Unit 3: Direct and Indirect Practice

Administration

"methods used by those who have administrative responsibility to determine organizational goals for a social agency or unit; acquire resources and allocate them to carry out a program; coordinate activities toward achieving selected goals' and monitor, assess, and make necessary changes in process and structure to improve effectiveness and efficiency. synonymous to management. 1. means of managing organizations and all of their parts in order to maximize goals and have the organization succeed and grow 2. directing all the activities of an agency 3. organizing and bringing together all human and technical resources in order to meet the agency's goals 4. motivating and supervising work performed by individuals and groups in order to meet agency goals 5. acquire and allocate resources 6. turn social mandates into organizational goals, policies, and procedures 7. improve organizational effectiveness -two goals: maintenance activities (concerned w/ efficiency) and service activities (concerned w/ quality)

Referral Systems: Informal resource systems

(aka "natural" resource systems) include family members, friends, coworkers, and neighbors and others who provide emotional, social, and more tangible kinds of support

Behavioral Techniques: Modeling

(vicarious learning), clients learn through imitation and observation of others. you may demonstrate behaviors and skills that a client (individual, couple, or family) needs to learn, such as communication skills, assertiveness, parenting skills, or self-disclosure.

Relapse Prevention

- uses cognitive behavioral techniques to help clients develop great self-control to avoid relapse 1. discussing ambivalence 2. identifying emotional and environmental triggers 3. developing and reviewing specific coping strategies 4. exploring the decision chain that leads to substance use 5. learning from brief relapses about triggers

Transactional Analysis (Eric Berne)

-"a rational approach to understand behavior...[that is] based on the assumption that all individuals can learn to trust themselves, think for themselves, make their own decisions, and express their feelings 1) assumptions: -ego states: everyone possesses 3 ego states-adult, parent, and child-which lonely correspond to Freud's ego, superego, and id. positive parenting leads to appropriate balance of 3 egos -life position: all children begin life with a healthy life position. child-rearing practices of their parents determine whether that life position is maintained or an unhealthy position is adopted -life script: person's life script, which develops out of decisions made during childhood and forms the core of the person's identity and destiny 3) Therapy Techniques -transational analysis -game analysis -script analysis

Policy Practice

-"efforts to influence the development, enactment, implementation, modification, or assessment of social policies, primarily to ensure social justice and equal access to basic social goods" -

addressing client's reactions to termination

-"sharing ending feelings": bring up your own, even if client doesn't mention his -reaching for ending feelings": encourage client to articulate his feelings and respond w/ empathy -if client fails to show up to sessions, it's critical to reach out by phone, letter, or HV -if client fears separation, you may schedule a f/u interview or telephone contact for several weeks after termination

You make the decision to terminate

-"unilateral decision" means you make the decision without having the client participate -client has filed a lawsuit or official complaint against you -client has brewed, w/o good cause, the financial agreement regarding payment of fees for services -client is a physical danger to you or continually harasses you

In early childhood, there are several types of cognitive play.

-Constructive play is the process of creating or constructing something and is especially common in children ages 3 to 6 years old. -Functional play is common in children ages birth to 2 years and includes repeated motor movements with or without objects. -Make-believe play occurs when children act out imaginary roles and is common between the ages of 2 and 6 years.

Basic Intake Procedures

-Info about client and services offered by agency -providing client w/info about the conditions of services (fees, appointment times, etc) -collecting relevant demographic data from client -interviewing client to get preliminary sense of the nature of his problem/concern/request -determining client's eligibility for services -reaching agreement w/ the client about his willingness to be served by agency -assigning client to the best suited social worker

Overview of Macro Level

-ML intervention are usually designed to improve either the quality of life for clients or communities served or the quality work life for employees at an organization so that they can provide optimal services to clients or communities. Usually the focus of macro changes on just the segment of a community or organization--entire towns, cities, or counties or total organizations are rarely the focus of change efforts led by social workers (although they can be) -two key influencers in development of macro practice: a) lane report: helped persuade the social work profession to include community practice as one of its primary practice approaches, along w/ social casework and social group work b) barclay report: recommended greater social work involvement in social planning, promoting community decision networks, negotiation, and social advocacy

managing diversity

-Thomas identified diversity as the key variable affecting productivity and considered effective management of diverse populations to be crucial leadership skill -affirmative action: includes programs and efforts designed to bring ethnic minorities and women into an organization -valuing differences: pose consists of staff training and personnel development that a) promote acceptance and mutual respect across racial and gender lines, b) enhance understanding of differences, c) help workers understand their own feelings and attitudes toward differences, and d) enhance working relationships among people who're different -managing diversity: if an organization is unprepared to deal w/ a diverse force, it may need to engage in long-term strategy to change its fundamental culture

Community Organization

-Uses collective action to help individuals deal with social problems and improve their social well-being. 1) Community Organizers and their Roles: serve as facilitators -enabler -planner -activist 2) Goals and Objectives of Community Organizing: overall goal is to help community members achieve social justice and economic and social development. -resolve social problem and improve social welfare -develop the capacity of community members (capacity building and task accomplishment) 3) Community Organizing Steps, Processes, and Techniques Step 1) determine the issue Step 2) activate citizens -relative deprivation -hold meetings -conduct public education campaign -use grass-roots organization -use conflict induction -use polarization Step 3) plan the effort -coalitions -co-optation -satisficing Step 4) carry out the effect -advocacy -strengthen coalitions -facilitation -negotiation -mediation Step 5) evaluate the effort -social planning -social actin -locality or community development -community social work model

Psychosocial treatment

-assumes that treatment can produce personality change and growth and that environmental changes brought about by treatment can also promote a client's adaptation. -a client's ever-increasing understanding of his situation, others, and himself -a client's adaptive potentialities -the benefit (e.g reduced stress) a client acquires from expressing his emotions in therapy -the support a client receives in an accepting therapeutic relationship -the effects of a client's relationship w/ social worker

Unplanned termination

-adult clients have the right to leave treatment whenever they want (as long as no harm to self/others). children/adolescents need legal guardian or parent to make the decision. -discuss pro/cons -attempt to clarify the reason's for client's decision -assist client in the transition so that it serves his best interests and needs -"no show": contact via phone or letter. encourage to come in for final session so relationship can have appropriate closure

Community Mental Health Intervention

-advocates a set of values consist w/ political liberalism, including empowerment, promoting a sense of community involvement, a respect for cultural diversity, and an explicit commitment to social change -Community Mental Health Center Act establishes a number go goals and programs consistent w/ the blues described above, including short-term hospitalization for mental health patients; emergency mental health treatment that is available 24hrs/day; specialized services for children ad the aged; rehab for drug and alcohol abusers

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Intervention (Step 12)

-after all activities and processes are completed, one refers back to the outcome objectives to determine whether the intervention has been successful. a) compile periodic evaluation: evaluation requires collecting and organizing data and info. tracking the performance of each client or participant should include establishment of a baseline the beginning of the intervention and period measurement of progress. May involve pre-and posttest or tracking of single indicator b) prepare a report for stakeholders: once data for all outcome objectives are collected, aggregated, and compiled, an end-of-the-year report is prepared for funding sources and other steak holders

Organizations

-are composed of people, tools, and reduces structured to accomplish specific objectives -are goal oriented -are social entitles -are deliberately structured and coordinated "activity systems -are linked to the external environment

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

-assume that because cognitive processes influence behavior, restructuring a client's cognitive can change his behavior active, structured, and time limited (usually about 15 sessions). -rely on both verbal procedures and behavioral modification techniques to help client identify , test the reality of, then modify his distorted cognitions and well as habitual dysfunctional beliefs that underlie his cognitions

Task-Centered Model

-based on learning theory and cognitive and behavioral practice theories -highly structural -social worker and client determine duration of treatment in first session -treatment is usually brief (8-12 sessions)

Behavioral Family Therapy

-based on principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory (social behavior is result of exchanged process). -behavioral marital therapy, behavioral parent training, and conjoint sex therapy -achievement involves establishing therapeutic relationship with family, making a behavioral assessment of family's problems, and using reinforcement, modeling, and other behavioral strategies

biophysical approach to health care

-biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and environmental aspects of physical illness and injury are all evaluated and, as necessary, treated -research shows the cost of providing brief psychosocial interventions is offer by savings in overall use of medical services

Case recording

-clear and accurate -written record of all decisions -free of judgment and subjective comments -timely

Community Development

-concerned w/ social justice and consists of efforts by professionals and community members to improve social ties among community residents, motivate residents for self-help, develop reliable local leadership, and create or restore local institutions. 1) Goals and Objectives: overall goal is to organize and coordinate the efforts of groups to work together toward improving their quality of life or resolving a specific problem 2) Community Development Approach: a) political action b) social suport approach 3) Community Development Processes: rely on face-to-face groups 4) Social Worker Roles in Community Development: consultant, planner, coordinator, catalyst who cultivates groups, and enable who facilities group processes.

skills for sustaining client motivation

-convey a belief in the potential of work -acknowledge the client's strengths -point out negative consequences -use persuasion

guidelines for using informal resources

-discuss w/ client both advantages and disadvantages of using informal resource -let client make the final decision -be prepared to provide client w/ guidance on how to reach out to an informal resource -if you need to speak to informal resource, get client's permission to do so first

Facilitating Termination and Transfers

-do everything you can to prevent a client's termination from being unanticipated/sudden -use "looking ahead to the end" -for psychotherapy client, you may gradually decrease frequency of contact as termination nears -use "reviewing progress" -openly address client's feelings about termination -plan for maintenance of changes and continued growth after termination -anticipate how termination will affect client's family and social network.

Preparing to Implement the Intervention (Step 10)

-during assessment and planning, the change effort is carried out by many interacting and overlapping individuals and systems -important task is to select a lead person or coordinator -another significant task to address is logistical considerations such as facilities, equipment, personnel (including volunteers), and other resources, including determine what resources need to be made available before the intervention plan is implemented. -if large scale project, its best to hire the lead person and then have that person assume leading role in selecting other staff

criteria for program evaluation

-effort -impact -effectiveness -efficiency -quality --in addition, government initiatives have established performance standards for agencies using government funding: efficiency accountability, quality accountability, and effectiveness accountability

Potential client reactions to termination

-emotional responses -denial -avoidance -efforts to prolong the relationship

Psychosocial principles

-emphasis on the person-in-sitution system: emphasizes both internal (psychological) and external (social) causes of dysfunction -adoption of an organismic perspective: suggests that change in one part of a system will bring about changes in other parts -emphasis on therapeutic relationships: acceptance of client, person-centered approach, respect for self-determination, scientific objectivity -use of eclectic approach: social worker develops situations that will fit the problem at hand, the client's preferences, and the functions of the agency where she's employed

Characteristics of Community Mental Health Intervention

-emphasis on the role of social and environmental factors in the development and maintenance of behavior - a belief that system-oreinted (vs person-oriented) interventions are effective for enhancing the functioning of both systems and individuals -focus on prevention rather than treatment of mental disorders -view of mental health worker's role as a consultant and collaborator rather than as a direct provider of psychological services -belief that mental health processionals should be concerned w/ social reform -strong reliance on naturalistic ecological research, epidemiology, and program eval.

Using empathic responding helps

-establish a relationship in first session -stay in tune with the client -accurately assessing problems -respond to non-verbal messages -make a client more receptive to confrontation -manage obstacles to change -a client manage strong feelings

Crisis intervention

-focuses on here and now -time limited, approx. 4-6 weeks -setting goals and tasks to increase a client's sense of mastery and control

structure of social agencies

-functional structure: for larger agencies, in which second-level administrators run units within the agency and/or supervise groups of workers and report to the agency's execute director. execute director coordinates the units and oversees the work of unit managers. flat administrative structures: for smaller agencies, an executive director heads the agency. -project-team approach: group of workers is organized around a specific task for al limited period of time.

Psychosocial data collection and assessment

-goal of data collection is to "understand clients, their potential and limitations, the sources of their strengths and stress, their resources for change and the barriers to desired change"

Making decision to terminate

-goals have been achieved -agreed-on time limit has been reached -problem/situation has been sufficiently resolved so client can function at acceptable level and no risk of harm -you and/or client where you and/or client don't benefit from additional contacts -you (and agency) made reasonable investment of time, energy, and skill w/o adequate results -client has become inappropriately dependent on you -client would benefit from being transferred to another professional/agency

Other issues faced by school social workers

-harassment -bullying -potentially violent students -school leavers (dropping out) -

Health Social Work: Direct Practice in Health Care

-health social workers work to foster and maintain patients' physical and psychological well-being and promote conditions that ensure patients get the greatest possible benefit from the services they receive -aka medical social workers, typically employed by hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, or hospice. they provide a) assessment of patient and family needs, b) counseling and support for emotional needs, crisis situations, coping, and adjusting to illness and treatment, grief and bereavement and financial needs, etc., c) advocate for patients and families, d) case management and referrals to community services and agencies, and e) assessment of discharge needs -trained to focus on full range of physical, emotional, and environmental factors that impact patients' well-being and that of their families

Benefits of monitoring the change process

-helps maintain continuity and focus on treatment goals -allows you to determine when to shift the focus to a different goal or initiate termination -keep track of the extent to which the intervention is successful -sharing results of monitoring w/ client allows the client to keep track of where he stands in relation to his goals -asking client his opinions and feelings on progress allows you to identify issues that may be impeding his progress or that could lead him to discontinue treatment

Task-Centered Model Principles

-human are influenced by internal and unconscious drives as well as environmental forces -problems stem form unfulfilling desires and are inherent part of human life, not sign of pathology -human beings can learn to cope w/ problems and usually find strategies to resolve them -focuses on client's view of the problem -client is a consumer of services and primary agent of change -social worker provides leadership in response to a client's need -social worker uses whatever practice theories fit the case but adopts a system view of problem

Other reasons for unplanned termination

-if you leave your agency to set up an independent private practice or begin to work at another agency, you shouldn't refer your former agency's clients unless a) you made a specific agreement w/ former agency and b) you inform the clients of various options available to them -if on administrative (agency) level, advocate, as necessary, on behalf of client to make sure he receives services he's entitled to -if services provided under court order, make sure all terms of court order have been met

Treatments based on counterconditioning

-in each situation, the undesirable behavior or stimulus associated with it (conditioned stimulus or CS) is paired with in incompatible response or stimulus that produces that response (unconditioned stimulus or US) A) Systematic Desensitization: commonly used to treat anxiety-related disorders and involves pairing relaxation with hierarchy ranged anxiety-evoked events stage 1) muscle relaxation stage 2) anxiety hierarchy: while client is learning relaxation technique, client and therapist construct an anxiety hierarchy stage 3) desensitization in imagination: relaxation is paired with presentation of items in the anxiety hierarchy beginning with the least anxiety-evoking item stage 4) in vivo desensitization: after client begins to desensitize about 75-85% of anxiety hierarchy items, he begins to confront anxiety-arousing situations in real life b) Assertiveness Training: based on the assumption that assertive behaviors are incompatible with anxiety and, therefore, can be used to eliminate maladaptive anxiety reactions c) Behavioral Sex Therapy

Ego Analysis

-includes Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, Ernest Kris, David Rapaport, and Erik Erickson -they believe that personality development continues throughout the lifespan -they emphasize the effects of the ego on personality development -they describe two types of ego functions: ego defensive functions, which are used to resolve conflicts and are similar to Freud's conceptualization of ego functions; and ego autonomous functions, which encompass the "conflict-free ego sphere" and consist of adaptive, conflict-free functions. 1) view of maladaptive behavior: -healthy behavior is under the conscious control of the ego. When "ego loses its autonomy form the id or from reality, behavior isn't longer under the unconscious control and pathology may ensue 2) Therapy Goals and Techniques -ego analytic psychotherapy doesn't different significantly form classical psychoanalysis in term of therapy goals and techniques, however, ego analysts place greater emphasis on the present than the past, they focus on both the neurotic and adaptive aspects of a client's personality and they attempt to increase a client's awareness of and conscious control over the events underlying current problems

Policy Management Approaches

-inclusive management: concerned w/ direct public (community) participation-it emphasizes the relationship between public managers and encourages managers to focus on building the capacity of the public to participate in the policy process a) first, inclusive mangers are concerned w/ facilitating problem-solving within the community, rather than making decisions on behalf of the community b) second, the model shifts the focus of management control efforts from more traditional centralized system to one of localized control -Principle agent model: emphasis direct accountability to elected officials a) elected officials mediate connections w/ the public through a hierarchy and oversight of public programs b) managers focus on technical implementation of public policies defined by elected officials -Expertise Model: emphasizes the application of professional judgment on behalf of the public a) the relationship between the public and public managers is mediated by the use of professional expertise on behalf the public b) managers focus on application of managerial skills and substantive policy expertise to improve public policy outcomes

Change and the Crisis Intervention Approach

1. disequilibrium causes by a stressful event or situation 2. energy, which is made available by anxiety about the situation 3. a supportive relationship

Analogies Used to View Social Systems

-mechanical analogy views social systems as machines -organismic analogy compares social systems to living organisms -morphogenic analogy applies when change is ongoing and structure of the system is continually emerging -factional analogy assumes that conflict is fundamental and instability and change are ongoing -catastrophic analogy assumes that social systems change so much and so often that they appear chaotic

self-motivating techniques

-visualizing, i.e. picture on a fridge -reminding themselves of why change is needed -making up a contract with themselves -rewards when progress is made -taking a break to do something that is liked -being around positive people -educations on stops that will assist the effort -breaking down goals in achievable steps -forgiveness when setbacks occur -conceptualizing a new reality or what life will be like when change happens

Indicatons for Using Play Therapy

-most young children aren't linguistically and cognitively sophisticated enough to talk about their feelings or complex human interactions, while some older children are uncomfortable discussing these matters. thus, play techniques can be useful for both younger and older children (3-12 y.o), although there can be range to both ends -play techniques considered most appropriate for children w/ internal problems such as anxieties, poor self-image, feelings of being deserted, jealousy, grief, guilt, or anger, but they may also be used to modify specific behavior or teach a child a specific skill

Monitoring Change Process

-observing a client's responses to the intervention on an ongoing basis and evaluating signs of progress in accordance to the contract you and the client negotiated. -clients progress is evaluated every 2-3 sessions

approaches to program evaluation

-outcome model (quantitative/qualitative outcome model) -goal-attainment mode -systems analysis -cost-analytic model -descriptive and quality assurance model s

skills for maintaining momentum

-partialization: the client feels overwhelmed, break the problem down into smaller, manageable parts -help client stay on track -challenge avoidance of change -check for acquiescence: client may agree to take action, but in reality has no commitment to it. explore this by asking questions to uncover ambivalence or resistance -address emotional blocks -address authority issues -build a communication link

