Unit 3 lab
Calculate the FVC (a.k.a. VC) of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: RV = 1000 ml, IRV = 3000 ml, TV = 500 ml, ERV = 1500 ml.
5000 ml
first degree heart block
The ECG tracing labeled A (on the top) represents was recorded from a normal healthy individual. What condition best describes the patient from whom the ECG tracing labeled B (on the bottom) was recorded?
second degree heart block
The ECG tracing labeled A (on the top) represents was recorded from a normal healthy individual. What condition best describes the patient from whom the ECG tracing labeled B (on the bottom) was recorded?
Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential?
The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential.
The structure in the heart's conducing system that transmits the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles (through the cardiac skeleton) is called the
atrioventricular bundle (a.k.a. bundle of His)
The structure in the heart's conducting system that slows the electrical signal so the ventricles have time to fill before they contract is called the
atrioventricular node (a.ka. AV node)
What drug might you administer to a frog (or human) if you need to increase cardiac output without affecting stroke volume?
atropine
The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following?
autorhythmicity
What drug might you administer to a frog (or human) if you need to increase cardiac output by increasing heart rate and stroke volume?
epinephrine
The SA node in the human heart is located ........
in the right atrium.
Applying a positive chronotrope to a frog heart:
increase heart rate
In PhysioEx: Exercise 5 - Activity 7, decreasing the radius of the tube between the pump and the beaker on the right simulated which type of resistance change?
increased afterload
Based on the material we covered for our frog heart lab, which of the following best describes what happens when nicotine is applied to the cervical ganglia of a frog heart? (In other words, a pipette is used to drip a nicotine solution onto the cervical ganglia of the frog heart. Recall the the cervical ganglia are modified sympathetic chain ganglia containing neurons that innervate the heart.)
increases both heart rate and stroke volume
The usual pacemaker of the heart....
is the sinoatrial node
Based on the material we covered for our frog heart lab, which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine on the heart?
it is a positive chronotrope and positive inotrope
Blood pressure is measured in ___________.
mm Hg
Which Biopac measurement would allow you to measure the amplitude (loudness) of a heart sound?
p-p
Excessive input to the heart from which division of the ANS can stop the heart?
parasympathetic
Input from which divsion of the ANS reaches the heart via the vagus nerve?
parasympathetic
Input to the heart from which division of the ANS causes heart rate to decrease?
parasympathetic
Which divsion of the ANS has more control over heart rate when the body is resting?
parasympathetic
Which drug or substance would be most likely to cause bradycardia?
pilocarpine
Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the...
plateau phase
The condition in which air from the atmosphere enters the pleural cavity* and increases the intrapleural pressure is called
pneumothorax
Starting just before a person exhales, select the correct order of events that occur as "respiratory pump" helps move blood back to the heart through the abdominal cavity against gravity. (Hint: read all of the options before beginning to answer this question.)
1. when a person exhales the abdominal cavity expands and the thoracic cavity is compressed. 2. Blood pressure in the IVC is decreased. 3. Blood flows from the lower limbs pelvic cavity into IVC in the pelvic cavity. 4. When a person inhales the thoracic cavity expands and the abdominal cavity is compressed. 5. Blood pressure in the IVC is increased. 6. Blood flows from the IVC in the abdominal cavity to the right atrium.
Calculate the ERV of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: TLC = 6000 ml, FVC (a.k.a. VC) = 4800 ml, RV = 1200 ml, IRV = 2900 ml, TV = 500 ml.
1400 ml
What is the minute ventilation (also called minute respiratory volume or total pulmonary ventilation) of a patient whose tidal volume is 510 ml / breath and whose ventilation rate is 11 breaths / minute?
5.61 L/min
120 mm Hg
Assume you are using the device below to measure a patient's blood pressure. If you hear the sounds of turbulent blood flow in your stethoscope as the needle on the pressure gauge falls from 160 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg, which of the following is closest to the patient's mean arterial pressure?
aortic valve insufficency
Assume you place the bell of your stethoscope at location A and hear the sound of the turbulent blood flow between "dub" of one heartbeat and the "lub" of the next heartbeat (i.e. you hear turbulent blood flow between S2 and S1 of the next cardiac cycle ). What valve defect is mostly like to have caused this heart murmur?
