Unit 3 - Anatomy (Literal Suffering)
____ are found in mixed nerves
Sensory and motor axons
Which one is C
Spinal Cord
Which is letter E
Spinal Nerve
Which nerves extend from the spinal cord
Spinal nerves only
True or false: Most voltage-gated ion channels are closed until the electrical potential across a membrane changes.
True
Match letter B to picture
Ventral Root
______ are unique channels in that they have three states; resting, activation, and inactivation.
Voltage-gated channels
Which is letter A
White matter
Membrane pumps require ______ energy.
a lot of
Sensory ______ neurons carry information ______ the central nervous system.
afferent ; toward
The ______ ramus is the larger of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.
anterior
The tibial nerve is formed from the ______ divisions of the sciatic nerve.
anterior
A nerve plexus is a network of interweaving ______ of spinal nerves.
anterior rami
The anterior rami (sometimes called roots) of the brachial plexus are simply the continuations of the ______ rami of spinal nerves ______.
anterior; C5-T1
The left and right lumbar plexuses are formed from the ______ rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae and along with the ______ muscle in the posterior abdominal wall.
anterior; psoas major
The receptors in somatosensory pathways ______.
are located in the joints, skeletal muscles, and skin
The epidural space contains ______ connective tissue, ______, and adipose connective tissue.
areolar ; blood vessels
Action potentials ______ the brain through sensory pathways.
ascend to
Pathways that transmit sensory impulses are also called ______ pathways because the information travels from sensory receptors superiorly through the spinal cord to the brain.
ascending
The perivascular feet of the _________ help create a blood brain barrier
astrocyte
The synaptic knob is found ___________
at the extreme tips of the axon
The division of the nervous system that is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions is the _____________ system
autonomic
The ________ is the functional division of the nervous system that controls the involuntary movement of smooth muscle
autonomic motor nervous system
Motor nerves carry information ________ the central nervous system
away from
The plasma membrane of an axon is called ______________
axolemma
The _______ is sometimes called the nerve fiber
axon
conducts information away from the cell body
axon
triangular region connecting the axon to the cell body
axon hillock
A nerve is a bundle of parallel _________
axons
project to secondary or second-order neurons in the CNS
axons
Cytoplasm within an axon is called _________
axoplasm
Cytoplasm within an axon is called ____________
axoplasm
the cytoplasm of the axon
axoplasm
The synapse is located ______ the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron.
between
Spinal nerves contain axons of ______.
both motor and sensory neurons
Which are relayed along the pathways within the spinal cord and spinal nerves?
both sensory input and motor output
The components of the ______ plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla.
brachial
The central nervous system is made of the ________ and spinal _______
brain ; cord
Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called the ______ project inferiorly from the spinal cord.
cauda equina
Posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
cell bodies
Gray matter is primarily composed of ______.
cell bodies and dendrites
The nucleus of a neuron is found in the ________ of the neuron
cell body
dendrites branch off the ______________
cell body
Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located in the ______.
cerebral cortex
The ependymal cell help produce
cerebrospinal fluid
The ______ of the spinal cord contains the neurons that innervate the upper limbs.
cervical enlargement
Ganglia are ______
clusters of neuron cell bodies
Which of the following correctly describes characteristics of nervous system pathways?
connect CNS regions with cranial and spinal nerves
When the sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs in the opposite limb, the proper term for this phenomenon is ______.
contralateral
Which term means the opposite side?
contralateral
When decussation occurs, information is processed on the opposite side of the brain or ______ compared to where the information is coming from or the destination of the impulse.
contralaterally
The ______ marks the official "end" of the spinal cord proper (usually at the level of the first lumbar vertebra).
conus medullaris
The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ______.
conus medullaris
Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior rami, trunks, divisions, and when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.
cords
When viewed in cross section, the spinal cord is roughly ______, but slightly ______ both posteriorly and anteriorly.
cylindrical; flattened
The spinal cord is partitioned into a ______ gray matter region and a ______ white matter region.
deep; superficial
Conduct information to the cell body
dendrites
part of a stimulus-specific receptor
dendrites
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the ______ and ______ of neurons.
dendrites ; cell bodies
The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the ______.
diaphragm
The term hypoactive reflex means that a reflex response is ______.
diminished or absent
Spinal reflexes ______ require the involvement of the brain.
do not
Match letter A to pciture
dorsal root
Membrane channels provide the means to move a substance ______ its concentration gradient.
down
Match letter D to the picture
dura mater
Nervous system pathways conduct
either sensory information or motor impulses
The choroid plexus is made from capillaries and _________
ependymal cells
The ______ space lies between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra.
epidural
________ is responsiveness to a stimuli
excitability
___________ is a responsiveness to a stimuli
excitability
Neurons are ________
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
An impulse from an upper motor neuron ______ a lower motor neuron.