Strategies of Organizational Change

-planned change occurs in 3 stages: a) "unfreezing" occurs when the need for change is recognized and steps are taken to make members of organization receptive to change, b) "changing" involves moving the organization in the new direction and includes helping employees acquire new behaviors, values, and attitudes, and c) "refreezing" entails reinforcing the changes that have been made to help stabilize organization at new state of equilibrium -rational-empirical strategy: people will not resist if they receive benefit from it -normative-reeducative strategy: peer pressure and sociocultural normals are potent forces of change -power-coercive strategy: using power and legitimate authority to coerce employees to comply w/ plans for change

Approaches to macro-Level Change

-policy approach: formally adopted statement that reflects goals and strategies or agreements on a course of action -program approach: programs are prearranged sets of activities designed to achieve a set of goals and objects -project approach: projects are similar to programs but exist for only a limited time and are more flexible -personnel approche: this approach may be appropriate when people (personnel) are experiencing unresolvable differences and ongoing conflict -practice approach: this approach addresses the way organizations and their personnel go about doing their work

Intervention Goals

-primary: aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by decreasing the incidence of new cases ex. meals on wheels -secondary: attempt to decrease the prevalence of mental and physical disorders by reducing their duration through early detection an intervention -tertiary: designed to reduce the duration and consequences of mental and physical disorders ex. rehab programs, halfway houses, education programs

CPS

-protection of abuse or neglected children -two primary goals: treat and rehabilitate the parents and keep families intact -multidisciplinary -sw role: offer protection as both policy planners and providers of direct services to families; found in public social agencies as caseworkers providing therapy to maltreating families and supervising and managing supportive chid welfare services on behalf of those families; assist legal authorities w/ investigation; help families and children acquire services, and at times, providing services themselves

case manager

-provide short-term therapy, along w/ info, advice, and linkage to help a client cope better and gain awareness of elements of his functioning that are preventing him from getting and using help effectively

decision-making theories

-rational economic model: proposes that decision-makers maximize benefits by systematically searching for and weighing all possible alternatives before selecting the optimal one -bounded rationality model: proposes that various constrains force decision makers to be less than totally retina. as a result, decisions-makers often sacrifice rather than optimize

Macro-Level Advocacy

-representing, championing, or defending the rights of other; often practice cause advocacy, which is work on behalf of groups of people, who lack resources or ability to advocate for themselves. 1) Cause Advocacy Guidelines a) may be required when an organization performs its functions poorly or hurts its clientele. sw must focus on goals that are manageable and reasonably achievable b) teamwork produces better outcomes c) advocates should prepare to be assertive d) advocates should be flexible e) advocates should be parsed to use variety of strategies 2) Cause Advocacy Tactics -persuasion -fair hearings, grievances, and complaints -embarrassing the target of change -political pressure -petition 3) Legislative Action: involves efforts to change legislation to benefit the category of clients

Tasks of health social workers

1) direct service tasks: perform assessments of patients' situations and develop and implement interventions to address patients' needs and those of their families: a) work w/ patients and the members of patients' social support networks (often family), c) collaborate w/ members of interdisciplinary teams, and c) coordinate services for patients from the community and entitlement agencies. advocate for patients' needs 2) indirect service tasks: on macro level, provide supervision or administration in health facilities, promote effective and humane service systems, and develop and improve social policy

Communication/Interaction Model

-research on communication processes led investigators to recognize the role of communication in family and individual dysfunction, such as the role of double binding development of schizophrenia, and then to the development of a family therapy school build on the principles of communication. -in double-bind situation, a person (often the child) repeated receives contradictory messages form another person (often a parent), and the person sending the messages forbids any comment on the contradictions. person receiving messages is never able to respond in the "right" way -dysfunctional communication patterns include blaming and criticizing, mind reading, overgeneralizing, making statements that imply that things can never change, and making incomplete statement -therapy goals: alter the interactional patterns that maintain the present symptoms -therapy techniques: direct technique: a) pointing out to family members problematic interaction patterns as they occur, b) teaching family members the rules of clear communication, and c) interpreting interactional patterns; indirect techniques: prescribing the system (instructing family to engage in the dysfunctional patterns) and relabeling (changing the label attached to problem by the family in order to change its meaning)

other school professionals

-school psychologists: administer and interpret the results of academic and psychological tests for students with learning and/or behavioral problems; provide individual and group counseling for students; provide consultation to classroom teachers; work w/ students' parents; and, determine students' eligibility for special education services -school counselors:in elementary schools, counselor provide individual and small group counseling to students, conduct classroom activities, sometimes serve as disciplinarians, and sometimes serve as a linkage between school and home. in secondary schools, focus primarily on helping students w/ class schedules, montiriong students' academic progress, and assisting students w/ college/career choices -school nurses: provide vision and hearing tests to determine possible obstacles to learning and monitor students who've health problems

school social work activities

-school sw activities: participate in conferences concerning students' behavior and academic progress; collaborate w/ teachers and other school professionals in assessing students' needs and developing strategies to meet those needs; prepare developmental assessments and social histories required for multidisciplinary evaluation of students; provide individual and group counseling to students; conduct classroom activities; and design, implement, and evaluate school-based prevention programs

Online Therapy

-sed to provide psychoeducation and supportive services to relatively high functioning individuals. -NASW states, " social workers who provider services via electronic media (computers, telephone, radio, and tv) should form recipients of the limitations and risks associated w/ such services -social workers must: -describe clearly and completely what services consist of -fully and accurately disclose your professional credentials and experience -fully inform clients about how online services work, skills they'll need in order to use your online services, what the possible risks are, including breaching confidentiality -request client to provide name and contact info in case of emergency (decline services to individuals who insist on remaining anonymous) -state fee structure clearly -deliver services exactly as advertised -make sure you've made provision to ensure confidentiality an privacy of online communications -maintain records of services provided according to professional and state-mandated standards

Task-Centered Model Treatment

-social worker provides respect, acceptance, and understanding, conveys and expectation that the client will work on tasks to resolve his problem, and seeks the client's input in all stages of treatment -sw and client develop problem-solving tasks -sw and client explore alternative ways to resolve the problem, however, sw rarely "assigned" tasks w/o discussion -sw and client discuss task implementation until a well-fined plan has been developed -sw prepares the client to perform task -at the start of each session, progress is reviewed --Termination: begins in first session, when sw and client preset the duration of treatment

Brief Therapy Model

-social workers using this model adopt a strengths perspective -client has resiliency, knowledge, abilities, coping skills, and problem-solving skills, but he's temporarily stuck or overwhelmed and unable to use his own strengths. social workers' role is to help the client access and use his own resources so he can move forward and find solutions (utilization); collaborative, avoids hierarchy, empowers client, sw active and engaged

Monitoring the intervention (Step 11)

-specifics of monitoring and evaluation depend on the size and scope of the intervention, but in all cases, these processes require data collection and the building of a management information system to keep track of efforts and accomplishments. lead person is typically only participant who has an overview of all activities, therefore she's responsible for integrating different parts of the intervention -a) monitor technical activities: the intervention's objectives move the change effort toward its goal; they spell out the details of the intervention in measurable terms, including expected outcomes and the process that will be used to achieve them; two types of objectives--outcomes and process, and typically in macro level, a goal. b) monitoring interpersonal activities: requires establishing and communicating to all participants a process for addressing interpersonal tensions, for performance, apathy, resistance, etc. in larger, more permanent programs, formal appraisals are conducted and maintained in personnel files.

Communication at the end of a session

1) set time limits/10-minute warning 2) doorknob communication: describe any client disclosure of important or difficult info just as session is about to end

Task-Centered Model Assessment and Planning

-sw and client mutually select problem to be worked on -sw and client explore its psychological and situational aspects and what resources the client will need if he is to change -focus is on the present; past only studied to extent that it currently affects the client

UniversalisticManagemnet

-theorists focused on Taylor's concern w/ maximizing productivity and sought broader principles to explain the ideas of rational management. managers should promote and develop the following 6 principles: -scalar principle: there should be hierarchical structure w/ pyramid-shaped chain of command -span of control principle: supervision should have manageable number of subordinates (6-8) -unity of command principle: each person should only have one immediate supervisor -exceptional principle: subordinates should be responsible for routine matters covered by rules so that supervisors can take care of unusual circumstances not covered by rules -departmentalization principle: emphasis should be placed on division of labor, and similar functions should be grouped together -line-staff principle: there should be a distinction between line functions and staff functions

What to do when child is upset during play therapy

-therapist should acknowledge a crying child's feelings (fear, anger, sadness), both verbally and nonverbally, before introducing play activities. therapist shouldn't attempt to distract child or merely measure him that he'll feel better soon; toys and games should be introduced after child's feeling better -therapist must evaluate whether the child's distress is due to fear, sadness, anger, or illness or other physical discomfort: --if child's fear is due to separation form his parent, therapist can begin by briefly reassuring child that his parents are nearby -if child's fear is due to lovely of play therapy solution, therapist can acknowledge this briefly and should attempt to move forward quickly -when child's crying due to genuine fear of the therapist's interventions, therapist should proceed more slowly; acknowledge child's fear, and if there's someone w/ whom the child does feel safe nearby, invite that person into session to provide security child needs before he can accept therapist's interventions

Analysis of Proposed Policies

-used to evaluate both proposed and existing social policies Step 1: social problem analysis: a) identifies how problem is defined and locates estimates of its magnitude b) determines the causes and consequences of the problem c) identifies ideological beliefs or principles underlying descriptions of the problem d) identifies who gains and loses from the existence of the problem and how serious the negative consequences are for the "losers: Step 2: draw conclusions a) is policy or program proposal appropriate for addressing the problem identified b) does the solution adequately deal w/ both the causes and consequences of the problem c) will it yield an outcome different from approaches used in the past d) would the cost associated w/ the proposed solution be justified by the potential outcomes e) are there better solutions that might be proposed

Guidelines for planning and choosing

-view the client as the expert on his situation and what types of resources and services will or will not be useful -think about how you will discuss the referral w/ a client -consider practical problems that may pose a barrier to a client's ability to use a service -if you work at an agency, consider all sources of assistance available within your agency before concluding that referral to a different agency is necessary -for services that require a fee, you need to consider your clients ability to pay -when planning to refer a client to an agency, think about whether that agency will need to determine his eligibility for a service or benefit -if you continue to work with client, consider how the referral might enhance or otherwise affect your with with him -be sure to consider client's friends, ratlines, and other informal resources as possible sources

The referral process

-whenever necessary, obtain releases of info signed by the client prior to engaging in the referral process -telling a client about services available through another agency or professional, explaining both the advantages and limitations of services -provide client w/ several options from which he can choose the agency or professional he wants to use -explore and address a client's feelings and concerns about the referral -allow client to make his own arrangement for services he wants, unless he's frightened, overwhelmed, or immature -when appropriate, involve a client's family and other significant people in decision making related to referral -because referral process can be stressful and frustrating (e.g waiting lists), a client may need emotional support throughout the process

Case Record

-written by social worker and comprised of info about a client, his situation, and services provided during intervention Guidelines: -can be subpoenaed, and clients and other personnel have access to them, therefore it's important for sw to develop and apply policies and practices that provide as much confidentiality as possible -update records to ensue accurate, relevant, timely, and complete -record only what's essential to functions of agency -identify observed facts, distinguish them from opinions -use descriptive terms, not professional jargon -don't record unverified medical or psychiatric Dx -don't record details of client's intimate lives, instead, describe intimate problems in general terms--no verbatim -don't remove case files from agency except under extraordinary circumstances and w/ special authorization -keep files in licked filing cabinet -dont leave files on desk or public area, don't keep case info on computer screens -take precautions when using computers, email, fax, voice mail, answering machines, and other technology

Client needs to be transferred to another worker

-you won't be available to serve client (e.g leaving the agency) -client would be better served by another social worker/professional/agency -helping process is stalled by problem in the relationship between you and the client

Person-Centered Therapy (Rogers)

1) Assumptions" Carl Roger's therapy is based n his assumptions that all people have an innate "self-actualization tendency" that serves as their major source of motivation and that guides them toward positive, healthy growth. self becomes disorganized when there's incongruence between the self and experience: -incongruence results when a person encounters conditions of worth -incongruence between self and experience produces unpleasant visceral sensation that are subjectively experienced as anxiety and serve as a signal that the unified self is being threatened 2) Therapy goals: help client achieve congruence between self and experience so that he can come a more fully functioning, self-actualizing person 3) Therapy Techniques: if the right environment is provided by the therapist, then the client will achieve congruence between self and experience. Right environments provide: -unconditional postive regard -accurate empathic understanding -genuineness (congruence)

Extended Family Systems (Murray bowen)

1) Assumptions: extends general systems theory beyond the nuclear family -differentiation of self -emotional triangle -nucelar family emotional system -emotional cutoff -sibling position -family projection process -multigenerational transmission process -society emotional process 2) therapy goals: increase the differentiation of all family members 3) therapy techniques: genogram: indicate there relationship between family members, the geographical location of family groups, the dates of significant life events, and other important info -two members in triangle are couple, 3rd is therapist (expert/coach). sessions are educative, cognitive, and controlled

CPS breakdown

1) CPS receives abuse/neglect notification 2) If agency finds evidence for further abuse and neglect during initial assessment, then it's assessed whether or not child should remain in home safely. If it indicates that child is at high risk for further abuse or neglect, CPS worker petitions the court recommending removal of child from home under supervision of child welfare agency. In emergency situation, agency will usually remove child before receiving court order and place him in emergency/temp foster care 3) petition to remove child from home results in judicial hearings: emergency custody hearing is held, if judge dearness child has been abused/neglected, case proceeds to adjudicatory and dispositional hearing. judge decides what to do (send child home w/ no services, send child home w/ superiviosn and support services, or remove child from home) 4) child who's removed becomes "ward" or "dependent" of the state. once removed, a case plan is developed (a) types of services for child and family to receive, b)reunification goals, including visitation schedules and target date for child's return, c) concurrent plans for alternative permanent placement should reunification not be met. Types of foster care: kin placement, non-relative foster family home, or residential facility or group home. 5) following placement case review must be held ever 6 months, which court evaluates progress. case review must set target date for child's return home, adoption, or other permanent placement. within 12 months of initial placement, a permanency planning hearing must be held for child. if biological parents don't complete court-ordered reunification plan, child welfare agency will potion court for termination of parental rights. if parents' rights are terminated, a permanency plan for child is created.

Functional Model Principles and assessment/treatment

1) Diagnosis: sw doesn't develop diagnosis, but rather helps client "reveal himself in the immediacy of the beginning relationship as a highly individual person who will be discovering and understanding himself as he is and becomes 2) Time Phases: sw's knowledge of beginnings, middles, and ends so that the characteristics and techniques of each phase are used fully in helping a client 3) Function: provide focus and content for the social work process, assure accountability, and provide client w/ "difference" required to achieve purpose 4) Structure: time, place, policy, procedures, and agency function, provide form that improves the effectiveness of social work processes 5) Relationship: important goal of the initial phase of treatment is to identify a client's purpose, determine how the agency can respond to it, and determine whether the client wants to or can use the services

Crisis Assessment

1) General Crisis Assessment Task and Guidelines: -main objective is to rapidly evaluate the degree of client desiquilibrium and immobility a) identify the precipitating factor b) identify client's response to crisis c) evaluate client's strengths, past coping strategies past, and possible sources of external support d) detrmine resources the sw (or agency) has in relation to client's assessed needs e) identify specific goals and targets of crisis intervention -crises assessment should be carried out with client -sw asks open-ended questions to elicit info about client's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and closed-ended questions to quickly elicit specific details from the client about what's occurring in his life at the moment -focus is on immediate, identifiable problems

Programs and Services for Students w/ Disablities

1) Individuals w/ Disabilities Act (IDEA): education for all handicapped children act passed in 1975, mandated that public school education must accommodate the needs of all children. law guarantees an appropriate free public education to all children ages 3-21 who need special ed services including physical, intellectual, autism spectrum, or specific learning disorders. renamed Individuals w/ Disabilities ACT. school districts pay for all necessary services using the funds disbursed under the IDEA. -underlying goal: eliminate the categorical labeling and placement of children w/ disabilities into special classrooms. underlying philosophy is that of normalization, in which children w/ disabilities can have maximum involvement w/ non disabled peers and experience a minimum of isolation and separation. -key feature: Individualized Education Program (IEP) must be develop for each student w/ a qualifying disability; written by team of school personnel in collaboration w/ parents and must provide the least restrictive environment for each student

Interventions Used by Group Leaders

1) Intervention in Pre affiliation Stage (stage 1): a) prepare members for the group experience b) address members' initial concerns c) establish the group's goals 2) Intervention in the Power and Control Stage (stage 2): a) facilitate effective communication b) help members give and receive feedback c) manage conflict d) address aggressive and other dysfunctional behavior e) reinforce appropriate behavioral patterns 3) Intervention in the Intimacy and Differentiation Stages (Stages 3 and 4 (represent group's "working phase")): a) facilitate ongoing growth and change b) facilitate achievement and goals 4) Intervention in the Terminator Stage (Stage 5): a) reinforce members' readiness to apply their new skills to life outside of the group b) address feelings associated w/ termination c) evaluate the outcome 5) Other aspects of the Group Leader's Intervention: a) opening and closing group sessions b) leader errors c) changes to a group d) the leader's conceptual framework e) premature termination

Crisis Treatment

1) Principles -treatment must be realistic (match client's needs/resources), time-limited (clear time frame for each action), and concrete a) intervention must be immediate b) concentrate on limited goals c) focused problem-solving d) active and directive treatment e) encourage self-reliance f) support the client g) give the client hope h) enhance the client's self-esteem 2) Goals -alleviate client's symptoms -discover what led to crisis -identify and implement appropriate measures to remedy the crisis -help client regain previous level of functioning -help client develop adaptive coping strategies he can use now and in the future help client connect the current situation to past life experiences 3) General Techniques -affective interventions (help client express feelings produced by crisis) -cognitive interventions (help client understand crisis, eliminate mistaken or irrational beliefs that contributed to crisis, view the precipitating event in a different way) -assigning behavioral tasks (provide relaxation training, require client to spend more time w/ signifiant others -environmental manipulation (mobilize support, refer client to agency to help alleviate immediate his problems) 4) Specific Techniques -sustainment -direct influence -person-sitatuion reflection -dynamic and developmental understanding

Broad Categories of Intervention

1) Sustainment Intervention 2) Direct Influence Interventions 3) Ventilation Procedures 4) Social Interventions 5) Social Resource Provision

