Unit 3 - Chapter 8 smartbook

Select all routes through which humans can be infected with H5N1 "bird flu" or avian influenza virus.

Human-to-human transmission Through close contact between chickens and humans

Malaria is caused by protists of the genus

plasmodium

A disease that comes back after a significant decline in incidence is considered to be

reemerging

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?

38 million

Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019?

380,000

Select all characteristics of viruses.

Acellular Parasites of cells

During the attachment phase of HIV replication, the gp120 spike protein of HIV attaches to what protein on a host cell surface?

CD4

Select all characteristics of viruses.

Parasites of cells Acellular

The genetic material of viruses can consist of which of these?

RNA DNA

Select all human diseases that are caused by bacteria.

Tetanus Syphilis Strep throat Tuberculosis

A pathogen is a microbe that

a disease causing agent

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a ________, that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.

capsule

Approximately what proportion of the world's human population has been exposed to TB?

one-third

The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)

pathogen

Infectious particles made of only proteins are called

prion

Prions are infectious particles made of

protein only

Viruses infect a specific type of host cell because they bind to what type of molecule on the host cell surface?

receptor

Which disease was once called "consumption"?

tuberculosis

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)

vector

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?

virus

Select all functions of bacterial capsules.

- Help to avoid phagocytosis - Aid in sticking to surfaces

Arrange these events of the reproductive cycle of HIV life cycle in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.

1. attachment 2. fusion/entry 3. reverse transcription 4. intergration 5. biosynthesis/assembly 6. budding

Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the

1950s

Match each labeled structure on the drawing of an adenovirus with its correct name.

A - Capsid B - Spike C - DNA

What is a bacterial plasmid?

A small, circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome

infections with MRSA are particularly common in which three of these groups?

Athletes who share equipment Hospitalized patients Nursing home residents

Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?

Bacterium

Which bacterial species produces a toxin that can cause all the muscles of the body to contract?

Clostridium

Select the two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted.

Contact with contaminated objects Inhaling virus-laden droplets

Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Swine flu (H1N1) Avian influenza (H5N1)

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial species of the genus

Mycobacterium

Select the two essential components that all viruses have.

Outer capsid Inner core with nucleic acid

Of these four species of protists that cause malaria in humans, which one causes the most disease and death?

Plasmodium falciparum

HAART stands for highly active ____ therapy

antiretroviral

Tuberculosis is caused by what type of microbe?

bacterium

Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of

cell wall

Pathogens

disease - causing agents

Tuberculosis is likely to be transmitted to caregivers and on long plane flights because

exhaled bacteria can be infectious in the air for hours

True or False: Similar to cells, all viruses have DNA as their genetic material

false

True or false: Malaria parasites are transmitted by male mosquitoes.

false

True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s.

false

Some bacteria have stiff fibers on their outer surface called _____ that help them adhere to host cells.

fimbriae

During the attachment phase of HIV replication, what specific HIV protein attaches to CD4 on the surface of a helper T cell or a macrophage?

gp120

Following exposure to HIV-infected cells, the first cells to be infected in a new host are usually

macrophages

microbe

microscopic life form; microorganism; germ, bacteria, viruses, and protists

Genes coding for antibiotic resistance in bacteria are often located on small, circular pieces of DNA called

plasmids

The process of HIV uncoating specifically refers to

release of HIV RNA and viral proteins into a host cell

Which disease is due to a bacterial toxin that prevents muscle relaxation?

tetanus

After HIV fuses with a host cell membrane, the capsid and protein coats are removed in a process specifically called

uncoating

The causative agent of influenza is a

virus

Antibiotics with the root "cillin" in their names, interfere with bacterial cell

wall

The phagocytic cells that prevent an infection due to a pathogen that has penetrated a barrier are what type of cells?

white blood cells