excites or inhibits
The axon of a primary neuron of a somatosensory pathway ______.
extends to the spinal cord or brainstem
The white matter of the spinal cord is ______ to the gray matter.
external
True or false: Ion channels use the energy of ATP to maintain concentration gradients across neuron membranes.
false
The epidural space contains ______.
fat
A thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx is called the ______.
filum terminale
Sensory input and motor output are used to divide the nervous system _________
functionally
Neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are found clustered in __________
ganglia
The peripheral nervous system is made of nerves and ________
ganglia
_________ cells do not transmit electrical signals by they do protect and nourish __________
glial ; neurons
When viewed in cross section, the diameter of the spinal cord changes along its length because the amount of ______ and ______ and the function of the cord vary in different parts.
gray matter; white matter
In a clinical setting, a reflex response may be normal, hyperactive, or
hypoactive
Glial cells are found _________
in both the central and peripheral nervous system
The anterior and posterior roots of the thoracic spinal nerves merge to form a spinal nerve within an intervertebral foramen that is ______ to the vertebra of the same number.
inferior
What is letter D
inferior trunk
Sensory nervous system pathways transmit ______.
information from somatic and special sense receptors to the central nervous system
Motor pathways in the nervous system transmit ______.
information from the central nervous system to muscles or glands
The autonomic nervous system is ______
involuntary
The term that means the same side is _____ , while contralateral means the opposite side
ipsilateral
When both the receptor and effector organs of a reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord, the proper term is ______.
ipsilateral
A first-order neuron ______.
is the first neuron to transmit sensory information from the periphery of the body to the brain
In the spinal cord, the gray matter may be subdivided into the following components: anterior, posterior, and _________ horns, and the gray commissure
lateral
Channels that allow an ungated flow of specific ions from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration are called _______ channels.
leak
When you step on a jellyfish with your right foot, the ______ side of your brain sends the impulse to lift your right foot.
left
The myelin sheath is made of a high percentage of _________
lipids
The cell bodies of ______ motor neurons are found within brainstem cranial nerve nuclei or in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
lower
what is letter E
lower motor neuron
The anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 form the ______ plexus.
lumbar
The ______ enlargement of the spinal cord contains axons that extend beyond the conus medullaris, innervating the lower limbs.
lumbosacral
The spinal cord has two longitudinal depressions. These are the posterior ______ and the anterior ______.
median sulcus; median fissure
The spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by spinal cord meninges, which are continuous with the cranial ______.
meninges
Cells that wander through the CNS and replicate in response to infection are called
microglia
________ act as phagocytes
microglial cells
A spinal nerve is classified as a ______ nerve.
mixed
Most named nerves are ________ nerves
mixed
Nerves that contain both sensory and motor neurons are called __________ nerves
mixed
Descending pathways are ______ pathways.
motor
Multiple anterior rootlets arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single anterior root, which contains ______ axons only.
motor
If a neuron has many dendrites and a single axon, it is called a ___________ neuron
multipolar
interneurons are _______ neurons
multipolar
The spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to ______ and receptors.
muscles, glands
Another name for axon is _________
nerve fiber
The thin outer layer of the neurolemmocyte is called the ____________
neurilemma
The parts of the spinal cord that control the upper and lower limbs are larger because more ______ are located there.
neuron cell bodies
Nervous tissue is composed of glial cells and _________
neurons
In neurons, most chemically gated ion channels open in response to the binding of a(n)
neurotransmitter
Chemicals that are released from synaptic knobs and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membranes are called _______________
neurotransmitters
Each brachial plexus innervates the ______ and the entire ______ of one side.
pectoral girdle; upper limb
A nerve is part of the ________ nervous statement
peripheral
Deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers. This layer is known as the ______.
pia matter
Match letter E to the picture
pia matter
Just superior to the ______, the two divisions of the sciatic nerve split into two nerves.
popliteal fossa
The ______ ramus is the smaller of the two main branches of a spinal nerve.
posterior
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the posterior root are located in the ______.
posterior root ganglion
The posterior rootlets are derived from a single ______ root, which contains ______ axons only.
posterior; sensory
A ________ transmits an impulse through its axon toward the synapse
presynaptic neuron
What is letter C
primary sensory neuron
The neurons in sensory pathways are termed ______.
primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary neurons
Membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient are called _________
proteins
After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve almost immediately splits into branches, termed ______.
rami
The initial component of a reflex arc is a(n) ______.
receptor
Awareness of the stimulus occurs after the action has been completed, in time to correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation.
reflex
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for ______, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus.
reflexes
The longest nerve in the body is the ______ nerve.
sciatic
A first-order neuron synapses with a ______ neuron.
second-order
Letter B is
secondary sensory neuron
The posterior rami of spinal nerves tend to follow a ______ pattern as they innervate the deep muscles and skin of the neck and back.