Classical (Freudian) Psychoanalysis

1) View of maladaptive behavior: for Freud, psychopathology stems form an unconscious unresolved conflict that occurred during childhood 2) Therapy goals: goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is to reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by brining the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating previously reprised material into the personality 3) Therapy techniques: analytic neutrality is a key component. the therapist remains objective at all times and doesn't take sides in the client's conflict. underlying the analysis of these events is the assumption of psychic determinism, or the belief that all behaviors are meaningful and serve some psychological functioning. -free association: client says whatever comes to mind w/o censure dream analysis: fried considered dreams to be "the royal road to the unconscious" and used dream analysis to help uncover unconscious conflict and motives -resistance: as client begins to become aware of previously unconscious material, he may resist further confrontation w/ that material in order to avoid anxiety -transference: therapist's neutrality allows client to project onto therapist feelings he originally had for a parent or other significant person in past -countertransference: describe a therapist's inappropriate emotional reactions to client b) Process of Analysis -clarification and confrontation -interpretation -working through

Objectives

1) should specify one result or outcome to be accomplished 2) must be agreed on by both you and client 3) should be stated in specific and quantitative terns 4) should include a verb that describes an action to be taken 5) positive language should be used whenever possible 6) should include a timeframe for completion

Interorganizational Relations

1) agency domain: refers to what an organization does, who it searches, and how it establishes themselves and their roles among other organizations w/in their environment 2) objectives and linking w/ other organization: linkage brings together the resources of different agencies and coordinating efforts on behalf of a client or social objective 3) informal linkabes v formal linkages: i: tend to be undependable f: typically more effective 4) factors that may keep organizations from working together: a) competition for scarce resources b) categorical funding and other restrictions affecting how funds can be spent c) a desire for an agency or professional status and power that create "turf" problems and interfere w/ planning, cooperation, and conflict resolution 5) ways of linking w/ other organizations a)communication b) cooperation c) coordination d) collaboration e) consolidation (agencies merge) 6) administrative strategies used to maintain social service viability a) strategic planning: process used to develop and maintain a strategic fit among the mission of organization, strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities and challenges. b) SWOT analysis: examines internal Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organization in relation to the Opportunities and Threats resented in its external environment c) cutback strategies: a) cutback administrative and staff expenditures or reduce services b) share costs among organizations and initiate mergers c) form coalitions to create a broader base of action to achieve goals 7) examples of ares in which agencies can collaborate -joint purchase of services -joint budgeting -joint funding -joint studies -centralized info processing (multiple agencies share data processing systems) -public relations -centralized info and referral service -coordination of client services -sharing of special services -laoner staff -volunteer bureaus

Administrative Functions

1) among agency polices and programs 2) develop resources 3) budgeting 4) evaluate programs 5) personnel and staff development 6) develop and maintain relations w/ other organizations in the environment 7) public relations 8) management

Steps in Macro Level Change (10-12, 1-9 are in Assessment and Intervention Planning)

1) analyze the problem, population, and arena 2) develop a working hypothesis of etiology about the problem 3) develop a working hypothesis of intervention based relevant findings from the earlier steps and the working hypothesis of etiology 4) select an approach to change (policy, program, project, practice, or personnel) 5) build support for change 6) estimate the probability of success 7) decide whether to pursue the change effort 8) select strategies and related tactics to get the change approved by relevant decision-makers and others 9) plan the intervention 10) prepare to implement the intervention 11) monitor the intervention 12) evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention

case management functions

1) assessment 2) service planning 3) linkage and service coordination 4) follow up and monitoring service delivery 5) client support

Interpersonal therapy involves five phases

1) assessment; 2) initial sessions; 3) middle sessions; 4) termination of sessions; and 5) maintenance sessions. Interpersonal therapy was originally designed to treat depression and it is a time-limited approach that generally lasts between 6 to 20 weeks.

Strategic Family Therapy (Jay Haley)

1) assumptions: strategic therapists emphasize role of communication in maladaptive behavior; however, strategic therapists focus on how communication is used to increase one's control in a relationship 2) therapy goals: focus is on alleviating current symptoms through altering a family's transactions and organization, especially its hierarchies and generational boundaries 3) therapy techniques: initial session considered important determinant of the entire course of therapy. there are 4 stages in this session: 1) social stage: therapist observes family's interactions and encourages the involvement of all family members 2) problem stage: therapist gathers info about the reasons why family came to therapy 3) interaction stage: family members discus the identified problems, and therapist observes their interactions in order to father info 4) goal-setting stage: therapist and family members agree on contract that defines goals of treatment; directives often take form of paradoxical interventions (by resisting directive, client ends up abandoning dysfunctional behavior)

Structural Family Therapy (Salvador Minuchin)

1) based on the following concepts: -all families are believed to have an implicit structure that determines how family members rate to one another. important elements of family's structure include its alignments and power hierarchy. alignments refer to the ways which family members join and oppose one another in carrying out family activities and have to do w/ the emotional or psychological connections between different family members. w/ triangulation, for ex, each parent in family demands that a child ally w/ him/her against other parent. Coalitions are alliances between specific family members against a third member. power in a family is concerned w/ both authority (who's the decision maker) and responsibility (who carries out the decisions) -subsystem: family members join, on the basis of family function, to form subsystems such as husband-wife or parent-child -boundaries: "barriers" or rules that determine the amount of contact that's allowed between family members. when boundaries are overly rigid, members are disengaged (isolated), when boundaries are too diffuse of permeable, members are unmeshed (overdependent and locos) - therapy goals: restructuring family is main long-term goal. short-term goals (e.g relief of symptoms) -therapy techniques: step 1: joining (tracking (identifying and using family's values, life themes and significant life events in conversations) and mimesis (adopting family's affective and communication style)) step 2: evaluating the family structure step 3: restructuring the family (enactment/reframing)

Systems Involved in the Planned Change Process

1) change agent system:: the social worker/agency 2) client system: client or group requesting your/agency's services and benefits from them 3) target system: the person, group, or organization that needs to change and is targeted for change so that the client will benefit from intervention 4) action system: all the people, groups, or organizations that you work with or through in order to influence the target system and help client system achieve desired outcome.

Intervening in social work groups

1) developing cohesion 2) fostering appropriate norms 3) shaping roles in the group 4) addressing the impact of subgroups 5) sharing leadership functions

Policies Affecting Social Service Delivery

1) eligibility: refers to a) the criteria used by a social service or social welfare program to determine which people may receive the help it offers and b) meeting of pre-determined qualifications to receive certain benefits -exceptional eligibility: services or benefits developed for individuals in a special group (ex. veterans) usually due to sympathy for the group or political pressure. eligibility not necessarily based on need or circumstance -selective eligibility: services or benefits are provided only to individuals who meet pre-established criteria. amount of benefits based on special needs, circumstances, or econ status -universal eligibility: services or benefits provided in the same amount to all individuals in the nation, rather than on the basis of need, circumstance, of econ status (ex. social security). 2) means testing: a process used to evaluate a person's financial means or well-being based on variables such as income, debts, health, and number of dependents. results are used to define the person's eligibility to receive a benefit--if person has "means" to pay for services he's seeking or if he'll be turned down (ex. TANF, Food stamps, and Medicaid) 3) "categorically needy" individuals are those who are automatically eligible for certain welfare benefits, w/o a means of tests, because they fit some predetermined criterial

Communication skills used to start a session

1) explaining purpose: take few moments to clarify the purpose of interview and remind the client of your respective roles in the helping process. 2) sessional contracting: a way of "starting where the client is" in which you "reach for between-sessions data" by asking client to bring you up-to-date on his situation.

Reflective Discussion Techniques

1) exploratory interview: involves asking questions intended to direct a client's attention to specific aspect of his person-sitution complex 2) explanation: involves presenting a client with meanings, motives, or reasons underlying a problem or event 3) suggestion: entails encouraging a client to look at a problem or even in specific, new way 4) interpretive response: encompasses not only what a client has actually verbalized but also inference you've derived from the implicit parts of his message 5) facilitating connection: involves asking questions, making comments, and using metaphors to help a client make connections between past and current events and relationships between the therapeutic relationship and his other interpersonal relationships.

Evolution of social service delivery

1) in the 1870s, charity organization societies (COS) were introduced to address the problems of immigrants and individuals moving into industrialized cities in search of jobs. influenced by social Darwinism, an ideology that assumes that income differences between the wealthy and poor exist because the wealthy are naturally "more fit." COS assistance was generally targeted toward people deemed capable of becoming members of the industrial workforce, and COS volunteers directed their efforts toward changing individuals -settlement houses introduced around this time (emphasized both individual reform and societal change) 2) until 1800s, most efforts to help poor in the US were local and small scale. the reformist movement established state-run asylums for individuals w/ mental illness and others in need of intensive ongoing care. by the mid 1890s, states had established State Boards of Charities, which marked the beginning of state governments' active involvement in the centralized coordination of social welfare services. next major effort occurred during the progressive movement in the early 1900s. 3) New Deal programs created during Great Depression produced nation's first large, governmental human service agencies

Levels of Health Care

1) inpatient and ambulatory care: w/ impatient care, patient is admitted to hospital for major diagnostic, surgical, or therapeutic services. w/ ambulatory care, medical care is delivered on an outpatient basis (where patient is able to "ambulate" or walk about) ex. physician offices, hospitals ER dept., and urgent care centers. 2) primary, secondary, and tertiary medical care: p: provided to patients who are pre-symptomatic or in the early symptomatic stages of illness. PCP is first contact for patient w/ undiagnosed health concern s: provided by medical specialists, such s cardiologists, urologists, and dermatologists, who generally don't have first contact w/ patients, instead, they provide care at the request of patient's PCP. acute care is branch of secondary medical care. provide treatment for a disease for a short period of time. many hospitals are acute care and seek to discharge patient w/ appropriate discharge instructions as soon as considered healthy and stable t: consultative care by specialists working in a setting that has personnel and facilities for specialized evaluation and treatment. care provided upon referral from primary or secondary care provider.

Goals

1) must match formulated problem 2) should be explicit 3) should specify overt and covert changes: Overt behavior changes can be observed by you and significant others in the client's life; covert changes (i.e negative talk) must be reported by client and are, more subject to measurement error 4) be prioritized 5) be realistic

Guidelines for advice giving

1) phrase the advice in a manner that conveys the message, "this is what I would do" or "this is what others have done"; explain reasoning; leave it to client to decide what to do 2) whether advice giving is appropriate or not depends primarily on the purpose of you interaction with the client: a) often appropriate and necessary when the purpose of the interaction relates to referral, brokering, or advocacy; b) advice giving rarely appropriate in psychotherapy unless client is in crisis; c) advice giving may be appropriate, and necessary, when client is too overwhelmed or confused to choose his own direction. 3) don't give advice unless client genuinely wants it 4) avoid giving advice in response to direct client questions, you don't want to promote dependency 5) never give advice on a topic outside of you r scope of competence or practice

Treatment Contract Elements

1) problems and concerns be addressed 2) goals and objectives of the intervention 3) tasks and activities the client will undertake 4) expected duration of intervention 5) schedule of the time and place for interview/meetings

Psychosocial Intervention

1) psychoeducation: explaining the disease and its treatment to patients and, often, their families 2) help patients and their families learn about and access services and resources in their community that can assist them 3) use clinical skills to help patients and their families cope w/ the illness/injury itself and treatments recommended for it. 3) supportive counseling to patients struggling w/ difficult and/or intrusive treatment regimens 4) providing couples and family counseling or leading groups to assist family members w/ issues of adjustment following patient's diagnosis or medical crisis -meet w/ family member to discuss end-of-life

Miscellaneous Issues Related to Group Work

1) therapeutic (curative) factors in group therapy: installation of hope, universality, altruism, interpersonal learning, catharsis, group cohesiveness, family re-enactment, guidance, and identification 2) co-leadership: great majority of group therapists prefer to work w/ co-leaders 3) the Johari Window: a graphic model of interpersonal behavior that can be applied to many different theories of group interaction and social psychology

procedure used to measure change should be

1) valid 2)reliable 3) sensitive (should be capable of detecting relatively small levels of change and degrees of difference) 4) nonreactive (should be capable of detecting differences w/o modifying or influencing

Adler's Individual Psychology

1) view of maladaptive behavior: for Adler, mental disorders represent a mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power, and a lack of social interest t 2) Adlerian psychotherapy entails establishing a collaborative relationship with the client, helping client identify and understand his style of life and its consequences, and reorienting the client's beliefs and goals so that they support a more adaptive lifestyle. specific techniques used by adlerians include: -lifestyle investigation: obtain info on client's family constellation, fictional (hidden) goals, "basic mistakes"(distorted beliefs and attitudes), and earliest memories -study of dreams: source of info about client's lifestyle and progress in therapy interpretations of resistance and transference: viewed as reflection of client's style of life -acting "as if": asks client to role-play the behavior described in statement -paradoxical intention: makes clients pay attention to or exaggerate his undesirable thoughts or beliefs -giving encouragement: view clients as "discouraged" rather than sick

Types of Social Networks

1)Natural social networks: consists of family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers who exchange emotional support and other resources in times of need -close-knit networks: intimate primary groups -natural helping network: allow individuals in the community to give and receive reciprocal help for specific problems and they exist whether a person uses them or not -loose-knit (radial) social networks are temporary, heterogenous (members have different socials statuses and don't feel as though they have a common bond, and non intimate (members only interact in superficial ways) 2) self-help groups: consist of non professional people who come together voluntarily to help one another with a shared personal or social problem or need 3) groups of formal organizations: most social agencies are part of an inter-organizational network or agencies that provide similar services to similar population groups. When relations among these organizations are managed effectively, this situation can be the basis for growth and professional and social development

Treatment Planning and the Task-Centered Approach

1. a contract must state agreement on what will be worked on, the worker's and client's willingness to engage in work, and the limits of treatment 2. both worker and client agree on a specific definition of the problem and the changes sought in the process

Mayo's Human Relations Theory

1. a person must be viewed differently than an industrial machine 2. more than physical capacities workplace social norms influence production 3. motivation is not solely economic but is also emotional 4. employee participation can enhance motivation 5. informal organization and peer groups are important in influencing workers 6. management should consider the work group, social relationships, and other human factors when planning

Structuralists' Perspective

1. a synthesis of the classical and human relations schools of thought 2. strains between organizational needs and personal needs are prevalent - two will always be in conflict 3. there is stress among various levels within organizations 4. motivations are both economic and non-economic 5. organizational structures are both formal and informal

Advantages of Group Therapy in Substance Abuse Treatment

1. can be a supportive, therapeutic, and educational experience that helps motivate and sustain participants 2. gives clients opportunities to identify with others 3. helps participants understand the impact of substance use on their lives 4. helps participatns to learn more about their own and others' feelings and reactions 5. commonly regarded as the preferred mode of psychotherapeutic treatment

Means of Change in Task-Centered Approach

1. clarification of problem/problems 2. steps taken to resolve or alleviate problems 3. changes in environment

Clients for Which Task-Centered Approach is not Appropriate

1. clients who are interested in existential issues, life goals, and discussion of stressful events 2. clients who are unwilling or unable to use the structured approach to tasks 3. clients who have problems that are not subject to resolution or improvement by problem solving 4. clients who are involuntary, where treatment is mandated

Challenges of Social Welfare Organizations

1. clinical services can be difficult to assess objectively 2. difficult to evaluate prevention programs as few techniques are able to measure events that have not occurred 3. staff turnover due to low salary and burnout 4. often dependent on political environment for funding 5. can be difficult to implement systematization or routine work due to flexibility

Descriptive Studies

1. concerned with verifying facts 2. frequently are studies of a small representative sample in order to draw inferences about the broader population 3. can be used to depict traits of a population or the relationship among given variables 4. data collection may be accomplished through observation, questionnaires, interview, study of case materials, or testing subjects

Experimental Study and Showing Causality

1. concomitant variation, or that the treatment of the independent variable is associated with changes in the independent variable 2. that the change in the independent variable occurs before the change in the independent variable 3. controlling other variables that may be present

Factors in how Clients Approach Termination in Clinical Practice

1. degree of the client's participation in the treatment process 2. degree of the client's success and satisfaction 3. earlier losses the client may have experienced 4. mastery of the separation 5. the reason treatment is ending 6. timing of termination 7. if termination is part of a plan to transfer client to a new worker

Change and the Behavior Modification Approach

1. disequilibrium 2. anxiety 3. conscious desire to eliminate a symptom 4. agreement to follow a behavior modification program

Change and the Cognitive Therapy Approach

1. disequilibrium 2. anxiety 3. desire to live without a symptom 4. agreement to work toward changing thought patterns

Threats which May Influence Result of Study

1. effects resulting from the passage of time, some may be more powerful than the intervention 2. measurement decay - exhaustion or burnout of judges or observers 3. selection process bias 4. mortality - loss of some of the subjects from a sample 5. subjects may alter their behavior simply as a result of being studied (Hawthorne effect) 6. placebo

Classical Management/Scientific Managements Theory

1. employee is an appendage of the company - well disciplined and closely supervised workers achieve high productivity 2. workers most productive when they have little individual discretion 3. primary motivation for all work is economic 4. productivity is linked to compensation 5. authority is distributed through the formal, hierarchical organizational structure 6. formal organizational structure emphasizes production, compliance, and efficiency 7. for highest efficiency workers should have specialized repetitive tasks

Treatment Planning and the Cognitive Therapy Approach

1. establish baseline data measuring client's negative automatic thoughts, distortions and dysfunctional beliefs 2. create target goals for change and alternative ways of thinking 3. agree to contract for goals, homework, and time frame of treatment

Treatment Planning and Systems Theory Approach

1. establish specific goals, their practicability, and their priority 2. target systems for intervention are identified in collaboration with the client 3. specific contract is developed with the client and other systems that may be involved in change

Termination in Group Work

1. examine own feelings about termination 2. focus the group on discussing ending 3. help individuals express their feelings of loss, relief, ambivalence 4. review achievements of the group and members 5. help members prepare to cope with next steps 6. assess members' and group's need for continued services 7. help members transition to other services

Max Weber's Characteristics of Bureaucracy

1. formal hierarchical structure 2. written rules that delineate functions of the organization 3. spheres of competence/organization by specialty 4. impersonal relationships 5. employment based on basis of competence 6. thorough and expert training

Community Organization Practice (COP)

1. highlights knowledge about social power, social structure, social change, and social environments 2. acknowledges the reciprocal process between the individual and the social environment 3. social problems result from structural arrangements rather than from personal inadequacies

