unit 3 health exam:
fruit , what does it do?
Consumption of fruit can lead to improved health and wellbeing as fruit is high in antioxidants. Antioxidants are beneficial as they fight cells becoming impaired and therefore reduce the risk of cancer.
ACTION AREAS/PRIOTITIES Cats - Creating Supportive Environments
Create supportive environments is about making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social environment that promotes health rather than detracts from it.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: QUIT create supportive environments
An example of this area targeting smoking is the support that smokers receive through Quitline e.g. the phone counselling service that provides support to those trying to overcome their addiction and change their behaviours.
Schedule fee:
Schedule fee: the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that's what Medicare pays. Doctors and private hospitals may choose to charge more than the schedule fee.
PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH:areas S- SECTORIAL
Sectorial: Involves intersectoral collaboration - recognizes the need for coordinated action between more than one organisation or group
what is the aboriginal Quitline
The Aboriginal Quitline is a culturally-sensitive, free and confidential telephone service providing customised assistance to help with people attempting to quit smoking. It is available 8am-8pm Monday - Friday.
what are the aus dietary guidelines?
The Australian Dietary Guidelines are a set of recommendations for Australians that use the best available scientific evidence to provide information on the types and amounts of foods, food groups and dietary patterns that aim to promote health and wellbeing, reduce the risk of diet-related conditions and reduce the risk of chronic disease.
aus Guide to healthy eating?
The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is a food selection model which visually represents the proportion of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day.
WHAT IS THE NDIS?
The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for Australians/ permanent residents with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
how does the NDIS ensure access?
The previous scheme was seen as 'underfunded, unfair and inefficient', which gave people with a disability little choice and no certainty of access to appropriate supports. NDIS will increase access to mainstream services, such as health, housing and education and access community services, such as sports clubs and libraries.
why was the social model developed
The social model of health recognised that there were significant improvements in health status following technological advances and the biomedical approach but observed that despite this, some members of society were still not experiencing good health.
ACTION AREAS/PRIOTITIES dead- developing [ersoanl skills
Developing personal skills is about providing people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices.
define education
Education is the process of facilitating learning and acquisition of knowledge.
emotional h and w
Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. Emotional health is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience.
PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH:areas E-EMPOWER
Empower: Empowers individuals and communities - Give people the right to access the skills, knowledge, education and resources they need to change the factors that influence their health and allow them to participate in the decisions that positively impact their health.
how does medicare ensure equity?
Equity aims to make things fair and 'level the playing field', the Medicare Safety Net and concession pricing schedules are examples of how the government is trying to ensure the financial costs are as 'fair' as possible, particularly for those people who have a high reliance on medical services.
health as a dynamic concept
Health is dynamic, meaning that it is constantly changing. This makes it hard to determine an individual's health and wellbeing completely because it can change significantly in a short space of time.
Health promotion:
Health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
disadvantages of biomedical model
It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly. t doesn't necessarily promote good health and wellbeing. Affordability
NDIS individualised plan: ( all monkeys actually reek) M-maintain informal support arrangements
Maintain informal support arrangements. This is the help that people get from their family and friends. It is support people don't pay for and is generally part of most people's lives.
STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: mediate-
Mediate - resolve conflict to produce outcomes that promote health
what requirements must u fill to be eligeobel for NDIS?
Must be aged under 65 - Meet the residency & disability requirements be an Australian citizen or hold a permanent visa • live in Australia were the NDIs is available you have a lifelong impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent • your impairment substantially reduces your ability to participate in activities unless you have help from: • Assistance from other people • You have assistance from other technology or equipment • You can't participate in social situations
HOW is medicare sustainable
Not every health service and treatment is subsidised under Medicare. Medicare only covers those treatments that are deemed to be 'medically necessary'. For example, cosmetic procedures are generally not covered. This helps keep the costs of the scheme under control and sustainable for the future.
how does the PBS promote sustainability?
Not every medication is listed on the PBS. Only those that are seen to have a benefit to a wide range of the community are subsidised by the scheme; it is not financially sustainable to have every medication subsidised.
what is nutrition Australia
Nutrition Australia is a non-government, non-profit, community based-organisation founded in 1979. They aim to be the leading provider of nutrition education, with the goal of reducing the incidence of food-related lifestyle diseases and promoting optimal health amongst the Australian community.
define old public health:
Old public health government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.
physical h and w
Physical health relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks. Physical health is supported by factors such as regular physical activity,
how does PHI ensure access ?
