to leave their homes because of conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety. *A good example in the United States is the individuals whose homes were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.
Global population distribution patterns
*Sixty percent of the world's population lives within 60 miles (98 kilometers) of the ocean. *Population concentrates in areas with high soil arability/fertility, which also tend to have mild climates. *Population is becoming more urban. *Currently a little over half of the global population is urban with much higher rates in highly developed regions.
Sustainability
*Sustainability is simply defined as using resources in a manner that supplies existing populations or not compromising availability of resources for future generations *Lemony population growth relieves pressure a future generations resource needs; however, the bigger the store near problem and thinking about sustainability is global consumption patterns, which are geographically uneven * during the 1994 UN international conference on population and development in Carrio, developing countries criticized the disproportionate focus on limiting population growth in developing regions, arguing that core nations needed to curb their consumption rates
Internal Migration History of the United States
*The most significant internal migration movements in the United States can be characterized in three waves: **Wave 1: beginning with colonization, a movement of the population westward and movement from rural to urban areas as places become increasingly industrialized. **Wave 2: from the early 1940s through the 1970s, a massive movement of African Americans from the rural south to cities in the South, North, and West. **Wave 3: post-World War II to the present day, a movement to the sun belt states (the fifteen states from North Carolina to Southern California and all the states south of that line).
Voluntary migration and push-and-pull factors
*Voluntary migration is when an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-and-pull factors. *Pull factors are characteristics at a destination that draw a migrant to that place. *Common pull factors include housing opportunities, climate, educational opportunities, and employment opportunities. *Push factors are characteristics at an individual's current location that make him or her want to leave. *Push factors include negative environmental characteristics, unemployment, lack of good services, and high cost of living among other things.
population growth rate
*a countries growth rate is determined by its natural increase (birth rates minus the death rate) expressed as a percentage *For example, a country of natural increase with a CBR 22 and a CDR of 12 is 22-12 or 10 per 1000 translate into a growth rate of 1% * currently hi groceries are in developing countries such as El Salvador, Mozambique, where growth rates are above 2%
demographic transition
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TFR
- tfr is average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years (15 to 49) -provides a more accurate picture of vitality in the country then CVR as it allows demographers to predict the birthdates of a particular cohort overtime -replacement level fertility; a fertility rate typically slightly higher than two (2.1)
Thomas Malthus
-According toThomas malthus (1798), carrying capacity is limited by food availability -Food production grows arithmetically, where as the population grows geometrically or exponentially, meaning eventually food supplies cannot support and ever increasing population -in reality, Mathes is somewhat accurate:Eventually population growth does reach a carrying Capacity called homeostatic plateau that exceeds with each technical revolution -EX: the industrial revolution allowed for tremendous investment in food production, greatly expanding the globes carrying capacity
Illegal immigration
-Can be characterized as involuntary but unforced migrants -These individuals choose to risk their lives in the migration decision, but that decision is motivated by dire economic situations within their own country -also called undocumented workers
Baby Boomers
-Consist of individuals born past WWII (between 1945 and 1964) -Largest population cohort in the U.S. demographic history -As this large generation of individuals enters retirement, the burden will be felt on the economically productive members of the country
Migration
-Defined as a move me to a new activity space (ex: Schools grocery stores and other places where every day activities take place as a result of the move) for movement from one administrative region to another -International migration involves movement over country borders -emigration is movement out of a particular place, whereas immigration describes me to a specific location -Migratory movement within a country is called internal migration
Chain Migration
-Describes migrant flow from a common origin to the same destination -Family or friends move first and get established within an area, paving the way for more friends and family to follow the same path -As number of migrants from a similar area congregate in one place, services to that population (both cultural and social) begin to accrue in that area
Global Growth Doubling Time
-Doubling is the amount of time it will take a particular population to double in size. -Countries with growth rates of 1% take approximately 70 years to double their population, whereas countries with 2% growth rates take only 35 years to double. -When this growth rate is graphed, a J-curve represents the exponential growth. -In the last couple of decades, growth rates have declined. Population follows more an S-curve, meaning greater stability.