Study Design Selection

1. how much interviewers must be trained 2. how data will be managed and controlled 3. available research resources, availability of existing data, and quality of professional researchers 4. adequacy of funding 5. level of certainty required by consumers of research 6. involvement of human subjects and ethical issues related to their involvement 7. time required/available for research

Motivations for Change in Child Treatment Approach

1. if the child is in alternative placement the child's behavior may be seen as problematic by the agency or worker 2. child is unhappy with peer relations, may be socially immature 3. unsatisfactory school adjustment 4. conflict with parents 5. feelings of anger, unhappiness 6. self-destructive behaviors such as cutting, eating disorders

Assumptions and Knowledge Base of Clinical Practice

1. individual behavior, growth, and development are brought about by complex interaction of psychological and environmental factors 2. theories of personality development 3. systems theory 4. clinical diagnosis (DSM) 5. socio-cultural factors including ethnicity, immigration status, occupation, race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class

Change in Geriatric Social Work

1. individual, couples, family treatment 2. support groups or group therapy 3. recreational programs 4. education

Experimental Studies

1. most rigorous and their purpose is to test for causality 2. determines if a behavior or change in a dependent variable is caused by an independent variable - must be conducted under controlled conditions

Termination

1. offers an opportunity to rework previously unfinished issues 2. offers an opportunity for growth in dealing with loss and endings 3. provides a chance to evaluate treatment and the treatment relationship -process of formally ending the therapeutic relationship and should be viewed as a planned component of the intervention process

Contracting Working Agreements in Group Work

1. only if group members are involved in clarifying and setting their own personal and common group goals can they be expected to be active participants in their own behalf 2. working agreements consider not only worker-member relationships, but also others with a direct or indirect stake in the group's processes

Means of Change and Behavior Modification Approach

1. operant/voluntary behavior - increased by positive or negative reinforcement and decreased by withholding reinforcement or punishment 2. involuntary behavior which is increased or decreased by conditioning 3. change depends upon environmental conditions or events 4. modeling occurs by result of observing and imitating in a social context

Systems Perspective

1. organizations are systems that contain interacting, interdependent parts 2. organizations are relations to other surrounding systems 3. major organizational processes include input, throughput, and output 4. systems can be open or closed

Worker's Role in Termination in Clinical Practice

1. plan sufficient time for termination 2. inform the client if the work is ending prematurely 3. be aware of the worker's own countertransference and attitudes about termination 4. continue to be sensitive, observant, empathic, and responsive to the client's response 5. encourage client's dealing with the experience of termination 6. promote client's belief in self and ability to care for self 7. present the possibility for future contact at times of difficulty

Treatment Planning and the Behavior Modification Approach

1. prioritize problems and identify maintaining conditions for selected problems 2. engage clients in establishing goals for change 3. establish baseline data 4. develop written or oral contract

Research Steps

1. problem formulation 2. methodology 3. collection of data 4. analysis of results 5. dissemination of results

Facilitating Group Work

1. promote member participation and interaction 2. bring up real concerns in order to begin the work 3. help the group keep its focus 4. reinforce observance of rules of the group 5. facilitate cohesiveness and focus the work by identifying emerging themes 6. listen empathically 7. suggest ongoing tasks or themes for subsequent meetings

Treatment Planning in PTSD

1. psychodynamic therapy 2. dialectical behavioral therapy - teaches skills to cope with intense feelings, reduce symptoms of PTSD, and enhance respect for self and quality of life 3. EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) 4. group therapy

Cultural Competence

1. read applicable practice or scientific professional literature 2. become familiar with the literature of relevant groups 3. identify and consult with cultural brokers

Change in Trauma-Related Practice

1. reality based fear and the need for protection 2. symptoms include depression, anxiety, dissociation, low self-esteem

Individualizing in Group Work

1. worker must be prepared to help individual members profit from their experiences in and through the group 2. what happens to group members and how they are influenced by the group processes determines the success of any group experience

Working with Older Adults

1. role reversal (worker often younger than the client) 2. physiological changes 3. variation in physical and mental decline 4. clients often have experienced multiple losses 5. clients are often involuntary 6. respect/formality can be important to client 7. differences in generational perceptions: socialization around problems, values, mores; and attitudes toward receiving help help, charity, and counseling 8. two categories of older adults: young-old (60-80), old-old or frail-old (80+)

Clinical Practice Social Work

1. seeks to improve the internalized negative effects of environmental factors including stress from health, vocational, family, and interpersonal problems 2. worker assists individuals, couples, and families to change feelings, attitudes, and coping behaviors 3. practice is conducted in both agencies and private practice 4. differentiated from other practice by its goal of helping individuals change, facilitating personal adjustment, treating emotional disorders or mental illness, or enhancing intrapsychic or interpersonal functioning

Worker's Role in Contracting

1. setting goals 2. determining membership 3. establishing initial group structures and formats

Treatment Skills and Techniques in Cognitive Therapy Approach

1. short term treatment 2. a focus on symptom reduction 3. using rational approach and focus on concrete tasks 4. be forcefully confrontive in order to reveal client's thought system, get client to see how that system defeats her/him, and work to change the thoughts that make up that system - Per Albert Ellis 5. a gentler more collaborative approach - help client restructure interpretations of events - Per Aaron Beck

Clinical Considerations the Worker Should Make in Practice

1. shorter interviews, possibly more frequent 2. varied questioning styles 3. worker in more active, directive, and demonstrative 4. home visits may be preferred to office visits 5. consider roles and attitudes of relatives and caregivers 6. awareness of possibility for abuse or exploitation 7. access to social services or other publicly funded programs 8. possible hearing impairment and need to make responses shorter, louder, and slower 9. reminiscence in an important style of communication

Methods for Increasing Reliability

1. standardizing administration of the measurement instrument 2. adding additional items to cancel out random error 3. statistically identifying and eliminating items which do not agree with other items

Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, or Transgender Clients

1. stigmatization and violence 2. internalized homophobia 3. coming out 4. AIDS 5. limited civil rights 6. orientation vs preference (biology vs choice)

Means of Change and the Cognitive Therapy Approach

1. structured sessions 2. exploring and testing cognitive distortions and basic beliefs 3. homework between sessions which allows client to practice changes 4. changes in feelings and behavior in the future come about through changes in the way the client interprets events

Clinical Risks in Substance Use Disorder Treatment

1. suicide attempts and completions are substantially higher with substance use disorders than in the general population 2. increased risks for homicide and other violence 3. impaired reality testing, anxiety, irritability, increased aggressiveness, and impaired impulse control

Research

1. systematic study adding to or verifying existing knowledge 2. there are standardized procedures for collecting data so it can be replicated by other researchers 3. peer review through publication process

Change and the Task-Centered Approach

1. temporary breakdown in coping influence clients to seek help 2. a conscious wish for change 3. strengthening of self esteem through task completion

Tests of Reliability

1. test-retest - repeated to the same participants under the same conditions; reliability is higher with higher correlation between the initial and retest scores 2. split-half - random place assignments are given to each item in a test, which is then split into two halves; reliability is measured through the degree of correlation between the two scores 3. alternate forms - researcher administers comparable measures of the same variable to the same subjects at approximately the same time; reliability is measured by the degree of correlation between the two scores 4. inter-judge agreement - multiple judges are trained to observe and score the same phenomenon in the same way; reliability is measured by the degree of correlation between the scores

Geriatric Social Work Motivations for Change

1. the need for individuals to adapt to longer periods of old age and retirement as life expectancy increases 2. greater need for multiple types of social services, supported housing, and care option 3. adult children are also affected by their parents' aging and may need help dealing with the emotional impact or with care planning

Hospitalization for Substance Use Disorder Treatment

1. those with a drug overdose who can't be adequately treated in outpatient or emergency settings 2. those at risk for severe or medically complicated withdrawal 3. those with medical conditions that make ambulatory detoxification unsafe 4. those with a documented record of not engaging in or benefiting from treatment in a less restrictive setting 5. those with mental health problems that would markedly impair their ability to participate 6. those who have not responded to less intensive treatments and whose substance use disorder poses an ongoing threat to their physical and mental health

Group Member Selection

1. worker explains reasons for meeting with group applicants 2. worker elicits applicants' reactions to group participation 3. worker determines appropriateness of applicants for group, accepts their right to refuse membership

Programming in Group Work

1. worker uses activities, discussion topics, task-centered activities, exercises, and game as a part of a planned, continuous process to address individual and group needs 2. should be built on the needs, interests, and abilities of group members 3. social work skills include: initiating and modifying program plans, self direction and responsibility, drawing creatively upon program resources, and developing sequences of activities 4. using activities is an important feature of group practice

Influencing Group Processes

1. worker's ability to recognize, understand, and influence group process 2. processes that the worker will be dealing with include understanding group structures, value systems, group emotions, decision-making, communication/interaction, and group development

Crisis Assessment: Assessment (Cont)

2) Assess Threat to Life -every client should be assessed with regard to danger to self (suicide/self-harm) and others (assault, homocide) 3) Determine Severity of the Crisis -degree of severity will generally affect clients' mobility (capacity to act autonomously and cope) -sw should assess severity of crisis immediately (objective assessment is based on evaluation of client's affective, cognitive, and behavioral functioning) -most people in crisis manifest emotional upset, biophysical upset, cognitive disturbance and behavioral changes. -distress signals highly associated w/ crisis include difficulty managing feelings, suicidal, or homocidal tendencies, alcohol or drug abuse, trouble with the law, and an inability to effectively use available help 4) Assess Crisis Origin and Development: objective is to identify the specific events or situations that led to client's current distress 5) Explore Personal and Social Resources: client's personal and social resources can affect both the origin and resolution of a crisis 6) Explore Cultural/Social Factors: effective intervention requires development of goals and use of methods and strategies that are consist w/ the life experiences and cultural values of client

Types of Statistical

A Type II statistical research error is the failure to reject a null hypothesis that is false. It is the failure to detect an effect that is actually present. -Type I error occurs when one detects an effect that was not actually present. -Type III error and Type IV error are incorrect because statistical hypothesis testing only has Type I and Type II errors.

Needs Assessment

A common way of assessing human service needs through needs assessment. NA is used to identify the incidence, prevalence, and nature of a problem w/in a community. Its overall purpose is to assess the adequacy of existing services and resources for addressing a target condition or problem, and, thereby, identifying the need for different services and resources. Most useful approach for needs assessment is survey research. Other available approaches are through community forums, public hearings, interviews, and focus groups; collecting statistics; locating epidemiological studies or studies of incidence and prevalence of problems or using social indicators

Counseling

A less formal procedure [than psychotherapy] in which a social worker guides an individual, couple, family, group, or community by, for example, giving advice, helping articulate goals, defining alternatives, and providing needed info.

Psychotherapy

A specialized, formal interaction between a social worker and a client (individual, couple, family, or group) in which a therapeutic relationship is established to help resolve the symptoms of a mental disorder, psychosocial stress, relationship problems, and difficulties in coping in the social environment.

ecological perspective

A) an individuals has needs that are met by sources in the environment, and the environment makes demands that are responded to by capacities within the individual b) for an individual to function in an adaptive way, there must be a balance of resources to needs and of capacities to environment demands -ultimately goal is to develop the client's capacity to achieve and maintain balance his own way

case advocacy

Advocacy is "championing the rights of individuals or communities through direct intervention or empowerment" Case Advocacy (aka client advocacy) is a form of advocacy that involves working with and on behalf of a client to ensure that he receives the services and benefits to which he is entitled and that the services are delivered in a way that protects his dignity.

Referral Systems

Baker (2003) defines as "the biophysosocial and environmental resources of the materials motional, and spiritual needs required for a person to survive, to realize aspirations, and to cope with life tasks.

Neoclassical theories

Based on Hawthorne experiments, the impact of physical conditions on productivity.

Problem-Solving Model

Developed by Hellen Harris Perlman and is based on concepts associated with ego psychology, role theory, and John Dewey's theory go cognition and problem-solving

Standardized Rating Scales

If used during assessment, you can then use the scale periodically ding intervention to identify changes as they occur

Neo-Freudians

Include Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm. Sullivan is founder of interpersonal school of psychotherapy. he described therapist as both "participant/observer" and expert in interpersonal relationships, and he based therapeutic techniques on the assumption that "one achieves mental health to the extent that one becomes aware of one's interpersonal relationships"

Quota Sample

Includes some cases from each segment of a population

Emphatic Communication

Involves empathic recognition of a client's feelings and demonstrating, through accurate reflection of those feelings, your understanding of the client's inner experiencing.

Jung's Analytic Psychotherapy

Jung adopted a broader view of personality development than Freud and defined libido as general psychic energy; believed behavior isn't determiend by only past events but also by future goals and aspirations 1) views of maladaptive behavior: symptoms are "unconscious messages to the individual that something is awry...[and that present[ him with a task that demand to be fulfilled 2) therapy goals and techniques: primary goal is to rebridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious and the personal and collective unconscious

5 levels of empathy

Level 1 (low level): your response communicates little to now awareness or understanding of the client's feelings Level 2 (moderately low level): you respond to client's surface message but omit some of the factual content or feelings it contains Level 3 (interchangeable or reciprocal level): your verbal (and non-verbal) response conveys understanding, but it's more or less interchangeable with the client's obvious message Level 4 (moderately high level): your response is somewhat additive--it accurately identifies the client's implicit, underlying feelings and/or subtle aspects of his problem Level 5 (high level of empathic responding): responses highly reflect the full range of surface and underlying feelings and content expressed in and implied by a client's message

Existential Therapy

Logotherapy (Frankl, 1959)and other existential therapies are derived from existential philosophy. these theories share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation an the assumption that people aren't statistic, but rather in a constant state of "becoming" 1) assumptions" maladaptive behavior is natural part of the human condition (ex. anxiety considered normal response to the constant threat of nonbeing (death)) 2) therapy goals and techniques: help clients overcome their troublesome feelings so that they can live a more committed, self-aware, authentic, meaningful way. -clients helped recognize their freedom and accept responsibility for changing themselves -existential therapist temporarily puts aside her technical expertise ad focuses on client's account of his experience; phenomenology emphasizes examining a person's immediate subjective experience and attempting to describe it with as little interpretation or bias as possible -therapist pays attention to factos that move clients forward toward an authentic mode of existence -therapist-client relationship considered the most important therapeutic tool -logo therapy:uses flexible approach centered around confrontation

Structural Model

Main purpose is to ensure that social work intervention gives proper and adequate attention to a client's social environment and to social change. A dual emphasis on person and environment (person-in-environment) is fundamental to social work practice, yet sometimes can be difficult to give equal attention to both dimensions. first encourages social workers to changing client's environment. social worker moves from role to role (conferee, broker, mediator, advocate)

negative v postive feedback

Negative: reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo Positive: amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system

Direct (Micro) Practice

Referes to social work activities involving frequent face-to-face interaction with clients. Examples of direct service include individual, couples, and family counseling and psychotherapy, group therapy and other social work with small groups, referral work, case management, and case advocacy.

Why social workers make referrals

Referral is a type of intervention intended to help a client better address or deal with a specific problem, concern, or request - one or all aspects of a client's case fall outside your scope of practice (license) or scope of competence (training, experience, etc.) -your agency cannot provide a service or resource needed and/or wanted by a client -you have reason to believe that your values, attitudes, religious beliefs, or language will be a barrier to developing an effective helping relationship with the client. -you anticipate a conflict of interest -client asks for referral -at termination, you determine that it would be appropriate to refer a client for continuing services from another agency or practitioner.

Generalist Perspective

Reminds social workers to approach every client and situation in a way that's open to using a wide range of theories, models, and techniques and that considers all available levels of intervention, from micro to macro -sw's using this approach adopt a multidimensional perspective in which they emphasize the interrelatedness of human problems, life situations, and social conditions -generalists adopt their practice activities to fit each case -generalists draw ideas and techniques from many different practice theories and models -generalsits are willing to work w/ a variety of client systems and to assume a variety of professional roles

Reflection

Repeating or restating something a client has just said with emphasis on the part of the message that's most helpful

Resource Development and Budgeting

Resource dependence refers to the fact that organizations, as open systems, must rely on elements in the surrounding environment to obtain the resources they need to operate and survive over time 1) Revenue Sources -block grants -matching funds -grant programs --issue related to cherry picking is boundary control: agency rejects clients it don'ts want to serve, usually ones who're poor and have complex long-standing problems 2) Resource Mobilization: involves organizing and making abatable an agency's resources, including existing funds -Resource Coordination: social agency administrations must ensure that the support is channeled effectively. techniques include bargaining, persuasion, coalition building, and authority. 3. Strategies for Obtaining Funds: must advocate on behalf of agency an d be skilled at fund-raising activities 4. Grant Applications 5) Budgeting and Budgeting Systems -line-item budgeting: a simple budgeting techniques that involves identifying expenditure categories and estimating the number of dollars that would be needed to cover all expenses in each category for one year. -functional budgeting and program budgeting: based on program planning and budgeting -zero-based budgeting: agency starts from scratch, or "clean slate" at the beginning of each year and must describe and justify each financial request it makes for the coming year -management by objectives: all organizations are directed toward accomplishing certain designated objectives

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment act of 1974

provides federal funding for states in support of prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996

provides individuals with access to their medical records and more control over how their personal health information is used and disclosed.

Conflict-free ego sphere

the innate tendency to overcome problems

Stages of Group Development

Stage 1: Preaffiliation (approach and avoidance behavior): members are tentative about becoming involved in the group and may be uncertain about the group's purpose and benefits Stage 2: Power and Control (a time of transition): group transitions from non-intimate to an intimate system of relationships. Stage 3: Intimacy (developing familial frame of reference): conflicts recede, personal involvement between members grows deeper, and members display growing recognition of the significance of the group experience. members begin to experience "we-ness" and group develops style, culture, and values Stage 4: Differentiation (developing group identity and an internal frame of reference): stage marked by cohesion as members come to accept intimacy and choose to draw closer to others in the group. gradually group becomes mutually supportive system in which members spontaneously give emotional support Stage 5: Separation (breaking away): members begin to loosen their bonds w/one another and the leader search for new resources and relationships to meet their needs.