Private health insurance enables people to have greater access to health care services that are not covered by Medicare. These are often deemed 'extras' and depending on a person's policy they may be covered for services such as dental, chiropractic, physiotherapy and alternative therapies.
define private health insurance
Private health insurance is an optional additional health insurance which provides people with coverage for health services not covered by Medicare. Private health insurance requires consumers to pay a fee, also known as an insurance premium.
fibre ? what does it do
Provides satiety which makes you feel fuller. This can decrease the amount of snacking on energy dense foods which are linked to obesity. Fibre assists in clearing out LDL. which can decrease risk of cardiovascular disease.
incentives for PHI: medicare levy surcharge?
Those who earn over a set amount but do not have PHI must pay an extra 1-1.5% of their taxable income to Medicare (based on income, means tested)
define medicare
Universal compulsory healthcare scheme which provides free or subsidized healthcare available for Australians, permanent residents and those from countries under reciprocal agreement.
What is the safety net
What is the safety net: a process in place for those who have a lot of medical expenses and reach a certain amount out of pocket in medical fees then for the rest of the year they will receive 85% of all medical costs back.
incentives for PHI: what is life time health cover
When taking out PHI, those aged over 30 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over 30 when they take out the policy - Maximum loading of 70%
self assessed HS
a measure based on a person's own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.
HALE
a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
burden of disease
a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called DALY.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: aboriginal QUIT d-
the aboriginal Quitline reflects developing personal skills by provide callers with information on different quitting methods and products, and written and other resources. They emphasize the benefits of quitting to callers so that they are educated on their journey.
Define public health
the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health and wellbeing and prevent illness.
under consumption of vegetables?
under consumption of vegetables increases risk of colorectal cancer. Bulk to faeces helping to eliminate waste and clear digestive tract efficiently.
how does PHI ensure equity ?
• Under the private health insurance rebate, people who earn a lower income will be entitled to a greater rebate on the cost of their premium. The rebate varies from depending on an individual's income; the less you earn, the more your rebate.
define medicare levy
2% taxable income paid by those who earn above the threshold.
PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH:areas A-ADDRESSES
A - Addresses: Addresses the broader determinants of health - acknowledges health is determined by a broad range or social, environmental & economic factors & not just biomedical risk factors e.g. gender, location, SES etc.
define disease
A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms ,dysfunction or tissue damage.
NDIS individualised plan: ( all monkeys actually reek) A-Access community services and supports.
Access community services and supports. These are activities and services available to everyone in a community, such as sports clubs, community groups, libraries or charities. Many individuals wish to be socially connected by accessing services and supports within the community
NDIS individualised plan: ( all monkeys actually reek) A-Access mainstream services and supports.
Access mainstream services and supports. These are the services available for all Australians from people like doctors or teachers through the health and education systems. It also covers areas like public housing & the justice and aged care systems, providing support and information
PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH: areas A- ACCESS
Access: • Acts to enable access to healthcare - Address the social and environmental barriers that may restrict someone's ability to access healthcare, such as location, income. Recognizes that healthcare services should be affordable and available according to people's needs.
why is it called the quick. fix solution , the biomedical model
Addressing the reasons for illness are not at the centre of the biomedical model; the condition itself is the focus, and treatments are considered the solution to the disease. As a result, education on the behavioural and sociocultural factors that can improve health status are generally excluded
public health actions name 3 ....
An outbreak of the bubonic plague in 1900 triggered the introduction of strict quarantine laws which are still in place in Australia to protect the population from outbreaks of diseases in other countries. During World War I, the Commonwealth Government provided funding to the states for tuberculosis and venereal disease campaigns to address the high level of mortality and morbidity from these diseases - By 1937 there were over 200 infant welfare centres operating in Victoria. These measures — along with regulations that resulted in better quality milk, an increase in breast feeding rates and reduced fertility rates
define illness
Asubjectiveconceptrelatedtopersonalexperienceofadisease
define biomedical model of health
Biomedical model of health focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
diabetes define
Body does not produce or have effective insulin to regulate blood glucose.
ACTION AREAS/PRIOTITIES Bad - Building Healthy Public Policy
Building healthy public policy refers to laws and policies made by government and organisations that affect the health of individuals.
what is the PBS ?