Baby Bust
-Following baby boom, the baby bust was a period of time during 1960s and 1970s where fertility rates in US dropped -the drop is attributed to large numbers of women from the baby boom generation who sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life and having fewer children then the previous generation
Cairo Plan
-In '94, the U.N. endorsed a strategy to stabilize global population at 7.27 billion no later than 2015 -Instead of focusing on top-down programs that limited reproduction in certain regions of the world, policies focused on giving women greater social and economic control of their lives -Many argue that global drops in fertility are a result of women, particularly in developing regions, assuming greater control over their economic and reproductive lives
population data
-Includes population counts and rates such CBR and CDR and so on: sources include the United Nations statistical office, population reference bureau in varying of national census -in the US the decennial census provides detailed and mostly accurate information on the demographic characteristics of a country -In developing regions, statistical information from censuses can be unreliable as gathering detailed figures proves complicated because illiteracy, suspicion of governmental officials, and accessibility issues make accurate statistical information nearly impossible
HIV/AIDS
-Major and dramatic exception to recent population growth trends, particularly in the developing world, where epidemic is having dramatic effects on birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy -Current;y the fourth most common cause of death worldwide and expected to surpass Black Death of the 14th century as history's worst-ever epidemic -sub Saharan Africa has been Particularly hit hard by this disease. Some countries have had life expectancy values cut in half as a result of dramatic increases and death rates
Natural Increase vs. Decrease
-The difference between CBR and CDR indicates natural growth or decline within a population - When births outnumber deaths, natura increase is occurring; when deaths outnumber births, a country expierences natural decrease -high rates of natural increase are more prevalent in developing countries. In highly developed countries, like Western Europe, natural decrease is becoming more common
Population centroid of the US
-The geographic center of the United States; essentially the balancing point of the US population if the country is conceived of as a plane -historically, has been on East Coast with continued migration west and south. The center is progressively moving in currently thought to be somewhere in southwest Missouri
Arithmetic Density
-The number of people living in a given unit area -does not take into account physiological differences in that area
Pronatalist Population Policies
-Typically exist in countries where population is declining, and involve providing incentives for women to have children -in Europe, where a negative population growth is common, countries have instituted programs that encourage birth through subsized child care costs, offering generous maternity leave packages and other services to women -Some countries outside of Europe, for example Singapore, or instituting pronatalist policies in response to dramatic results of antinatalist policies
channelized migration
-With channelized migration streams, the flows between a particular origin and destination are larger than would normally be the case, but are not the result of family or kinship ties as is the case with chain migration. -For example, channelized migration occurs between Texas and California; in other words, a significantly larger number of people move from Texas to California and vice versa than migration models predict.
dependency ratio
-a Measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population -Younger cohorts are typically children under the age of 15 and older colors are over the age of 65 -in some countries the dependency ratio includes only males in the economically productive color if the local culture prohibits women's participation in the workforce
cohort
-a group of individuals who share a common, Temporal demographic experience; typically people of similar age rank, but a cohorts definition can be based on other criteria, such as time of marriage or a time of graduation -sometimes used to understand dependency ratios. The youth cohort includes the population under 15; the old age cohort includes the population over 65; while the middle color includes the economically productive members of a country, are those between 15 and 64
Population Pyramid
-also called age-sex pyramids -In general pyramids come in four different shapes: *Rapid growth, distinguished by a white face (developing countries) * stability, characterized by a rectangular shape indicating stable growth (developed countries) * decline in which the base is smaller than previous cohorts *Disrupted girls, which shows significant gaps in the pyramid, are usually result of war, strict population policies, or other drastic events
population density
-crude density also called arithmetic is the total number of people divided by total land area -Crew density is a "crude" number because it does not provide a full picture of the relationship between people in land -issues of density provide a good example of how demography and development can overlap: for example physiological density represents the ratio between number of people and amount of arable land in agiven unit of area
demographic transition
-describes population growth stabilization as a function of economic development -In stage one (preindustrialization) A country is characterized by high birth and death rates and little to no growth -In stage two as country industrializes, birth rates remain high death rates drop in population growth is rapid -in stage three, the birth rates begin to drop as a country becomes fully industrialized -Stage four and five described highly developed countries across the globe we're population growth is stable or negative
carrying capacity
-essentially the number of people in an area can sustain without critically straining its resource base -depends on level of technology and determining an appropriate standard of living -advanced technologies can typically sustain many more people then more primitive technologies -on a global scale, if people in developing regions begin to consume at a rate comparable to the developed world's consumption rates, the globe has certainly exceeded care and capacity. If, however, the people of earth live more modestly the number of people the earth can sustain will increase