Policy Management Steps

Step 1: formulate the policy problem and make policy recommendations: a) determine existence of policy problem/issue b) define nature of the policy problem and its socioeconomic context c) identify factors contributing to problem d) identify key policy issues and their implications e) evaluate current policies and programs f) examine history of efforts to resolve the problem g) identify key individuals and decision-making entities h) define, assess, rank, and recommend policy alternatives and calculate costs and benefits i) estimate the effects of the recommended policies j) make policy recommendations Step 2: Implement the policy: a) operationally describe the policy and the resources needed to carry it out b) define levels at which the policy'll be implemented c) list and analyze legislatives administrative, and judicial considerations d) develop political strategies e) select monitoring methods and criteria for evaluating the implementation process f) monitor and evaluate the outcome or results achieved and make recommendations about the continuation or closing of the program or project or its modification

Welfare Reform-PRWORA

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, passed in 1996, was designed to form the nation's welfare system and has resulted in significant changes to public assistance program. a fundamental goal was to change welfare systems into one that requires work in exchange for time-limited assistance

Health Maintenance Organizations

a type of insurance plan in which contracted health-care providers are paid in advance for their services. HMO is paid monthly premiums or captivated rates by "payers," which include employers, insurance companies, government agencies, and other groups representing covered individual

school-based intervention programs: Tiers 1-3

Universal prevention programs and practices that teach positive behaviors and promote social-emotional development is referred to as Tier 1. Small group, short-term interventions focused on improving academics and social engagement to reduce problem behavior is referred to as Tier 2. Individual and long-term interventions provided to students who have serious academic, behavioral, or social-emotional problems is referred to as Tier 3.

Summarizations

Used to highlight and pull together elements of what you and the client have discussed, with focus on what's most relevant/significant

Accidental Sample

Uses the first case encountered

Connection Techniques

Weissman (1976) suggests that social workers use these techniques when referring their client to ensure that he'll successfully connect w/ the resources -write out all the info client needs about the referral (name, address, how to make appt, how to contact the resource, what client can expect when contacting resource, map/bus route) -brief letter addressed to the resource that the client will deliver to the resource -contact resource by phone when client is w/ you -if client is anxious/fearful of attending first appt., you may arrange to have a friend or family member accompany them

Service Plan Outcome Checklist (SPOC)

a list of outcome goals that a particular agency typically helps its clients address. format can be used in any agency, but the last of outcome goals unique to each agency or service

Managed Care Organization

a body that combines the functions of health insurance, delivery of care, and administration.

broker/coordinator

a case manager connects clients w/ appropriate resources (broker) and then facilitates continuing interaction between a client and services provided (coordinator)

counselor

a case manger establishes a trusting relationship with a client; provides the client w/ encouragement and emotional support in coping / day-to-day living situations and obstacles he encounters while using resources and services; identifies dysfunctional patterns of behavior that are preventing a client from getting ad using help effectively and helps him develop more functional patterns; provides info and skills to teach the client how to develop and maintain a resource network of his own

Role-Playing

a client rehearses behaviors that will be useful in a particular situation so that he can meet a goal or fulfill an expectation. He practices this behavior in your presence and then receives feedback from you. when used this way, as part of behavioral rehearsal, role-playing, is effective for increasing client's sense of self-efficacy. modeling through role-playing is an effective means of helping a client learn new behavior vicariously and reducing his anxiety about performing the behavior--anticipates the other person's behavior

bowey

a collection of diverse approaches that's used to decrease maladaptive behaviors and increase more adaptive ones

participatory Management

a decision-making strategy in which administrators involve all those who are likely to be affected by a proposed organizational decision or change

Information and Referral Service (I&R)

a helpful tool for locating appropriate resources and other sources of help. An I&R is either an agency or an office within an agency that maintains info about existing benefits and programs and the procedures for obtaining or using them

Predictive Validity

a measure used in a study is compared with a predicted future outcome

motivational Approach

a motivational approach aims to help clients realize what needs to change and to get them to talk about their daily lives, as well as their satisfaction with current situations. Social workers want to "create" doubt that everything is OK and help clients recognize consequences of current behaviors or conditions that contribute to dissatisfaction.

Client Self-Rating Scale

a simple evaluation format that provides a client with a visual representation of his progress and change over time. It entails plotting a client's progress on line charts. The visual nature of this technique is useful for giving clients a sense of achievement and progress

pluralism

a society in which diverse members maintain their own traditions while cooperatively working together and seeing others' traits as valuable

Child Welfare

a specialized are of social worker concerned with the maintenance of adaptive social conditions for children and the improvement and prevention of maladaptive ones. child welfare sw intervene when a family has failed or is at risk of failing to meet child's basic needs or when parent-child roles are dysfunctional in some way

Role-playing

a teaching strategy that offers several advantages. 4 stages: 1. preparation and explanation of the activity 2. preparation of the act city 3. role-playing 4. discussion or debriefing after the role-play activity

Psychodrama

a technique used primarily in group therapy, involves the use of dramatic techniques (such as role-reversal) through which clients are asked to act out past, present, or anticipate life situations (usually socially stressful situations) and roles in order to gain new and deeper understanding and achieve catharsis (the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions)

Variable

a trait which everyone in the population has in varying amounts or types - opposite of a constant 1. independent variables are believes to cause some variation in another variable 2. dependent variables have variation that must be explained

Components of Child Welfare Systems

a) Child Protective Services: an agency mandated by law to conduct the initial investigation of a report of child abuse or neglect. offers services to abuse/neglected children and their families; usually a unit within a state or county's Department of Social Services (other states may be Dept. of Human Resources/Public Welfare). other states may call it Dept. of Children and Family Services b) Foster Care: full-time substitute care of a minor outside his own home by people other than biological or adoptive or legal guardian c) Juvenile and Family Courts: these courts have jurisdiction over child maltreatment cases and child protection cases, including foster care and adoption 4) Other Child Welfare Services: family preservation services, family reunification services, adoption, guardianship, and independent living programs.

Case Recording Procedures

a) Diagnostic Summary Recording: designed to individualize the client and intervention process b) process recording: a detailed method of recording that's often used to help new social worker and sw students learn practice skills. recording info about social worker-client interactions. c) person oriented recording: maintain accountable and goal-oriented documentations of their intervention with the client d) problem-oriented recording: used in many medical and mental-health settings. focused on specific client problems, their progress, and resolution. comprised of database (face sheet info, presenting problems, relevant demographic, cultural, and medical info, clients address, etc.), problem list (problems are checked off as they're resolved), initial action plan (all steps that may be taken to resolve client's problems), progress notes (regular entries that correspond to problem list). e) SOAP Charting: subjective info, objective info, assessments, and plan f) standardized forms: forms to gather specific data about clients, social workers, and services g) narrative recording and case notes: format that allows social worker to decide for herself what's important to include in a client's record h) computerized record-keeping

Social Workers Assessing Students' Needs

a) Social Developmental Studies: used to assist in identifying what educational environment will be most favorable to learning and development for a student; comprehensive assessment; data is collected from direct observations and interviews with those around student b) Functional Behavioral Assessments and Positive Behavioral Interventions: school teams developing and IEP for a student are required to conduct a FBP and to implement a behavior intervention plan that includes PBIS designed to help a student acquire more effective ways of interacting w/ his environment . plan includes teaching the student alternatives to problem behaviors and making changes to environment and instructional factors associated with problems -A functional behavioral assessment generally assesses the following elements of an individual's behavior: identifying information; target behavior; antecedent to the behavior; concurrent event that happened while the behavior occurred; consequence of the behavior; observation of the behavior; interviews with others about the behavior; student records that include the student's attendance, academic performance, and health assessments; influencing factors that could have caused the behavior; and hypothesis of behavior.

role of agency's board of directors

a) board functions: authorized to establish an agency's policies and objectives and monitor and manage activities of personnel responsibility for day-to-day application of policies b) board members: consists of volunteers who're influential in the community

Implications of Systems Theory for Macro Change

a) changes in one part of system bring about changes in other parts of the system b) actions in subunits (subsystems) of the system influence what happens both within the subunit and within the larger system c) the effort to return to a steady state (equilibrium) is a driving force in most sytems

Approaches to Play Therapy

a) client-centred play therapy (ccpt): method developed by Virginia Axline, an associate of Carl Rogers. it follows the principles of a person-centered approach and is nonjudgemental and emotionally supportive, with clear boundaries that provide psychological safety. CCPT has been shown through research to be effective method for decreasing problems associated with traumatic experiences. Can also be used to delay creativity, build self-esteem, and teach socially acceptable behaviors. 8 principles of non directive play therapy to promote freedom and security: 1) ASAP, therapist should develop a warm, friendly relationship w/ children in which rapport is established 2) therapist must accept child exactly as he is 3) therapist should establish sense of permissiveness in relationship so child feels free to express his feelings completely 4) therapist should be alert to feelings the child's expressing and reflect those feelings back to child in a way that enables child to gain insight into his own behavior 5) therapist must maintain respect for child's ability to solve his own problems, given the opportunity 6) therapist shouldn't direct child's actions or conversation in any manner. child leads the way, therapist follows 7) therapist doesn't hurry therapy along; therapy is a gradual process 8) only limitations to therapist should establish are those necessary to anchor therapy to the world of reality and make child aware of his responsibility to the relationship -playroom furnished w/ toys and equipment that are used to create expressive scenes for interpretation b) psychoanalytic play therapy: views play as "free association wit h toys." therapists role is to interpret free association and analyze transferences to provide child w/ insight into working of his unconscious c) cognitive-behaivoral play therapy: CBPT differs from traditions forms of play in that the therapists play an active role in selecting materials and activities, use play to educate the child, and use reinforcement to encourage specific behaviors. before beginning therapist uses info from parents, observation, and sometimes psychological testing to learn about child's behavior, self-statements, assumptions, and beliefs. through assessment, specific goals are set.

The stages of case management

a) engagement/assessment b) planning c) implementation d) disengagement

Problem-Solving assessment and treatment

a) engagement: to engage, motivate, and support a client, start where the client is and provide empathy, warmth, and genuine presence b) diagnosis: entails evaluating the following, with an emphasis on the client's immediate situation rather than his personality: how and why a client's motivation (sense of purpose) capacity (ego functions), and/or opportunities (available needed material and social resources) are inadequate c) intervention: client and sw set time-limited goals and objects and plan the action d) termination

Analysis of Existing Policy

a) evaluation of process b) evaluation of product c) evaluation of performance

Psychosocial Assessment

a) evaluation of strengths and needs: meet w/ patient and family members to identify factors that may contribute to or interfere w/ successful medical care and outcomes b) evaluate of mental health issues: patients w/ acute or chronic physical conditions and those who undergo a medical crisis often experience psychological distress as a result. sw may evaluate: a) mental health symptoms, b) physical conditions, c) medications being taking, d) substance abuse. e) social and cultural factors

Collecting and Managing Info about the Agency

a) information system: any combo of info technology and activities that use the technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. include: -agency management -policy planning -service delivery -client self-self -education b) Decision Support Systems: involve using computers to collect and organize info and make decisions from among specified choices. computer program uses predefined set of rules and facts to determine best decision, and administrator accepts/rejects computer's decision c) Management Info Systems: used in social agencies to acquire, process, analyze, and disseminate data that are useful for carrying out the goals of the organization efficiently d) Productive Use of Info: a) staff at all levels must be able to accurately and quickly father, store, and retrieve performance info, b) info that'll guide management decisions must be readily accessible, c) administrators must be skilled at converting into into action

Systems Involve in Macro Change Process

a) initiator system: person who first recognizes the existence of a community or organizational problem and calls attention to it b) change agent system: the individual who initiates the process; includes change agent and core planning committee or task force that initially analyzes the problem, population, and the community or organization where the change'll take place c) client system: made up of individuals who'll become direct or indirect beneficiaries to change d) support system: includes other individuals and groups who may be willing to support a change effort if they are needed e) controlling system: comprised of the individual or group w the power and formally delegated authority to approve a proposed change and require its implementation f) host and implementing systems: the organization or unit w/ formally assigned responsibility for the are to be addressed by a proposed change g) target system: the individual, group, structure, policy, or practice that needs to be changed so that the primary beneficiaries of the change effort can receive its intended benefits h) action system: comprised of individuals from any or all of the other systems who have an active role in planning and implementing the intervention and seeing it through to completion

How Managed Care Monitors Delivery of Health Care and Benefit Planning s

a) peer review: a mechanism used by medical staff to evaluate the quality of total health care provided by the MCO. used in all managed care settings and is the most common method used for monitoring utilization (use of services and supplies) by physicians b) case mangers (gate keepers): refers to the monitoring and coordination of treatment given to patients w/ specific diagnosis or requiring high-cost or extensive services. goal is to accommodate the services needed by the patient through a coordinated effort to achieve desired health outcome in a cost-effective way. In an HMO, gatekeeper is the patient's Primary Care Physician (PCP) who controls how the patient uses other services in the plan. Patients in HMO chose PCP who provides, arranges, coordinates, and authorizes all aspects of their health care c) utilization review: one of the primary tools utilized by MCOs and health plans to control over utilization, reduce costs, and managed care.

Indigenous healing practices

a) rely on community and family networks to care for the distributed individual b) religious and spiritual practices of the community are integrated into healing process c) the healing process often conducted by traditional healer or respected member of community.

CPS Tasks and Functions

a) reports and intake b) investigation and assessment c) planning and intervention: safety plan, case plan, concurrent permanency plan (may include concrete services (e.g TANF), supportive and supplementary services (e.g respite) d) evaluation of family progress and case closure

program evaluation process

a) specify program's goal and objectives b) define relavant parameters c) specify the techniques and procedures to be used to achieve program's goals and objectives d) colect relevant data -needs assessment - formative evaluation -summative evalaution

Interventions made by school social workers

a) student-focused interventions: may target the following a) internalizing behavior problems, b) external behavior problems, c) serious social problems affecting students' learning and functioning at school, d) disabilities -many student-focused interventions attempt to enhance the social competencies of at-risk students by teaching specific skills and increasing environmental supports b) system-focused interventions: attempt to a) make the school, family, neighborhood, and community more responsible to students' needs and b) minimize the harmful impact of risk factors that may result in or intensity problematic student behavior -school's culture and climate influence students' behavior and may interfere w/ their progress and success: "culture" refers to the beliefs and expectations that's apparent in the school's daily routine and "climate" refers to the "heart and soul" of the school

validity

accuracy. IS what is believed to be measured actually being measured or is it something else?

Indirect Practice

activities undertaken to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery and bring about changes in policies, programs, or budget. they don't have personal contact w/ clients and are usually performed by committee, coalition, or other group. ex. include policy management, administration, program eval., and intervention w/ communities

Homework

activities you ask a client to perform between sessions. typically, you'll assign a client to complete specific tasks or activities designed to help him/her learn new behavior or skill, particularly one that needs to be practiced in his natural environment.

alternatives to a bureaucratic structure

adhocracy: an organization creates internal structures on an issue-by-issue basis, w/ ad hoc groups of employees addressing each issue. ad hoc groups have substantial authority and are required to follow only a few agency-wide rules and regulations. ad hoc agencies have a "flat" administrative structure, meaning that all staff positions are about equal matrix structure: supervision is assigned to a function rather than a person. staff often have more than one supervisor. collegial structure: workers engage in joint activities when tasks require overlap, but others, operate more or less independently

Stratified Random Sample

after subjects are grouped into strata of interest they are drawn randomly from each group

joining the resistance

aligning with a client's feelings can serve to reduce resistance by removing the client's need to keep his defenses up and giving him permission to ventilate his feelings

Classical Before-After Experimental and Control Group Designs with Randomization

all subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups - researcher can assume that the two groups are analogous at the beginning of the study and then the researcher administers the independent variable/intervention to the experimental group

ombudsperson

an advocate or spokesperson for the people who are served by an organization who ensures that the organization's obligations, ethical duties, are rules are being followed; or an individual employed by an organization who investigates potential illegal and/or unethical or unintended harmful consequences stemming from the organization's activities and facilitates fair negotiation or actions toward satisfactory outcomes

Behavioral Techniques: Behavioral Contracting

an agreement between two or more people designed to bring about a change in a person's behavior through the reciprocal exchange of rewards or positive reinforcements. Two forms of behavioral contracting: -contingency contract: you arrange for a positive consequence to follow performance of a particular behavior by a client -reciprocal behavioral contract: you arrange for the members of a dyad (e.g husband-wife) to each agree to reward the other for the performance of a desired behavior.

Dialectic Behavior Therapy

an approach designed for patients w/ borderline personality disorder (BPD) that combines cognitive-beahviral techniques with the Rogerian assumption that acceptance of the client is necessary for change to occur. 4 broad priorities of behavior change, in order from highest to lowest priority: decrease suicidal/parasuicidal behaviors and ideation; decrease behaviors that interfere w/ therapy; decrease behaviors that interfere w/ quality of life; and increase coping and relational skills. 4 groups of skills emphasized: -distress tolerance skills: acceptance w/o pushing for a change is a key element -core mindfulness skills: clients taught to attend to the moment w/o judgement or impulsivity and to focus on current activity rather than splitting attention -interpersonal effectiveness skills: clients taught effective ways of achieving their objectives w/ other people -emotional modulation: clients taught to change distressing emotional states and increase positive emotional states

Motivational Interviewing

an approach designed to help clients reach a personal commitment and decision to change their behavior. goal is to increase a client's intrinsic motivation to change so that change and the reasons for change come from him rather than being imposed by the therapist. particularly useful for ambivalent or reluctant to change clients

Hypothesis

an assertion about a relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with an outcome that can be confirmed, failed to confirm, or refuted 1. states that there in a relationship between two variables 2. identifies the qualify of that relationship in a testable way 3. should be precise about what is referred to and should allow some type of measurement 4. avoids value judgments 5. is related to a body of theory

social agency

an organization or facility that delivers social services under the auspices of a board of directors and is usually staffed by human services personnel...it provides a range of social services for members of a population group that has or is vulnerable to a specific social problem. -institutional social services are provided by major pubic service systems that administer benefits such as financial assistance, housing programs, health care, or education -personal social services: address more individualized needs involving interpersonal relationships and the ability to function within one's immediate environment

ethnocentrism

an orientation that holds one's own culture, ethnic, or racial group as superior to others.

Resistance

an unconscious defense against painful or repressed material - can be conveyed through silence, evasiveness, balking at worker's suggestions, or by wanting to end treatment prematurely

Content Validity

analysis by those considered expert in the field studied of an instrument - if the experts judge it to be a good measure of what is being studied

Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

appropriate for those who do not meet the clinical criteria for hospitalization, but who lives and social interactions focus primarily on substance use

Outpatient Treatment

appropriate for those whose clinical condition or environmental circumstances don't require a more intensive level of care

Reassurance

appropriate when a client is uncertain about his decisions or actions and his decisions or actions are, in fact, reasonable and realistic

Concepts

are words used to organize experience - perceptions created by generalizing from specifics

Active Listening

attend to client's verbal and nonverbal messages and then reflect back what you've heard and observed so that the client knows his message has been understood accurately

inherent barriers

attitudes, values, or beliefs of a client that produce patterns of behavior that interfere with his ability to seek, accept, or use help he needs it

external barriers

barrier's in a client's environment

Cue Exposure Treatment

based on Pavlov's extinction paradigm and involves exposure of the individual to cues that stimulate drug craving at the same time preventing actual drug use

Motivational Enhancement Therapy

based on cognitive behavioral, client centered, systems and social-psychological persuasion techniques including an empathetic approach in which the worker helps to motivate the client through asking about the pros and cons of specific behaviors

classic organizational theory: Scientific Management Theory

based on finding the best way to perform each task, carefully matching each worker to each task, closely supervising workers, using reward and punishment as motivators and managing and controlling behavior.