Federal government initiative that aims to make essential medicines available through subsidising a range of prescription medications at affordable prices. It is available for Australian citizens and those under the reciprocal agreement.
health as a subjective concept
Health and wellbeing is a subjective concept as all individuals may have a different perspective on what optimal health is for themselves.
improvements reasons for change in HS
INVENTION OF VACCINES: With the invention of vaccines, many infectious diseases now had a treatment; in the 1930's, Australia began the first mass vaccine program THE SHIFT TO HEALTH PROMOTION: The emergence of the lifestyle diseases during the 1950s and 60s saw a shift towards the implementation of publicly funded health promotion campaigns. DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS: Advances in medical technology that occurred following World War II saw the discovery of antibiotics. This contributed to a further reduction in death rates from infectious diseases such as pneumonia
sustainability meaning in relation to HC?
In relation to the Australian health care system, sustainability refers to the ability to continue to effectively fund the systems to allow Australians to experience good health.
define income
Income refers to money received on a regular basis through work or through investments.
advantages of biomedical model
It creates advances in technology and research. It enables many common problems to be effectively treated. It extends life expectancy.
aus initiative: what is quit?
Quit Victoria is a program established in 1985 that has become a joint collaboration with VicHealth, Cancer Council and The Heart Foundation in efforts to reduce the rates of smoking in Australia. Quit includes initiatives such as my QuitBuddy, an app which allows users to set goals for quitting, reach out to other members of the community via forums and read/record motivational messages. The program also advises the government of antismoking laws which could be introduced to reduce the rates of smoking and create a more supportive environment for those quitting.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: QUIT develop personal skills
Quit develops personal skills by providing information regarding tobacco smoking and the benefits associated with not smoking. This is achieved through a mass advertising campaign and via downloadable information on its website.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: QUIT reorinatating health services:
Quit provides a free online learning training program for health professionals which assists in reorienting health services. Quit Victoria's Smoking Cessation courses provide health professionals with knowledge and skills relating to assisting smokers to quit.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: QUIT building healthy public policy:
Quit provides advice to the state government to implement healthy public policies. Examples of policies include laws relating to smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, the display of cigarettes in retail outlets,
PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH: areas R- reduce
R - Reduce: Acts to reduce social inequities - Reduce the barriers that may prevent people from experiencing good health such as income, race, gender, SES, location etc. - Aim to 'level the playing field'.
NDIS individualised plan: ( all monkeys actually reek) R- receive reasonable and necessary funded supports.
Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports. The NDIS can pay for supports that are reasonable and necessary. This means they are related to a person's disability & are required for them to live an ordinary life & achieve their goals. Funding is provided for assistive technology such as a mobility cane, nonslip bathmat, talking watch
incentives for PHI: what is PHI rebate
Receive rebate from government to help cover the cost of premiums - Designed to increase affordability and incentives of private health insurance
define social model of health or new public health
Social model of health is an approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences (social, cultural, economic & environmental) on health rather than disease and injury itself. The social model of health encompasses five key principles.
spiritual h and w
Spiritual health and wellbeing Spiritual health is not material in nature, but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. Spiritual health includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.
ACTION AREAS/PRIOTITIES smell- strengthen community action
Strengthen community action refers to involving many different groups within the community to work towards a common goal of improving health.
how has smoking in relation to health promotion been successful? 3 things
Successfully taxing cigarettes: Increased taxation on tobacco and the resulting higher price of tobacco is associated with the lower prevalence of smoking among all population groups. Implementation of laws: Laws banning smoking in pubs and clubs have been shown to have a bigger impact on lower SES populations. Targeting specific disadvantaged groups: Due to increased health promotion in aboriginal communities evidence shows that smoking rates have decreased 9% between 2002-2015 in indigenous communities.
how does the NDIS ensure sustainability
The NDIS replaced the disability care and support system, which was responsible for providing employment services for people with a disability. The NDIS, however is a unified national scheme to fund long term, high quality care and support for all Australians who experience significant disability. From July 1 2014 the Medicare Levy was raised by 0.5% to help fund the NDIS. This raised approximately $3.5 billion dollars, although the annual yearly cost of the scheme once fully rolled out is expected to be approximately $22 billion.
how does the PBS promote EQUITY?
The PBS Safety Net and concession pricing schedules are examples of how the government is trying to ensure the financial costs are as 'fair' as possible. By reducing the cost of medications to those earning a low income or on a pension, it aims to ensure all people can improve their health, regardless of their income.
how does the PBS promote access?
The PBS aims to remove one of the key barriers, income, that can have a significant impact on health, by significantly subsidising the cost of common medications.
how does PHI ensure sustainability ?
