Unit 3: Chapter 6- America's War for Independence
Joseph Brant
- A Mohawk - Given name was Thayendanegea - Rose to prominence while fighting for the British during the Revolution - He joined forces with Colonel Barry St. Legar during the 1777 campaign, which ended with the surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga - After the war, Brant moved to the Six Nations reserve in Canada - From his home on the shores of Lake Ontario, he remained active in efforts to restrict white encroachment onto Indian lands
Saratoga
- A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. - It proved to be the turning point of the war. - This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. - was the turning point of the Revolutionary War
Republicanism
- A political philosophy that holds that states should be governed by representatives, not a monarch; as a social philosophy, republicanism required civic virtue of its citizens
Thomas Gage
- British general who controlled Boston following the Boston Tea Party. - sent to Boston to restore law and order - He arrived in Boston in May 1774 as the new royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts, accompanied by several regiments of British troops - He stationed thirty-five hundred troops in Boston, and from there he ordered periodic raids on towns where guns and gunpowder were stockpiled, hoping to impose law and order by seizing them - His actions led to the formation of local rebel militias that were able to mobilize in a minute's time; they were called the minutemen - He seized munitions in Cambridge and Charlestown, but when he arrived to do the same in Salem, his troops were met by a large crowd of minutemen and had to leave empty-handed - In June, he resolved to take Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, the high ground across the Charles River from Boston, a strategic site that gave the rebel militias an advantage since they could train their cannons on the British. - In the Battle of Bunker Hill, the British only gained control after the rebels ran out of ammunition, but the British losses were very high - over two hundred were killed and eight hundred wounded - and, despite his victory, General Gage was unable to break the colonial forces' siege of the city
Minutemean
- Colonial militias prepared to mobilize and fight the British with a minute's notice - Many of whom were veterans of the French and Indian War, played an important role in the war for independence - General Gage seized munitions in Cambridge and Charlestown, but when he arrived to do the same in Salem, his troops were met by a large crowd of minutemen and had to leave empty-handed - They took over Fort William and Mary and confiscated weapons and cannons in New Hampshire
William Howe
- Commander in chief of the British forces in America, amassed thirty-two thousand troops on Staten Island in June and July 1776 - His brother, Admiral Richard ________, controlled New York Harbor - In August 1776, he landed his forces on Long Island and easily routed the American Continental Army there in the Battle of Long Island - Despite several military successes, failed to destroy the Continental Army and stem the American Revolution
Hessians
- German mercenaries hired by Great Britain to put down the American rebellion
Mecklenburg Resolves
- North Carolina's declaration of rebellion against Great Britain - That colonists did not owe any further allegiance to Great Britain, and that governing authority had now passed to the Continental Congress - Loyalist and Patriots clashed during this resolve
Valley Forge
- Six-month encampment of General George Washington's Continental Army in the winter of 1777-1778, which was a major turning point in the American Revolutionary War
Confiscation Acts
- State-wide acts that made it legal for state government to seize Loyalists' property
Thirteen Colonies
- The British colonies in North America that declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, which included >>> Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, the province of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caroline, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, South Caroline, and Virginia
Yorktown
- The Virginia port where British General Cornwallis surrendered to American forces - The French navy and the Continental Army conceived a daring plan to entrap Cornwallis in Yorktown. - The plan worked: Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown, and three weeks later the war was over. - The year 1781 found a large squadron of British troops led by Lord Cornwallis at _____________, Virginia.