Reality Therapy (William Glasser)

based on the premise that people can take control of their own lives -Assumptions: people have several basic innate needs--4 psychological (belonging, power, freedom, and fun) and one physical need (survival). Individuals choose different ways to satisfy these needs. when need are fulfilled in responsible way, person has adopted successful identity. when person gratifies his needs in irresponsible ways, person has assumed a failure identity. from perspective realty, people aren't depressed or angry, but rather "depressing" or "angering" themselves through the conscious decision they make about how to fulfill their needs 2) Therapy goals: help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy needs and develop a success identity 2) Therapy techniques: -rejects medical model and concept of mental illness -focuses on curent behaviors and beliefs rather than past behaviors, feelings, attitudes, or experiences -views transference as detrimental to therapy progress -stresses conscious rather than unconscious processes -emphasizes value judgements, esp the client's ability to judge what's right/wrong in his daily life -seeks to teach clients specific behaviors that'll enable them to fulfill their needs -WDEP system: W=explore clients WANTS and perceptions, D=direction, or what client's doing to get what he wants, E=evaluate whether what client is doing is getting him closer to or farther from goal, P=planning, or creating and implementing, a workable plan to make positive changes

Milan System Family Theory (Mara Selvini-Palazzoli)

based on the premise that, in a family system, there are circular partners of action and reaction. Maladaptive behavior results when a family's patterns become so fixed that family members aren't longer able to act creatively or make new choices about their lives 2) therapy goals: "help family members see their choices and assist them in exercising their prerogative of choosing" 3) therapy techniques: one or two members of the team meet w/ family during sessions, while remaining team members observe sessions behind one-way mirror. 3 basic processes: -hypothesizing: use the initial contact with family as an opportunity to collect info which the team uses to derive tentative hypothesis about the funcitnong of the family system -circularity: therapy "begins w/ the effect of the family on the team; they present a problem. a reciprocal process ensures whereby the therapist widens the focus of questions and family members provide clear answers. gradually, family members begin to understand their own interactional pattern and identify its own resources and use them more effectively -neutrality: therapist reminds the ally of entire family

Contingency Management Therapy

behavioral treatment which is based on the use of predetermined consequences to reward abstinence or punish drug related behaviors - effectiveness of this treatment requires the use of frequent, random, supervised urine monitoring

Natural Systems Model (Selznick 1949)

believe that organizational behavior is best understood by using natural system analogy. "natural systems" are entities that behave in ways that's similar to biological organisms. they're aware of their own self-interest and seek to protect themselves. natural system model predicts that an organization will make decisions that, a move all, allow it to survive, even if this means that it must change its original mission

Inferential Statistics

calculations that allow researchers to generalize from a sample to a larger population - based on probability theory and permit findings to be interpreted.

Descriptive Statistics

calculations that depict some characteristic of a group sample - allow users of research to summarize information about the group and make useful comparisons among two or more groups

Instruction and Training

can help a client learn about a behavior that's appropriate in a specific situation and it typically used when a client is unable to respond adaptively or in a manner that enables him to achieve a desired goal

external validity

can the results be generalized

The three purposes of social work

caring, counseling, and changing. Caring is making clients comfortable and helping them cope. Counseling is providing clients, who are experiencing issues with social functioning, with treatment. Changing is being committed to social change to improve social policies that contribute to damaging social conditions.

advocate

case manager ensures that needed resources are available to a client and the client receives the services he's entitled to

Types of single-subject design

case study: the most basic design is the B design or a case study in which there are no baseline or follow-up data. you simply keep track of what happens in regard to a target behavior, attitude, ore belief while intervention is occurring. AB design: the next simplest single-subject design, which includes a single baseline (A) phase and a single treatment (B) phase.

Ventilation

client's airing of feelings associated with the information presented about self and the situation

interdisciplinary collaboration

collaboration with other disciplines for the betterment of a client. -group of professionals from different disciplines -professionals have common goal -professionals integrate their various professional perspectives in decision-making -professionals coordinate their work -professionals interact and communicate effectively -there's a division of roles based on expertise.

Social Policy

collection of laws, regulations, customs, traditions, mores, folkways, values, beliefs, ideologies, roles, role expectations, organizations, and history - all focusing on the fulfillment of critical social functions --"Activities and principles of a society that guide how it intervenes in and regulates the relationships among individuals, groups, communities, and social institutions -government decisions that affect quality of life and welfare of people

Point-of-Service Plans (POS)

comines certain features from HMO and PPO plans. members are required to choose PCP from plan's network of providers, and services proved by PCP are typically not subject to a deductible.

Management

concerned w/ enforcing roles and rules in the agency and collecting, organizing, and using info about the agency 1) leadership a) formal (official and assigned) V informal (unofficial) b) leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire) 2) Tasks groups: temporary grouping created to achieve a specific, predefined goal or function -task accomplishment: emphasizes group's productivity and requires group to be well-organized and goal-oriented -group maintenance: participants' satisfaction w/ the group and includes both emotional and social components 3) Group Decision-Making Techniques a) brainstorming b) RISK technique: used to facilitate committee or group members in expressing their concerns about an issue or proposed action c) Nominal group technique: encourages active involvement by all group participants and is useful for helping consensus-oriented committees or groups arrive at a decision 4) Managing Conflict w/in the Agency a) potential causes of conflict: task interdependence if individuals or groups have differing priorities, goals, or performance exceptions; unclear or overlapping task assignments; poor communication; differences in performance standards or reward systems; competition for resources; and interpersonal conflicts -domain theory views an organization as having 3 seepage but interacting domains--policy, management, and service--which can come into conflict w/ one another p: individuals who have the authority to define the organization's mission, policies, and goals m: individuals who're changed w/ seeing that an organization's policies are implemented s: individuals who provide services to clients b) Conflict Resolution Strategies -structural approaches: reorganizing and clarifying work assignments, modifying or establishing procedures, and addressing the inequities of pay or status that led to conflict -interpersonal approaches: when structural has failed: --bargaining (negotiation) --mediation --arbitration (has more authority than mediator)

Decision-Making School

concerned with the process of decision making within an organization and the forces that influence decisions - uses the idea of satisfying rather than maximizing objectives in decision making

Narrative Therapy

concerned with understanding how experience produces expectations and how expectations influence experience through the creation of organizing stories. key constructs: -Objective realty v Interoperation -Text analogy -people arrange their experiences in sequence across time in a way that enables them to attain a coherent account of themselves and the world around them -every new reading is a new interpretation of the text and therefore new writing -"problem" is constructed in terms of performance of a dominant story and solution is constructed in terms of opening space for the authoring of an alternative story 2) goals: help clients identity "unique outcomes" and perform new meanings based on those outcomes 3) therapy processes: a) explore the problem using metaphors b) deconstruction c) re-author the story 4) Therapy Techniques: -externalization -mapping the influence -ascribing meaning to unique outcomes

Manifest content

concrete words or terms contained in a communication.

Operationalizing a Concept

condensing a concept to a set of directions and actions so that a study can program in a systematic and replicable manner

Field Experiment

conducted in a concrete, natural environment - researcher tests a hypothesis, but doesn't have strict control over participants' exposure to the experimental variable

Program Evaluation

conducted to obtain info that van be used to improve social programs, organizational effectiveness, and social service accountability 1. determine what will be evaluated 2. identify who will be the consumer of the research 3. request the staff's cooperation 4. indicate what specific program objectives are 5. outline objectives for evaluation 6. choose variables 7. develop design of evaluation 8. apply evaluation design 9. analyze and interpret findings 10. report results and put them into practice

Modern Organizational Approach: Systems Approach

considers the organization as a system composed of a set of interrelated- and thus, mutually dependent- subsystems. thus, the organization consists of components, linking processes and goals.

Modern Organizational Approach: Sociotechnical Approach

considers the organization as composed of a social system, technical system and its environment. These interact with each other, so it is necessary to balance them appropriately for effective functioning of the organization.

Reliability

consistency in the measurement of a variable

Methodology

consists of choosing measurement techniques, the setting in which the research will be conducted, and the group/population that will be studied

open system

continuously receives input form and discharges output to the environment and is more adaptable to change, like a family

Contracting and Goal Setting

contract - helpful in facilitating the client's action in problem solving, maintaining focus, and continuing in therapy. includes mutual agreement differentiated participation, reciprocal accountability, explicitness, realistic agreement, and flexibility

Ecosystem Perspective and Life Model Approach

contributes to social worker's understanding of how clients may adapt to ever-changing environments in order to cope, survive, and compete for resources, and reminds social worker to focus on the interplay between a client (person) and his environment -two primary concepts: life space (life transactions, interpersonal processes, and environmental properties) and problems in living (stress in any or all these realms) Assessment: seeks to identify the stressors that have caused the problem and to locate the realm(s) in which they exist Treatment: seeks to change maladaptive person-environment transactions so that a client's potential for growth, health, and adaptive social functioning is released and his environment becomes more responsive to his needs

Planned Change Process/Intervention

deliberate series of actions directed toward improving a client's social functioning and well-being; an intervention is a planned effort designed to bring about a specific change in a condition, behavioral pattern, or set of circumstances affecting a client' social functioning.

reliability

dependability, stability, consistency, predictability. Can you get the same answer repeatedly?

Network

describes an informal or formal linkage of people or organization that share resources, skills, knowledge and contacts with one another

Stress Inoculation

designed to help people deal with stressful events by increasing their coping skills. 3 phases: 1) cognitive phase 2) skills acquisition phase 3) application approach

Treatment Planning in Domestic Violence

develop a safety plan for safe shelter, etc to protect victim from perpetrator - do not assess or treat domestic violence in marital or family therapy sessions as this may increase risk to the victim

Task Achievement Scale (TAS)

developed for use in task-centered practice, in which work toward treatment goals and objectives is broken down into many smaller tasks that are then worked on one after the other. useful as a means of evaluation whenever the service is relatively brief and the activities are concrete

Objective-Relations Approaches

differ in terms of their silly to Freudian psychoanalysis; what they share in common is an emphasis on the effects of the young child's relationship with "objects" or significant others. theorists include Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernber, and Heinz Kohut 1) views of maladaptive behavior: maladaptive behavior is the result of abnormalities in early object relations. a key concept associated with object relations theory is projective identification, which consists of 3 steps: an aspect of the self is projected onto someone else; the projector tries to coerce the other person to identify with what has been projected, and the projector and the recipient of the projection feel a sense of oneness or union 2) therapy goals and techniques: view psychotherapy as an opportunity to provide a client w/ support,a acceptance, and opportunities that restore an ability to relate to others in meaningful, realistic ways

Family Systems Theory

disequilibrium of the normal family homeostasis is the primary motivation for change - family system is made up of three subsystems: marital relationship, parent-child relationship, and sibling relationship

Total quality management (TQM)

distinguished from many other management theories by its focus on customer satisfaction, employee involvement and empowerment, continuous improvement in the quality of goods and services, and ongoing measurement of performance n order to identify problems. -emphasizes teamwork and decision-making at all levels of the organization

Behavioral Techniques

effective for modifying the frequency, intensity, or duration of a behavior. there used when the goal is to either strengthen (increase) or weaken (decrease) a particular target behavior.

Networking

efforts to develop and enhance the social linkages between people by a) strengthening the quality of existing networks, b) establishing new networks, c) creating linkages among various networks to engender more competent support, and d) mobilizing networks

classic organizational theory: Administrative Theory

emphasized establishing a universal set of management principles that could be applied to all organizations.

Self-Control Procedues

encompass a variety of techniques that share the characteristic of being administered by client himself: -self-montoring -stimulus control -biofeedback

Thought Stopping

entails eliminating obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, depressive or anxiety-arousing ideas, and other unwanted or unproductive thoughts by using such techniques as overly, "stop, stop, stop!" or snapping a rubber band placed around one's wrist

Decreasing Behavior with Extinction

entails withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response in order to eliminate (or decrease) the frequency of that response

Functional Model

evolved in the mid-20th century as a response against social worker's emphasis on freud's psychoanalytic personality and practice theory which stressed "diagnostic understanding" of one's clients. it de-emphaiszed diagnosis and focus on a client's inherent capacity for growth, changes and problem solving

Representativeness

extent to which a sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the greater population from which it is drawm

formal organization v informal organization

f: refers to social groupings that are expressly formed and re-formed by the organization to achieve specific goals. i: refers to voluntary relationships that form among agency personnel; has significant impact on the way employees behave and perform their job tasks

inherent incapacities

factors outside of a client's control that interfere with his ability to communicate effectively with helpers or participate actively in helping himself

Family Sculpting

family members position themselves (or objects that represent them) in physical space in a way that reflects their relations and roles within the family system. process usually involves having each family member, one at a time, create his/her own "sculpture"

Fee-for-servie and Capitation

ffs: a traditional method of payment for health care services in which specific payment is made for specific services rendered. c: a set amount of money per person

Problem Formulation

first step in the research process - should be worded in a way that will allow measurement

self-help

focus on a shared problem or situation and may or not be led by trained therapist

Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner)

focus on behaviors that operate or act on the environment w/ the goal of obtaining some response. most commonly involve increasing a desirable behavior through positive reinforcement and/or decreasing an undesirable one with punishment or extinction

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980

focuses on family preservation efforts to help keep families together and children out of foster care or other out-of-home placements.

Interactional Model

focuses on improving client's social functioning by mediating their interactions with other people.

management by objectives

focuses on outcomes. emphasis is placed on producing clear statements about expectations for the coming ear, making statements available to employees, breaking goals and objectives into tasks, and monitoring progress throughout the year.

Human Resources Model

focuses on using untapped resources that exist w/in employees. workers are presumed to be creative and resourceful and capable of contributing more when they're not limited by the managerial barriers associated w/ a traditional (e.g scientific management) or human rations model. managers create environment in which all works contribute to the full limits of their abilities, encourage workers to participate fully in all matters, and promote workers' self-direction and self-control

Rational Approach to Social Policy Making

idealized and structured - includes identifying and understanding a social problem, identifying alternative solutions and their consequences for consumers and society, and rationally choosing the best alternatives

Gestalt Therapy

founded by Fritz Perls; incorporates principles drawn from psychoanalysis, phenomenology, and existentialism. concepts: -people tend to seek closure -a person's "gestalts" reflects his current need: a gestalt (pattern) is organized according to the relationship between figure and ground. figure refers to what stands out in an individual's experience and its regulated by the person's need and the nature of and demands of the situation; ground is the entire context of phenomenologically relevant variables form which a figure emerges -a person's behavior represents a whole that's grater than the sum of two parts -behavior can be fully understood only in its context -a person experiences the world in accord with the principle of figure/ground 1) therapy based on the premise that each individual is capable of assuming personal responsibility for his own thoughts, feelings and actions and living as an integrated "whole" maladaptive behavior is considered a "growth disorder" that involves an abandonment of the self for the self-image and a resulting lack of integration. 2) therapy goal is to help client achieve integration of the various aspects of the self in order to become unified whole 3) Therapy techniques: -use simple, direct questions to encourage clients to stay in the here-and-now -bc questions tend to foster intellectualization and mask true feelings, clients are discouraged from asking questions, esp those that begin w/ "why" -begins sentences w/ "I" in order to help them assume responsibility for their actions -games of dialogue (enactment) -view elements of recurring dreams as representation of parts of self that haven't been fully accepted and use dreamwork to help clients recover disowned parts of their personalities

support groups

generally led by professionals, help people cope w/ difficult situations at various times but are usually directed toward alleviating symptoms

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

gives American Indian/Native American/Indigenous Nations or organizations jurisdiction over child welfare cases that involve and indigenous child in order to protect the integrity of indigenous families.

Manged Care

goal is to control the overuse of health-care services and overcharging by professionals and ensure that proposed health care is consistent w/ accepted standards. involves: a) procedures for monitoring the delivery of healthcare and health-care benefit plans and b) participation of 3rd-parties (other than patient and physician) in the delivery of healthcare services

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

goal is to modify the dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs that maintain a client's maladaptive behaviors and emotions -referred to as collaborative empiricism because its founded on a collaborative therapist-client relationship and involves gathering evidence and testing hypothesis about client's beliefs and assumptions -time-lmited (avg 15 sessions), structured, and goal-oriented -historical material may be addressed in order to clarify core beliefs -imagery and other techniques may be used to foster affect -socratic dialogue: questions designed to help client reach logical conclusions about a problem and its consequences -relapse prevention is a focus throughout treatment -downard arrow: "if so, then what?" -identify "automatic thoughts"

ecomap

identifies specific elements in the environment that are either supporting or detracting from a client's functioning

Play Therapy Goals and Techniques

goal is usually to address a child's feelings, primarily by helping the child become aware of his feelings and more able to express them in appropriate ways; encourage child to self-express. for instance, when child expresses a metaphor or other symbol in his play, therapist simply stays with it, without forcing the child to explain the symbol or express himself in a more straightforward way.

Goal, objective, task

goal: desired outcome objective: series of behavioral changes task: series of steps that must be accomplished

staff development

goals are to enhance an agency's human resources and prove its services b improving technology and staff skill 1) Human Resources Plan: strategic planning of an agency focus on establishing goals, processes, and actions that determine future directions a) job analysis and job description b) recruitment and selection plan c) orientation, superviison, training, and development d) performance appraisal e) policies and procedures for termination 2) Staff Development Methods: a) continuing education b) consultation

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

groups of providers contracted by insurance companies. PPO members are encouraged to use insurance company's doctors and hospitals; don't need to choose a PCP an can see doctor and specialists within the network at their discretion; annual deductible, monthly premium

Nominal Scale of Measurment

has two or more name categories (male/female, pass/fail) - difference is shown by the categories

Cognitive Restructuring Techniques

help clients manage their emotional reactions and behave more effectively through modifying their distorted cognitions, or errors in logic, particularly their distorted interpretations of reality; based on theories underlying the cognitive therapies which h assume that how people interpret and think about an event or experience gives rise to an emotional reaction, which in turn gives rise to a behavior.