segmental
Ascending pathways are ______ pathways.
sensory
Nerves that always relay information to the CNS are called ________ nerves
sensory
_____________ are found in mixed nerves
sensory and motor axons
Dendrites are ________ than axons
shorter
The spinal cord in an adult is ______ than the vertebral canal that houses it.
shorter
A reflex arc is the neural wiring of a ______ reflex.
single
A dermatome is a specific segment of ______ supplied by a single spinal nerve.
skin
Glial cells are _______ than neurons
smaller
Glial cells are both __________ than neurons and capable of ___________
smaller ; mitosis
Motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the ______.
spinal cord
A hypoactive reflex may indicate damage to a segment of the ______, or it may suggest muscle disease or damage to the ______ junction.
spinal cord; neuromuscular
An impulse from a lower motor neuron ______ a skeletal muscle.
stimulates or excites
A hyperactive reflex refers to an abnormally ______ response.
strong
Deep to the arachnoid mater is the ______ space, which is a real space filled with ______ fluid.
subarachnoid ; cerebrospinal
What is letter A
superior trunk
_________ are the slightly expanded region at the tip of the fine terminal extensions of a neuron
synaptic knobs
Neurotransmitters are stored in ________
synaptic vesicles
Letter A is what
tertiary sensory neuron
If two neurons are ipsilateral, they are on ______ of the spinal cord.
the same side
White matter on each side of the cord is also partitioned into ______ regions, each called a ______.
three ; funiculus
The sciatic nerve is actually composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath. What are the two divisions?
tibial and common fibular
Dendrites transfer information __________ the cell body
toward
The blood-brain barrier helps protect the brain from ________
toxins
There are five roots of anterior rami that unite to form the superior, middle, and inferior ______ in the posterior triangle of the neck.
trunks
Most afferent neurons are classified functionally as _________
unipolar
The cell bodies of ______ motor neurons are found in the cerebral cortex.
upper
The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the ______.
upper limb
what is letter D
upper motor neuron
Motor pathways use a(n) ______ motor neuron and a(n) ______ motor neuron.
upper; lower
______ are not commonly found in the receptive segment of a neuron.
voltage-gated ion channels
Which of the following ions have leak channels on the plasma membrane?
- K+ - Na +
There are ________ different types of glial cells in the CNS
4
A typical adult spinal cord ranges between ______ centimeters (cm) in length.
42 and 45
There are ______ cervical vertebrae and ______ pairs of cervical spinal nerves.
7 ; 8
The spinal cord contains _ pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, _ pairs of lumbar nerves, _ pairs sacral nerves and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
8 ; 5 ; 5
Which is letter D
Anterior Median Fissure
Match letter C to the picture
Arachnoid matter
Which glial cell occupies the space of dying neurons?
Astrocytes
_______ are star shaped
Astrocytes
Which one is D
Body of Vertebra
Which are the components of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
All spinal nerves except ______ innervate a segment of skin, and so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome.
C1
One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the ______ nerve and some contributing axons from ______.
C4 ; C3 and C5
Cervical nerves ______ unite to form the superior trunk of the anterior rami.
C5 and C6
Each brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves ______.
C5-T1
The eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the ______ vertebrae.
C7 and T1
Which spinal nerves give rise to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
C8 and T1
The names of the principal nerve plexuses are the plexuses, plexuses, lumbar plexuses, and sacral plexuses
Cervical ; brachial
A ______ is a channel that is usually closed but which opens in response to binding a neurotransmitter.
Chemically gated channel
Axons in a tract cross over from one side of the body to the other along the tract
Decussate
Which one is B
Dura Mater
Which are characteristic of somatosensory pathways?
Each pathway transmits information to different regions of the brain.
Which one is A
Epidural Space
A ____ is a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system
Ganglion
Which is letter B
Gray matter
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum, then through the vertebral canal, and ends at the level of the ______ vertebra.
L1
What is letter C
Lateral cord
What is letter B
Middle trunk
From origin to destination, sensory pathways consist of two or two neurons, whereas motor pathways consist of two neurons
Neurons in series
____________ are released from synaptic knobs into the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
Which neuroglial cells insulate axons in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
A reflex arc always begins at a receptor in the ______, communicates with the ______, and ends at a peripheral effector, such as a muscle or gland cell.
PNS; CNS
For every tract on the left side of the CNS, there is a corresponding tract on the right side of the CNS; each tract innervates structures on only one side of the body
Paired Tracts
Which is letter C
Posterior Median Sulcus
Which of the following membrane transporters are present throughout the membrane of a neuron?
- sodium leak channels - Na/K+ pumps - potassium leak channels
Which terms are used for the structural classification of nerves:
- spinal - cranial
Identify the components of the central nervous system
- spinal nerves - brain - spinal cord
Synaptic knobs are also called _____________
- terminal boultons - end bulbs