Treaty of Paris
- The ________ to end The French and Indian War - In April 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay had begun informal peace negotiations in _______. Officials from Great Britain and the United States finalized the treaty in 1783, signing the ___________ in September of that year. - The ________ recognized the independence of the United States States; placed the western, eastern, northern, and southern boundaries of the nation at the Mississippi River, the Atlantic Ocean, Canada, and Florida, respectively; and gave New Englanders fishing rights in the waters off Newfoundland. - The ________ states that individual states were encouraged to refrain from persecuting Loyalists and to return their confiscated property - Granted the United States huge amounts of supposedly British-owned regions that were actually Indian lands
Dunmore's Proclamation
- The decree signed by Lord _____________, the royal governor of Virginia, which proclaimed that any slaves or indentured servants who fought on the side of the British would be rewarded with their freedom - Issued November 1775 - Exposed serious problems for both the Patriot cause and for the British - _____________ fled Virginia in 1776
Continental Currency
- The paper currency that the Continental government printed to fund the Revolution - The first American money
Popular Sovereignty
- The practice of allowing the citizens of a state or territory to decide issues based on the principle of majority rule
Esther DeBert Reed
- Wife of Governor Joseph ________ - Formed the Ladies Association of Philadelphia and led a fundraising drive to provide sorley needed supplies to the Continental Army - In "The Sentiments of an American Women" (1780), she wrote to other women, "The time is arrived to display the same sentiments which animated us at the beginning of the Revolution, when we renounced the use of teas, however agreeable to out taste, rather than receive them from our persecutors; when we made it appear to them that we placed former necessaries in the rank of superfluities, when out liberty was interested; when our republican and laborious hands spun the flax, prepared the linen intended for the use of our soldiers; when exiles and fugitives we supported with courage all the evils which are the concomitants of war." - _________ and other elite women in Philadelphia raised almost $300,000 in Continental money for the war
Lexington and Concord
- fought on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). - Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. - On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to seize an arms cache. - Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. - A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. - Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence. - First engagements of the American Revolution. - The British killed several minutemen and advanced to Concord, where they destroyed some military supplies.
Nathaniel Greene
- fought the famous British General Lord Cornwallis. - ___________ knew he had to be clever. - He was commander in chief of the southern army, but he knew that Cornwallis had far more soldiers than the Americans. - ___________ was one of the most respected generals of the Revolutionary War (1775-83) and a talented military strategist. - As commander of the Southern Department of the Continental army, he led a brilliant campaign that ended the British occupation of the South.
Common Sense
- hopes of convincing public for a swift change in government - revolution - so they can have Independence - self rule - Part I - why the declaration - Part II - explains colonists view of government - Part III - long list of grievances - Part IV - summarized - 13 colonies would not be a part Britain - Thomas Paine - January 1776 - Wrote pamphlet
Loyalists
- were American colonists who stayed loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men at the time. - They were opposed by the Patriots, who supported the revolution, and called them "persons inimical to the liberties of America".
What basic grievances were outlined in the Declaration of Independence? Did it guarantee freedom and equality for everyone in America? Explain.
All men are created equal, life liberty and the pursuit of happiness; no- the slaves were still slaves
What was the British strategy in the Middle Colonies?
To take command of New York City and the Hudson river.
What key points did Thomas Paine convey in his pamphlet Common Sense, and what impact did it have in the colonies?
We are being hurt by staying connected to England, there is more than just England to trade with, why be governed by someone smaller than you; it brought a sense of independence
What was the British strategy in the Southern Colonies?
appeal to the loyalists in the south
What are the different schools of thought regarding the American Revolution?
imperial-the taxation was justified progressive-social and economic issues are the cause of the revolution neoconservative-say it was fought to defend tradition and preserve rights ideology-ideas caused the revolution new left- revolution was influenced by the desires of the lower class
According to the video "Slavery and the American Revolution," did the American Revolution improve the condition of African Americans? Explain.
it improved in the north while it got worse in the south
According to the article "American Indians and the American Revolution," how did the war impact Native Americans?
it separated Indian tribes because some went with the British and some with the Americans
Per the textbook, what impact did the war have on slavery?
it was probably the greatest emancipation up until the civil war
What financial difficulties did the Patriots face?
lack of supplies and funding
According to the article "Women's Service with the Revolutionary Army," how did women contribute to the war effort, particularly in Washington's army? Did they adhere to their traditional female roles? Explain.
mostly with sewing and cooking and nursing; no- some women dressed themselves as men and fought along side the men in battles.
Who were the Loyalists, and what happened to them during and after the war?
royals and merchants with ties to Britain; the had their property taken and they moved
In the video "Consideration for Women's Rights," what did Abigail Adams seek in a letter to John Adams? How did he respond?
she wanted him to "remember the ladies" and speak on behalf of their rights
How did Massachusetts prepare for conflict after the Coercive Acts were passed?
they passed the Suffolk Resolves, which was a plan of resistance.
How successful was George Washington as a general in 1776 and 1777? Identify his key victories and defeats during this time.
very successful; Trenton
Identify key American victories and defeats in the Southern Campaign
Savannah, Charleston, Yorktown