Partialization

helping client to break down problems/goals into smaller, more manageable elements in order to decrease client's sense of overwhelm and increase client's empowerment

Validity

how well a study actually measures what it intends

Humanistic Theories and Model

humanistic ("third force") characteristics include: -adoption of a phenomenological approach, which assumes that to understand a person, one must understand his subjective experience -emphasis on the uniqueness and "wholeness" of the individual -focus on current events -belief int he individual's inherent potential for self-determination and self-actualization -view of therapy as involving an authentic, collaborative and egalitarian relationship between therapist and client -rejection of traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels

Inputs, throughput, outputs

i: include resources, clients, types and severity clients' problems, and the values, expectations, and opinions about the agency held by community members, funding sources, regulatory bodies, and other parts of the environment t: services provided by the agency and the way the agency is structured to apply its technology to the inputs it receives o: the completion of a service to a client

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994

improved the criminal justice response to violence against women.

Neurolinguistic Programming

includes many techniques and strategies for interpersonal communication that are based on identifying a person's preferred sensory representation for self-expression and learning

Referral Systems: societal resource systems

institutionalized organizations or services such as private or public social service agencies, family service agencies, government units, (e.g housing authority, probation and parole divisions, health clinics) and educational organizations; established to provide specific kinds of assistance to community members: -Social Security Programs --TANF (temporary assistance to needy families) --Medicaid/CHIP (children's health insurance program) --Medicare --SSI (supplemental security income) --DI (disability insurance)

Purposive Sample

intentionally draws a sample from a part of the population assumed to have particular knowledge about what is being studied

The six personality types identified by Holland

investigative, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, and enterprising. Holland believed that these personality types tend to affect vocational choice.

Social Interventions

involve a client's significant others and are useful for reducing environmental stressors and exposing the client to new social supports and resources. Ex include teaching communication skills, offering family therapy, and providing peer support or peer confrontation.

Aversion Therapy

involves combining substance use with an unpleasant experience, such as mild electric shock or pharmacologically induced vomiting

Social Resource Provision

involves linking clients with the community resources, services, and opportunities they need, want, and can use. This form of intervention is important for addressing discrepancies between a client's needs and the resources and opportunities available to him.

Advice giving

involves offering statements that recommend what a client should do

Operant Behavioral Therapy

involves operant rewarding or punishing of clients for desirable or undesirable behaviors, such as treatment compliance or relapse - rewards may includes vouchers or other prizes awarded for drug free testing

Information Giving

involves providing a client with info he needs in order to formulate alternatives, make a decision, or carry out a task. with info giving, a client feels free to chose whether and how he will use the info. Examples include: -normalizing: used to place a client's problems in a new context by defining it as expectable or predictable rather than pathological -psychoeducation: you teach a client and his family about the nature of the client's mental illness, including etiology, progression, consequences, prognosis, treatment, and alternatives.

internal validity

is there confidence in cause and effect

levels of case advocacy

level 1) involves direct appeal for the denied resource level 2) involves efforts to influence the situation by using your knowledge of the organization's policies and procedures level 3) involves appealing to someone with greater authority in the target organization level 4) entails using the target organization's grievance procedure level 5) involves appealing to an outside authority level 6) (a last resort strategy) involves taking legal action

Social Networks

made up of "individuals or groups linked by a common bond, shared social status, similar or shared functions, or geographical or cultural connection.

School Social Work

main goal is to enable students to learn and function in the school environment. -they rely on ecosystems perspective (interactions of students w/ environmental factors)

Encouragement

make statements that express your confidence in a client's ability to overcome an obstacle

Individualized Rating Scale (IRS)

may be used to assess the extent of a client's problem during assessment, follow his progress over the course of intervention, determine when intervention can be terminated, and finally, performa summative evaluation of the extent to which intervention was effective in improving the client's functioning -measures frequency, duration, or intensity of an action, event, behavior, emotion or attitude, and is always designed specifically for individual client

Concurrent Validity

measure used in a study is compared with another instrument presumed to measure the same variable - is indicated by a higher correlation between the results

psychotherapy groups

more intensive and usually of longer duration, have several goals of remediation and character change, and include members w/ relatively serious mental or emotional disorders or social problems

private nonprofit agencies

more likely to have decentralized authority and fewer rules and regulations -aka voluntary agencies are privately owned and operated by people who're not employed by a government; services provided include personal social services. board of director presides and has ultimate responsibility -most nonprofit corporations funded by voluntary donations, government grants, contracts, and fees; operated to achieve personal goal, not make financial profit for owners -for profit, or proprietary, make financial profit

Change in the Ecological/Life Model Approach

motivation for change stems from changes that the individual wants in relation to themself, the environment, or interplay between the two

Cluster Random Sample

multiple stage sampling; successive random samples are drawn from natural groups/clusters

Universalization

normalization of problems; problems are presented as part of the human condition in order to see them as less pathological -make statements to explain to a client that his thoughts, feelings, or behavior are similar to those of other people in similar circumstances

Non-Probability Sampling

not possible to specify the probability that each element of the population has an equal chance of being included

Subject

one element within the sample and population

open versus closed groups

open groups are when new members can join at any time. closed groups are when members begin at the same time.

organizational culture (schein 1990)

organizational culture is pattern of basic assumptions "developed by a group as it learns to cope w/ its problems of external adoption and internal integration" and passed on to new members as the right way to think and feel about problems.culture and leadership are closely related in organizations

political economy model (wamsley and bald 1976)

organizations best understood by examining the interaction of political and economic interests internal and external to the organization. "political" refers to the processes used by the organization to attain power and legitimacy and "economic" refers to the processes used by organization to get resources.

Treatments Based on Aversive Conditioning

pairs a target maladaptive behavior with a stimulus that naturally evokes an unpleasant response (an unconditioned stimulus or US). As the result of pairing, the maladaptive behavior elicits an undesirable response (conditioned response or CR) and is avoided a) in vivo aversion therapy: involves pairing target behavior w/ an aversive stimulus such as electric shock, noxious odor, or nausea-inducing drug b) covert sensitization: the client imagines (rather actually confronts) an aversive condition while simultaneously imagining that he is engaging in a maladaptive behavior

Sample

part of a larger population that represents the total group from which it is drawn

Probability Sampling

permits the researcher to indicate that each element of the population has a known probability of inclusion in the sample

Length of Treatment Varies with Approach

personality changes require extended treatments while short treatments focus on behavioral change, problem solving, or cognitive change

Cognitive Behavioral Couples Therapy

practitioners of this therapy believe that each partner's cognitive processing (attributions, perceptions, interpretations, expectancies) influences the couple's behaviors, transactions, and emotional and behavioral reactions -goal is to change both partners' cognitive processing of their own and their partners behavior in order to increase satisfaction with the relationship

Group Leader's Functioning

primary functions: a) creating and maintaining the group b) creating a group culture that's maximally conductive to effective group interaction c) activating and illuminating the here-and-now (helping members understand processes that have occurred in the present)

Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 (MEPA)

prohibits agencies from refusing or delaying foster or adoptive placements because of a child's or foster/adoptive parent's race, color or national origin and prohibits agencies from considering race, color, or national origin as a basis for denying approval as a foster and or adoptive parent.

Crisis Intervention Model

proposes that individuals in crisis pass through predictable response sequence and that this sequence can be interrupted or changed through education and assistance with developing more adaptive coping behaviors

Treatments based on Classical Extinction

proposes that the development of an anxiety response is the result of both classical and operant conditioning: a person first develops an anxiety to a neutral stimulus (CS) when that stimulus is aired with a stimulus (US) that naturally elicits anxiety or other aversive responses (classical conditioning) a) flooding: client is exposed to a high anxiety-arousing stimulus for a prolonged period of time (30-60 min). the key is to expose client for long enough that he comes to see that none of the consequences he fears actually take place b) implosive therapy: based on the assumption that certain events are consistently avoided to reduce anxiety and that prolonged exposure to those events w/o the feared consequence will reduce extinction of the anxiety response c) graduated exposure: exposing client initially to situations that produce minimal anxiety and then gradually processing to those that evoke strong anxiety

In-kind assistance

provides things, not money. In-kind assistance assists individuals by providing them with material items, such as housing, food, clothing, or other items that the individuals may have lost during the natural disaster.

purchase of service contracts

public agencies are paid to provide specific services

Political Approach to Social Policy Making

recognizes the importance of compromise, power, competing interests, and partial solutions - those most affected by social policies have the least amount of political power to promote change

Cultural Perspective

refers to organizations that develop their own mixture of values, presumptions, standards, and practices regarding how things should be done, until it becomes habit. Cultural perspective refers to how someone is shaped by their social, cultural, and environmental factors.

Cognitive Restructuring: Self-Talk

refers to the message that a person gives himself.

Postmodern Approaches

rejects idea of objective reality and challenges the notion that absolutely truth can be known

Sustainment Interventions

relationship-building activities used primarily in the initial phases of the change process to reduce a client's feelings of anxiety, guilt, increase his self-esteem, or instill a sense of hope. examples include acceptance, reassurance, and encouragement

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993

requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to "eligible" employees for certain family and medical reasons with continuation of group health insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not taken leave.

school social work tasks

roles include maintaining open communication between the home and school; advocating for at-risk students and their families; empowering families to share their concerns w/ school officials; helping families understand their children's educational needs' consulting w/ teachers about students' living situations and neighborhood conditions; making referrals to community agencies; tracking students involved w/ multiple agencies; and working w/ the community to identify and develop reassures to better serve the needs of at-risk students and their families

second order change v first order change

s: involves changes in the structure and functioning of a system that alter its fundamental organization f: involves changes in a system that are superficial and leave unaltered the fundamental organization of the system

Follow-up

see what the client's experience was like

Interpretation

seeks to improve the client's insight and working through difficult material by deepening and expanding the client's awareness 1. exposing repressed (unconscious) or suppressed (conscious) information 2. making connections between the present and the past to help the client see present distortions more clearly 3. integrating information from different sources, so the the client can gain a more realistic perspective 4. interpretation should be used with clients who are not emotionally fragile

Family Preservation Services

services for children and families designed to help families at risk or in crisis. They include a)pre-placement prevention services designed to help children at-risk of foster care placement remain with their families b) services designed to help children return to families from which they've been removed or placed for adoption, w/ legal guardian, or in another permanent living arrangement c) programs designed to provide f/u care to families to whom a child has been returned after foster care placement d) respite care of children e) services designed to improve parenting skills (child development, family budgeting, coping w/ stress, health, and nutrition)

The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) of 1991

set of federal requirements intended to implement advance directive policies at all health care facilities that receive federal funding through medicaid and medicare programs. Specified that these facilities must inform clients of their rights to make decisions concerning their own health care, ask and document whether a client has an advance directive and provide education for staff and the community.

Theory

set of related hypotheses linked in a way to explain some phenomena or predict some phenomena

Interval Scale of Measurement

shows ordinal positions with equal intervals between scores (scores on an exam, height, or weight)

Ordinal Scale of Measurement

shows the position of each subject with respect to a particular characteristic

Public Relations

social agencies operate in community environments that are constantly changing and that influence the quality and quantity of service delivery and the availability of resources. personnel must develop relationships w/in its environment and connect the agency to its environment. a) education b) outreach c) advocacy

program eval steps

stage 1: initial planning a) determine whether sufficient staff, time, and resources exist to conduct evaluation b) identify and involve consumer(s) of the evaluation c)attempt to obtain support from the program's staff and encourage them to participate fully in evaluation process d) state program's goal for client service, or outcomes and objectives. stage 2: select and implement a research design: select an appropriate research design and then accumulate, classify, measure, examine, and interpret the data. approaches include experimental or quasi-experimental designs, single-digit designs (e.g AB or ABAB designs), case studies, and qualitative designs, correlation signs, and descriptive survey designs (last 2 most common) -correlation studies: -descriptive survey design: stage 3: report and implement evaluation results: after data is collected and interpreted, results are reported and paplied

Null Hypothesis

states that there is no significant relationship between two variables - standard research practice is to test a hypothesis against the null hypothesis

Token Economy

structured environment in which a) desirable behaviors are increased by reinforcing them with tokens that ban be exchanged for desirable items, activities, and other back-up reinforced and b) undesirable behaviors are decreased by withholding and removing tokens following those behaviors

stratification

structured inequality of entire categories of people who have unequal access to social rewards

Simple Random Sample

subjects are drawn randomly from a known population and each has an equal probability of inclusion in the sample

Ventilation Procedures

such as techniques that encourage verbalization, are used to assist clients to identify and appropriately express their feelings. they're effective for establishing a foundation for self-exploration and rational discussion in your work with the client.

Problem-solving skills training

targets problem-solving skills, especially those related to interpersonal situations. specific targets include alternative solution thinking, means-end thinking, consequential thinking, casual thinking, and sensitive to interpersonal problems

Public Agencies

tend to be bureaucratized, meaning that policymakers and program administrators retain significant control over agency functioning -run by unit of government and generally regulated by laws that directly affect policy

wrap-around services

term refers to a highly individualized package of services selected or developed to address a client's unique needs and make use of his strengths to the greatest extent possible

Laboratory Experiments

tests are conducted under a tightly controlled laboratory conditions - artificial conditions

Latent content

that which is not visible, the underlying meaning of words or terms.

Dual Relationships

the NASW Code of Ethics states that social workers shouldn't engage in this with clients or former clients when there's a risk of exploitation or potential harm to the client. If the client offers you a dual relationship as treatment is coming to an end, you should politely decline the offer, briefly explain why, and help the client identify and express the feelings underlying the request.

Solution-Focused Therapy

the causes of problems are de-emphasized and the focus instead is on helping clients become "unstuck" and focus on solutions; no one right way to view things' all clients want to change but are "stuck"; clients have resources and strengths and have solutions within themselves 2) goals: shift client from "problem orientation" to "solution oriented" 3) techniques: -formulation of treatment goals -exception questions: a time when problem didn't exist -miracle question: designed to stimulate client's visualizing capacity to reach a goal -skeleton key: suggestions for unlocking solutions w/o focusing on problem -narrative (stories) and language games -formula tasks " prescriptions for change that are developed w/ the client

Crisis Counseling Groups

the conduct and content of crisis counseling groups are determined by their primary purpose--the resolution of the members' crises by means of a group process. in crisis groups, individual historical info and any feelings not associated with the members' crisis are limited in group discussions. instead, group sessions focus on the crisis identified by the group members.

Construct Validity

the degree to which a measure relates to other variables expected within a system of theoretical relationships

Problem-Solving Principles

the focus is on the person who cannot resolve a particular problem related to either relationships or the performance of role tasks. a) human living is an ongoing problem-solving process: growth and change occur as individuals face and resolve problems associated w/ normal developmental crisis b) the problem is emphasized: when client comes in for help, its assumed he's motivated to solve a specific problem and that problem should be the focus of treatment c) problem-solving relies on the use of ego functions (e.g perception, cognition, memory, impulse control, and judgement). Competence motivation: people derive pleasure not just from the release of primitive impulses but also from experiences that challenge, develop, and reward their competence d) the role of motivation, capacity, and opportunity is emphasized. deficiencies in problem-solving bailey are believed to be caused by lack of motivation, capacity, and/or opportunity to resolve problems in an appropriate way

end of a group

the group reviews its accomplishments. Feelings associated with the termination of the group are addressed.

Multiple Baseline Design

the mbd doesn't require withdrawal of treatment, but instead, involves sequentially applying a treatment either to a) different behaviors of the same client (multiple baseline across behaviors) or b) the same client in different settings (multiple baseline across settings)

Change in Systems Theory Approach

the motivations for change are changes in the individual, environment, or the interaction between the two

Empty-chair Technique

the purpose of this technique is to help a client understand his feelings toward himself or a signifiant other. in particular, this technique is useful for clarifying the issues involved in an interpersonal conflict--by gaining this clergy, a client is able to view the conflict form a different light and has insight into why he's feeling and behaving the way he is. a) place an empty chair opposite the client b)ask client to speak to the chair, explaining to it (the other person or situation) his perceptions and/or his feelings c) ask the client to sit on the chair himself (to assume the role of the other person or the situation) and respond to what was just said to the chair. client may switch back and forth during the dialogue. d) use interview skills to explore the dialogue as it develops

Catharsis

the release of tension or anxiety through reliving and intentionally examining early life, repressed, or traumatic experiences

classic organizational theories

theories that attempt to explain the workings of organizations. Major deficiency is that they attempted to explain people's motivation to work strictly as a function of economic award.

General Systems Perspective

theory concepts can be integrated into any casework approach as a way of helping a client establish and maintain a steady state, or homeostasis. -human beings are active and purposeful and have the potential to grow, adapt, and solve problems throughout their lives -individuals are open systems that continuously interact w/ other systems in their environment -presenting problem doesn't belong to just the individual client, but rather, arises from interactions among behaviors or social conditions that have produced a state of disequilibrium -improvement in treatment occurs as a result of changes in client, environment, the interaction between two or all three

Therapies based on classical conditioning

these therapies are directed primarily toward helping a client "unlearn" previously learned connections between specific stimuli and certain maladaptive behaviors

Ratio Scale of Measurement

this category of measurement is comprised of an interval scale with an absolute zero

Referral Systems: formal resource systems

those in which people hold memberships. examples include social or fraternal organizations (ex. Rotary Club), professional associations, labor unions, and coygegrations. These organizations (sometimes called "voluntary associations") are largely autonomous and are composed of local people who come together voluntarily to promote a shared interest or achieve a special purpose -often serve as a bridge between a communities informal and societal resources systems

Primary mission of the social work profession is

to enhance human well-being and help met the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.

Transference and Countertransference

transference - client's unconscious redirection of feelings for another person toward the worker in an attempt to resolve conflicts attached with that relationship or relationships countertransference - the worker's unconscious redirection of feelings for another person or relationship toward the client; use of supervision or therapy to gain greater understanding of them and not impose them on the client

Decreasing Behavior with Punishment

use of punishment involves applying or withdrawing a stimulus following a behavior in order to decrease that behavior Techniques: -overcorrection:applying a penalty following an undesirable behavior in order to eliminate it -response cost: application of a negative punishment that involves removing a specific positive reinforcer each time a negative behavior is performed -time-out reinforcement

Groups

used in direct social work for therapy or behavior change, education , recreation, socialization, mutual support, and self-help

Family Intervetions

used in substance use disorder treatment when abstinence disrupts a previously well-established maladaptive style of family interaction and family members need help adjusting to a new set of individual and familial goals, attitudes, and behaviors

Self-Instructional Training (Meichenbaum and Goodman)

used self-instructional training to help impulsive and hyperactive children perform academic and other tasks more successfully. goal is to interpolate discriminative and self-controlling thoughts between the stimulus situation and the individual's response. 5 steps 1) cognitive modeling: client observes model perform tasks while making statements out loud 2) cognitive participant modeling: client performs the task as the model verbalizes the instructions 3) overt self-instruction: client performs task while instructing himself out loud 4) fading overt self-instruction: client whispers instructions to himself while carrying out task 5) cover self-instruction: client performs task while saying instructions covertly

fact-gathering interview

used to describe the initial interview conducted; involves collecting predetermined, specific data from a client and is largely non -therapeutic: the social worker asks the client specific questions and records his answers on a face-sheet or other form.