Mobility
-implies The ability to move from one place to another, permanently or temporarily -includes short time (commute to work) and long term (permanate relocation to another county) movement patterns
Refugees
-individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum -Typically reluctant or force migrants believe country because of war, famine, environmental catastrophes, or religious persecution
infant mortality rate
-number of deaths during first year of life per thousand live births -tends to be much higher in developing regions as it strongly related to a countries access to healthcare services -overall, rates have decreased significantly over last 50 years
CDR
-number of deaths per 1000 people - it's "crude "because it does not take into account age structure of population. For example, several countries in western Europe have relatively high death rates because a high proportion of individuals are in old age cohorts
Demographic Momentum
-tendency of A population to continue to grow in spite of stringent population policies or rapidly fertility decline because of large number of individuals in childbearing years -in countries that implement policies encouraging or enforcing replacement fertility level rates, it takes several generations before stable growth is achieved because of demographic momentum
life expectancy
-the average period that a person may expect to live -number varies globally with highly developed countries experiencing much higher life expectancies than developing countries -varies within countries, cities, among ethnicities, and even between sexes
CBR
-the number of live birth rates in a single year for every 1,000 people in a population -BR tend to be highest in least developed regions where both number of women at or near reproducing age and fertility rates are higher -places with high birth rates tend to be countries where women's access to education is low -places with high birth rates tend to have a high proportion of their population engaged in agriculture; more children equal more laborers
Place Unity
In the migration decision, "place unity "refers to the benefits a place offers to poor people to the Destiination. Benefits include things like good school systems, good climate, job opportunities, recreational opportunities, etc
Sun belt migration
Movement of the US population in the last several decades to the sun belt states has dramatically altered the balance of political and economic power as California, Florida, and Texas (all sun belt states), are now three of the four most populous states in the country. They carry a disproportionate number of electoral votes, have large congressional delegations, and are dominant in many economic sectors such as technology, energy production, and agriculture.
Ecumene
The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans
Antinatalist Population Policies
Encourage couples to limit the number of children they have. Most often, these policies discourage growth through the provision of contraception or abortion or through establishment of specific disincentives, such as steep penalties for couples bearing more children than allowed by the state. China is famous for its one-child population policy from the 1980s in which many drastic measures (e.g., forced sterilization for couples with one child or infanticide of female babies), ensured decreasing population growth
Guest Workers
individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries -send a significant portion of their pay, called remittance, back home to support friends and family -in some countries, remittance are a significant source of income for national economy
Neo-Malthusians
-Neo-Malthusians, following in Mathus's footsteps, believe population growth to be a problem and provide the foundation for many antinatalist population policies -many neo Malthusians advocate and zero population growth is ZPG in which number of births in immigrants are equally counteracted by number of deaths and emigrants -even though ZPG may limit environmental repercussions of an expanding population, it does have social and economic consequences in the long term as a young population base does not exist to support both the local economy and ever increasing elderly population
Global Refugee Patterns
-Post-September 11th, 2001, because of security issues, many countries in the core countries of the world, particularly Western Europe and North America, have tightened their borders to individuals seeking asylum -In many African countries, borders are open to refugees such that countries in which refugees are fleeing from also host significant populations -For example, several million refugees have fled Sudan as a result of civil war, but Sudan also hosts upwards of 75 thousand refugees from neighboring countries
Demographic Accounting Equation
-Predicts population change within a particular area as a function of natural increase/decrease and in/out migration -P(t+1)=p(t) +B(t, t+1)-D(t,t+1). (Natural change) +I(t,t+1)-E(t,t+1). (Net migration) Where: P=population B=births D=deaths I=immigration E=emigration t=time now t+1= some time in future
population geography
-Similar to demography in its focu on demographic rates (BR, DR, fertility, etc) except that population geographers investigate patterns from a spatial perspective -why patterns exist, where, and the implications of current patterns -As the global total of people on this planet continues to rise, geographers become increasingly concerned with how the world can sustainably provide for the growth -The patterns often overlap with economic development patterns: for example, places with the highest fertility rates are typically less economically developed
Natural increase variations
1.) Economic development has profound implifications on health care, available employment opportunites, and nutrition among other factors contributing to growth. 2.) Populations with better education tend to have lower rates of natural increase. 3.) Gender empowerment: when women have more economic and political access, power, and education, fertility rates drop. 4.) Some cultural traditions prohibit women from working outside the home and some traditions prohibit use of contraception. 5.) Certain public policies can encourage or discourage couples to reproduce and can dramatically affect a country's rate of natural increase.