The Private Health insurance assists in ensuring the sustainability of the public health care system, as it places less strain on the public system. In June 2016, 47% of Australians had private health insurance cover in terms of a policy covering hospital treatment. When there is less people accessing the public health care system, people can then be treated sooner which results in faster improvements in health and wellbeing.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: QUIT strengthen community action:
The Quitnow website strengthens community action by providing links to the Quit organisation in each state and territory. It allows community members to share their experiences in forums online to motivate each other and communicate with others trying to quit.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: aboriginal QUIT b-
The aboriginal Quitline reflects building public policy as it is influenced by government laws and the state governments are influential in recommending this service to those trying to quit.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: aboriginal QUIT c-
The aboriginal Quitline reflects creating supportive environments by providing a free, accessible service with a Quit Specialist who has the experience necessary to provide a culturally safe environment for the caller.
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: aboriginal QUIT s-
The aboriginal Quitline reflects strengthening community action by linking callers up with local support groups if requested. This can provide them with an opportunity to share their experiences with other people going through the same thing.
how does medicare ensure access ?
The aim of Medicare is to ensure all Australians are able to access essential health care at an affordable price. ● Medicare aims to remove one of the key barriers; income, which can have a significant impact on health, by significantly subsidising the cost of health care treatments.
how does the NDIS ensure equity?
The aim of the NDIS is to ensure that those people in the community with a disability, and their carers, who need support are able to access the support they need. The NDIS is also one of the only schemes that isn't income tested and therefore it provides fair access to all people who are eligible
aim of new public health?
The aim of the new public health is to prevent illness, disease and injury from occurring by modifying the risk factors.
key focus of biomedical model + examples the model
The biomedical approach concentrates on disease, illness or disability, and works to return a person to a pre-illness state of health and wellbeing. Discovery of antibiotics - Creation of vaccines - Invention of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
healthy eating pyramid?
The healthy eating pyramid is a simple visual guide to the types and proportion of foods that individuals should eat every day for good health. It is based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines and ranks the five core food groups and healthy fats, according to how much they contribute to a balanced diet.
define new public health
The new public health approach identifies that there are a number of physical, environmental and socio-cultural factors that can impact on health. New public health is about health promotion and is focused at the population level, as opposed to the individual.
smoking define
The practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the blood stream.
define biological factors
actors relating to the body and the functioning of the body systems such as body weight, blood pressure, genetics etc.
STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: advocate-
advocate -actions that seek to gain support to make changes to improve health determinants for everyone
define stable ecosystem:
an environment with an ecosystem and species that coexist in balance.
define food
any nutritious substance that people or humans eat or drink.
define sociocultural factors
aspects of society and the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
what does salt do?
excessive salt consumption can increase blood pressure as it causes fluid retention in the blood and puts strain on heart, therefore increasing risk of cardiovascular disease.
define medicare levy surcharge
extra 1-1.5% of taxable income for high income earners without private health insurance (income means tested) - to encourage individuals to take out private health insurance reduce the demand on the public health care system
define environmental factors
factors influencing an individual's physical surroundings that relate to where we live, work and play.
anemia define
here is not enough hemoglobin in the body to provide oxygen to the cells. A diet high in iron will act as a protective factor as Iron is an essential element for blood production and is found in the red blood cells of your blood known as hemoglobin. Another protective factor is vitamin c as this aids in the absorption of iron.
why do we need iron?
iron is required for the transportation of oxygen in the blood as it is a major component of haemoglobin. Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia associated with dizziness and fatigue.
STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: enable-
nsuring equal resources (education, employment) and opportunities are available to all people to allow them to achieve equal health
social h and w
ocial health relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It also includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of the society.
patient co-payments:
patient co-payments: the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government
food security define
people can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food through non-emergency sources.
define sustainable resources
refers to ensuring that resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations so that they can experience a good quality of life.
ACTION AREAS/PRIOTITIES rats - reorientation health services
reorienting health services is about shifting the health system towards prevention, as opposed to focusing on cure. Reorienting health services is moving from the biomedical model to a health promotion focus.
1900'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH: R I C C I
respiratory diseases infectious and parasitic diseases cardiovascular diseases cancer injury and poisoning
define genre taxation in relation to medicare
revenue collected from Medicare Levy/ surcharge not enough to cover the full operating costs of Medicare so money from general tax is also contributed
OTTOWA ACTION AREAS: aboriginal QUIT r-
the aboriginal Quitline assists in reorienting health services by providing callers with a plan for quitting that is tailored to their individual needs, this can be used in conjunction with doctors and GP's to support the quitter's journey.