Direct Influence Interventions

used to encourage a specific behavior in a client. examples include providing advice or info, assigning homework, and using behavioral techniques

Exploratory Study

used to explore an area of knowledge about which little is known and in order to gain familiarity with real life settings, problems, or phenomena

Reframing

used to help a client change the meaning he gives to an event, behavior, or life experience by gently persuading him that it can be viewed in a different and more positive light.

Reflective discussion

used to help a client gain, or regain, a sense of control through achieving better cognitive grasp on reality. for example, the increased understanding that results form reflective discussion makes it easier for a client to prioritize his problems and identify and weigh alternatives for resolving them

Behavioral Techniques: Behavioral Rehearsal

used to help a client learn a new behavior so that he can better cope with a specific interpersonal situation, such as a job interview. technique relies on modeling, role-playing, and coaching to provide a client with opportunities to practice the new behavior in a protected environment before trying it out in the real world.

Role-reversal

used to help clients understand the perceptions and feelings of significant others. it involves having one person (e.g a spouse, parent) take on the perspective of another person (the other spouse, the child) in an effort to better understand him or her

Social Skills Training

used to improve communication, assertiveness, problem-solving, and other socially adaptive skills

Goal Attainment Scale (GAS)

used to measure the extent to which a client has reached his goals. using GAS starts during the planning and contracting phase.

Counseling group

used to prevent and remediate problems and include members who've decision-making or mild situational problems

Needs list

useful when case planning is being performed by a multidisciplinary team or multiagency team

Ex-Post Facto Analysis

uses statistical analysis of the data to control for a given variable's effect - researcher examines relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable under a variety of conditions of a third variable

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Albert Ellis)

views behavior as a chain of events (A, B, and C) where A is the external event to which a person is exposed, B is the belief the person has about A, and Cis the emotion or behavior that results from B, and believes that the primary cause of neurosis is the continual repetition of certain common irrational beliefs -two more events, D and E, are added to ABC chain: D is therapist's attempt to alter individual's irrational beliefs and E is the alternative thoughts and beliefs resulting form D

political model

views organizational behavior in terms of a complex interaction of forces that's similar to those found n any typical political environment. in particular, individuals w/ power make their decisions based not only on what's best for the organization, but also on what's best for themselves, the competing self-interest of all those w/ power within the organization, and the interests of powerful organizations in the environment

Increasing behavior with reinforcement

while both positive and negative reinforcement are useful for increasing the frequency of a behavior, most behavioral treatments rely on positive reinforcement techniques based on positive reinforcement: -shaping: providing reinforcement only for behaviors that comes closer and closer to desired one -Premack Principle:involves using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior in order to increase the frequency of the low probability behavior -Differential reinforcement for alternative behaviors: all behaviors except target behavior are reinforced

Exploration

worker continually seeks to understand the client's view of self and situation, words and actions, maladaptive behaviors, or resistance to treatment or change

Supporting/Sustaining

worker conveys confidence in, interest in, and acceptance of client in order to decrease client's feelings of anxiety, poor self esteem and low self confidence

Direct Influence

worker offers advice, suggestions in order to influence client

Clarification

worker questions, repeats, or rephrases material client discusses -used in response to vague or unclear client message; appropriate whenever you don't understand a client's message, would like a client to be more explicit, or wish to check your understanding of a client's message

Externalizing

worker should give attention to helping members relate beyond the group

Confrontation

workers challenges client to deal with inconsistencies between her/his words and actions, maladaptive behaviors, or resistance to treatment or change

Theory x and y

x: a relatively domineering style of management; managers believe that employees dislike work and avoid it whenever possible, and as a result, must be directed and controlled y: transfers decision-making power to lower-level workers and assumes that management's task is to recognize workers' higher-order needs and to design organizations that allow them to achieve these needs

Cognitive Restructuring: Self-Instruction

you ask a client to repeat to himself several times a day and whenever he feels upset statements that are incompatible with his negative self-talk

therapeutic double-bind

you direct a client not to change in a titration where he expects you to help him change' in effect, your directive is to change by remaining the same. the client is then in a bind/trap: if he defies your directive to do nothing and begins to work toward change, he learns acquire some control over his symptom or problem, and this constitutes desired change. if he complies to your directive and doesn't attempt to change, then he acknowledges a voluntary exercise of control over his symptoms.

Cognitive Restructuring: Visualization

you have a client repeatedly imagine an event he is worried about and mentally rehearse the steps necessary to handle the event successfully.

Methods used in working with involuntary clients

-acknowledging clients' circumstances and understanding how they came about given clients' histories -listening to clients' experiences in order to try to understand how they feel about intervention -engaging in clear communication because involuntary clients struggle to understand what is happening to them -making clear what the purpose of the intervention is -assisting at an appropriate pace as progress may be slow -building trust, by consistently being honest and up-front about the situation and what a social worker is involved -giving clients practical assistance when needed to help them fight for their rights. -paying attention to what is positive in clients' behavior and celebrating achievements. -showing empathy and viewing clients as more than the problems that brought them into service

Task Centered Approach

-aims to quickly engage clients in the problem-solving process and to maximize their responsibility for treatment outcomes. -duration of treatment is usually limited -interventions from learning theory and behavior modification used to produce measurable outcomes

Psychoeducation

-allows a social worker to provide clients with information necessary to make informed decisions that will allow them to reach their goals. Also provides support and coping skills development. -with a clear understanding of the problem as well as self-knowledge of strengths, resources, and coping skills, clients are better equipped to deal with problems. -core principle: education has a role in emotional and behavioral change. Helps clients feel more in control if they understand their problem.

Problem-solving and Decision Theory

-based on social psychology and cognitive learning theory Step 1) problem is acknowledged and analyzed Step 2) sw and client negotiate explicit goals Step 3) sw and client identify all possible alternative actions for achieving the goals Step 4) sw and client determine the pros and cons of pursuing each alternative actin Step 5) sw and client evaluate pros and cons in terms of how close they'e to client's needs/goals. they then select the most promising alternative Step 6) sw and client implement selected option Step 7) sw and client evaluate the outcome

Psychosocial Approach

-draw on psychoanalytic theory and Freud -stress the importance of both internal and external factors in relation to client capacity to cope with everyday stressors -incorporates a systems approach -assumes that human beings aren't only acted on by the environment, but also capable of controlling their lives by adapting to or changing their external situation.

To facilitate empowerment, social workers should...

-establish a relationship aimed at meeting a client's needs and wishes -educate a client to improver his or her skills, thereby increasing the ability for self help -help a client to secure resources =, as well as natural support networks to meet needs -unite a client with others who are experiencing the same issues

Evaluating...

-social worker and client should gather all information and identify factors that helped or hindered progress. -goals should be modified if needed -clients should be made to understand and celebrate their accomplishments/challenges

Short Term Interventions

-used because of organizational or financial constraints -sometimes clients choose and prefer them -ex include a psychodynamic model, crisis intervention model, and cognitive-behavioral model

Change Strategies

1. Modify Systems 2. Modify Individual Thoughts 3. Modify Individual Actions 4. act as an advocate or mediator

4 steps of managing conflict

1. Recognition of an existing or potential conflict 2. an assessment of the conflict situation 3. The selection of an appropriate strategy 4. Intervention

Couples interventions

1. behavior modification: modify any dysfunctional behavior 2. insight-oriented psychotherapy: studying interaction between the two to develop a hypothesis concerning what caused certain reactions 3. Gottman method: healthy relationships are ones in which individuals know each others stressors and worries, share fondness and admiration, maintain a sense of positiveness, manage conflicts, trust one another and are committed.

Crisis Intervention and Treatment Skills and Techniques

1. brief treatment 2. present and future oriented 3. uses all psychosocial and problem solving techniques, but reorders them

Crisis Intervention Approach and How Change Occurs

1. challenging old coping patterns and a reorganization of coping skills 2. growth, which occurs as the ego develops a larger repertoire of coping skills and organizes them into a more complex pattern

assertiveness training

1. client thinks about areas in their life where they have difficulty being assertive 2. role-plays designed to help clients practice more direct forms of communicating in these areas' 3. feedback and repeating of role play

3 domains of development

1. cognitive: mental skills 2. affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas 3. psychomotor: manual or physical skills

Techniques for when conflict is escalating

1. decrease amount of time between parties in early stages of resolution 2. decrease amount of time between problem solving sessions 3. decrease the formality of problem-solving sessions 4. limiting scope of issues that can be discussed 5. using a third party mediator

Consultation

1. defining the purpose of the consultation 2. specifying the consultants role 3. clarifying the nature of the problem 4. outline the consultation process

Treatment Planning in the Psychosocial Approach

1. development of a unique treatment plan based on the client's situation 2. clients goals and their practicality, given the client's abilities, strengths, and weaknesses as well as availability of resources 3. treatment plan is directed at changing the individual, environment or the interaction between the two

Change and the Psychosocial Approach

1. development of insight and resolution of emotional conflicts 2. corrective emotional experience in relationship with the worker 3. changes in affective, cognitive, or behavioral patterns that induce changes in interpersonal relationships 4. changes in environment

Change and the Problem Solving Approach

1. disequilibrium between reality and what the client wants 2. conscious desire to achieve change 3. positive expectations based on new life possibilities 4. the strength of a supportive relationship and positive expectations of the worker

Psychosocial Approach Motivations for Change

1. disequilibrium induces anxiety and releases energy to change 2. conscious and unconscious needs and wishes 3. relationship with the worker

Phases of Treatment in the Psychosocial Approach

1. engagement/assessment 2. contracting/goal setting 3. ongoing treatment/interventions 4. termination

Phases of Treatment in Crisis Intervention Approach

1. identify events that brought on the crisis 2. promote awareness of impact of crisis, both cognitive and emotional 3. manage affect leading to tension discharge and mastery 4. seek resources in networks and community 5. identify specific tasks association with health resolution of crisis

Means in Which Change Occurs in the Problem Solving Approach

1. improved problem solving skills 2. gratification, encouragement, and support which result from improvement in the problem situation 3. repetition and practice of the problem solving method 4. insight, resolution of conflicts, and changes in feelings 5. problems resolution concerning changes in the individual, the environment, or the interaction between the two

Phases of Intervention

1. intake and engagement: begin relationship, identify and define client's concern/problem, determine client's eligibility for services 2. data collection and assessment: gather info and "study"the problem/situation, determine what needs to change, what can and how it can be changed 3. planning and contracting: w/ client, formulate goals and objectives, evaluate strategies, agree on intervention plan, and determine who'll do what and when it'll be done. 4. intervention and monitoring: carry out plan, monitor progress, and modify plan if not achieving desired results. 5. final evaluation and termination: evaluate client's overall progress, bring helping relationship to an end, and, if possible, provide feedback to agency about how its services and programs might be improved

six levels of cognition

1. knowledge 2. comprehension 3. application 4. analysis 5. synthesis 6. evaluation

role-modeling

1. live-modeling- watching a real person perform the desired behavior 2. symbolic modeling-filmed or videotaped models demonstrating the behaviors (self-modeling). 3. participant modeling- an individual models anxiety-provoking behaviors for a client then prompts the client to engage in the behavior 4. covert modeling- clients use imagination, visualizing a particular behavior as another describes the imaginary situation in detail.

Role of the Therapeutic Relationship in the Problem Solving Approach

1. mindful and continued use of supportive social work to motivate clients to engage in problem resolution 2. worker is an expert in problem-solving methodology and guides clients through steps of problem resolution 3. work is focused on practice problem solving, therefore transference/countertransference are less likely

Role of the Therapeutic Relationship in the Psychosocial Approach

1. mindful use of the relationship can motivate and create energy to change 2. corrective emotional experience 3. client and client's needs are central 4. transference dynamics should be seen and used as potential vehicles for promoting client self-understanding 5. to deal with countertransference worker should be self aware, seek supervision and consultation 6. worker should be aware that they may be perceived as more competent than the client which is disempowering to the client

Community based decision making

1. orientation: community members may meet for the first time and start to get to know each other. 2. conflict: disputes, little fights, and arguments may occur. These are eventually worked out. 3. Emergence: community members begin to see and agree on a course of action. 4. reinforcement: community members finally make a decision and justify why it was correct.

Stages of Change

1. precontemplation- denial, ignorance of the problem 2. contemplation- ambivalence, conflicted emotion 3. preparation- experimenting with small changes, collecting information about change 4. action- taking direct action toward achieving a goal 5. maintenance- maintaining a new behavior, avoiding temptation 6. relapse- feelings of frustration and failure

Views of Changes in Clients

1. psychological (psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive) 2. sphere of change (individual, couple, family, social system) 3. goal of change (personality, behavioral, social system)

Major Approaches to Social Work Practice

1. psychosocial 2. functional 3. problem-solving 4. behavior modification 5. cognitive therapy 6. crisis intervention 7. task centered and competency based treatment 8. life model (ecological treatment) 9. family therapy 10. narrative therapy 11. play therapy 12. geriatric social work 13. trauma treatment

Basic Tenets of Psychosocial Approach

1. psychosocial 2. problem solving 3. crisis intervention 4. task-centered case work 5. planned short term treatment

Treatment Planning and the Problem Solving Approach

1. psychosocial - derived from the evaluation of the problem and the client's motivation, capacity, and opportunities (MCO) 2. functional - function of an agency serves a boundary of service 3. interagency - using resources from other agencies in a network of services designed to help the client

Goals of Crisis Intervention

1. relieve the impact of stress with emotional and social resources 2. return a client to a previous level of functioning (regain equilibrium) 3. Help strengthen coping mechanisms during the crisis period 4. develop adaptive coping strategies

Assumptions about Human Behavior of the Psychosocial Approach

1. the individual always seen in the context of environment, interacting with social systems 2. conscious, unconscious, rational, and irrational motivations govern individual behavior 3. individuals can change and grow under fitting conditions throughout the life cycle

Views of Treatment Relationship

1. therapeutic relationship is the main channel for promoting change and providing support

Similarities Among Social Work Practice Approaches

1. use of relationship in some way 2. some form of assessment, treatment plan, and goal-setting 3. a means of evaluating treatment

Phases of Treatment in the Problem Solving Approach

4 Ps - "a Person [with] a Problem seeks...solution from a Place...and is offered help by a social worker whose professional Process simultaneously engages and enhances his problem-solving powers and/or supplements his problem-solving resources" 1. clearly identify the problem and the client's subjective response to it 2. select a part of the problem that has possibility for resolution, identify possible solutions, assess their achievability in light of MCO 3. engage client's ego capacities 4. determine steps/actions to be taken by worker and client to resolve or alleviate the problem 5. help client carry out problem-solving activities and determine their effectiveness 6. termination

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Made discrimination illegal, desegregated schools.

Older American Act (OAA) of 1965

Offers services to older americans.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)

added a workforce development program to welfare legislation, encouraging employment among the poor. instituted TANF.

Single-subject design

aim to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact on an individual, or on many individuals who form a group. pre-post design or single case study, most common. -frequently used in direct practice evaluation to evaluate changes in client behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs over a specified period of time.

middle of a group

almost all of the groups work occurs here. Relationships are strengthened and group leaders are usually less involved.

classic organizational theory: Weber's Bureaucratic Theory

emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure of power to ensure stability and uniformity. organizational behavior is a network of human interactions, where all behavior could be understood by looking at cause and effect.

Empowering Micro Clients

engage in a process aimed at strengthening his or her self worth by making a change in life that is based on his or her desires (self-determination).

Techniques of working with large groups

establishing a common goal, committing to consensus building, sufficient time, clear process, good facilitation and active participation.

Human Relations Theory

evolved as a reaction to the tough, authoritarian structure of classical theory. Displayed genuine concern for human needs in order to produce creativity and emphasized the importance of cohesive work groups, participatory leadership and open communication.

summative evaluation

examine the outcomes of services. occur at the end of services. ex)impact evaluation and cost-benefit analyses -identifies the factors that contributed to success/failure of intervention

formative evaluation

examine the process of delivering services. ongoing process. ex) needs assessment. -involves monitoring a planned intervention and allows you to identify when you need to modify the intervention

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)

expands access to insurance, increases protections, emphasizes prevention and wellness, improves quality and system performance, expands the health work force, and curbs rising health care costs. -passed in 2010 aka ACA or Obama Care

Education for Handicapped Children Act of 1975

guarantees a free, appropriate public education to all children with disabilities between the ages of 3-21. These students are guaranteed an IEP that should be revised annually.

Baseline measurements

measurements that describe the target behavior, attitude, or belief before intervention is applied. the measurements can be taken during assessment or planning (current baseline data) or can be based on data that's already on record (retrospective baseline data), such as a client's attendance records or previous scores on assessment instruments

wrap around services

method of coordination where multiple providers and services may overlap in some ways, but are not combined to the same degree as integrated services.

integration of services.

method of coordination where services are combined and provided simultaneously. ex) mental health and substance abuse

case management

method of coordination where the aim is linking a client to needed services. -a "procedure to plan, seek, and monitor services from different social agencies and staff on behalf of a client. -overall focus is on client's relationship to his environment

American with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974

protects the privacy of educational records

Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 (WIOA)

reauthorizes the workforce investment act of 1998 with key changes.

Modern Organizational Approach: Contingency or situational approach

recognizes that organizational systems are interrelated with their environment and that different environments require different organizational systems for effectiveness. -stable v changing environment: theory tends to hold in more stable environments, which human relations theory is more appropriate to dynamic situations -predictable v unpredictable organizational tasks: organizations w/ very predictable tasks do best w/ a highly controlled structure. those w/ less predictable tasks do better w/ a loose structure and management style certainty v uncertainty in determining organizational actions:

short-term versus long-term groups

short duration versus longer duration

beginning of a group

social worker identifies the purpose of the group and his or her role. Convene, organize and set a plan. Members are likely to remain distant or removed until they have time to develop relationships.

Contracting with Clients

work together to develop a contract (service plan/intervention), including an agreement on its implementation or the activities used to help a client attain his or her goals. Contract can be modified throughout service.