C
At which of the following locations would you listen if you suspected your patient had tricuspid valve stenosis?
60 mL
Based on the diagram below, what is this patient's stroke volume? Hint: make sure you use the numbers from the diagram in this figure.
5.4 L / min
Based on the diagram below, which of the following options is closest to this patient's cardiac output? Hint: make sure you use the numbers from the diagram in this figure.
In PhysioEx: Exercise 7 - Activity 2, what happened to the residual volume (RV) for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient?
In increased for both patients.
mitral; closes
In the diagram below, the ________ valve _________ at point C.
Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?
Surface tension acts to increase the size of the alveoli within the lungs.
We have discussed several changes that affect resistance to the flow of a fluid (e.g. blood or air) through a hollow tube in the body (e.g. a blood vessel or a branch of the conducting airway). Select all changes below that are likely to increase the resistance to the flow of a fluid through a hollow tube. Note: You can choose none, some, or all of the options below.
Increased length of the hollow tube Increased viscosity of the fluid Decreased radius of the hollow tube
Which of the following statements about Korotkoff sounds are true? (Select all that apply.)
Korotkoff sounds occur when the pressure applied to an artery is between a person's systolic pressure and their diastolic pressure. Korotkoff sounds are most often measured in the brachial artery. Kortokoff sounds are rhythmic sounds heard (using a stethoscope) in an artery that is being compressed by a blood pressure cuff.
Which time intervals decrease significantly when a person is engaged in strenuous physical activity? (Select all options that apply.)
R --> R (the time between the peak of the R-wave of one cardiac cycle and the peak of the R-wave of the next cardiac cycle) S2 --> S1 (the time between the second heart sound of one cardiac cycle and the first heart sound of the next cardiac cycle)
Which time time interval most closely corresponds to ventricular systole?
S1 --> S2 (the time between the first heart sound and the second heart sound)
PR segment; AV node
The portion of the ECG tracing shown below indicated by the letter A is best described as the __________ and during this portion of the ECG tracing, the electrical signal is spreading through the ____________.
In some cases, when the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by decreased blood pressure, it can also cause increased ventilation (i.e. more rapid and / or deeper breaths). What are some possible advantages of increased ventilation when blood pressure is low? (Select all options that apply.)
The respiratory pump will help return blood to the heart more rapidly. The amount of oxygen in the blood could be increased and the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood could be decreased.
Which of the following statements about erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is false?
To measure ESR, Ca2+ must be added to the blood so that it will clot in the narrow sedimentation tubes.
ventricular repolarization
What electrical event is occurring in the heart during the portion of the ECG tracing shown below indicated by the letter B?
sphygmomanometer
What is the correct name for the device pictured below?
it prevents blood from flowing from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole
What is the function of the valve indicated by the letter B? In other words, why do we need to have the structure indicated by the letter B in our heart and why would our heart not work properly if this structure were removed?
ventricular systole
What part of the cardiac cycle is occurring during the portion of the ECG tracing shown below indicated by the letter B?
Which of the following can affect the measurement of a patient's blood pressure? (Select all that apply.)
Whether the patient is taking medications or other drugs. Whether he patient has recently engaged in physical activity. Whether the patient is seated or prone Whether he patient is nervous
Blood is moving from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Which of the following best describes the movement of blood between the times that correspond to points A and B in the diagram below.
1.5 liters
Which of the following options is closest to the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) of the individual from whom this spirogram was recorded?
8 L / min
Which of the following options is closest to the minute respiratory volume (MRV) of the individual from whom this spirogram was recorded? (Note that the MRV is sometimes also called the "total pulmonary ventilation".)
1.0 liters
Which of the following options is closest to the residual volume of the individual from whom this spirogram was recorded? (Note that each unlabeled tic mark on the y-axis corresponds to increments of 0.25 liters)
2.75 liters
Which of the following options is closest to the vital capacity of the individual from whom this spirogram was recorded? (Note that each unlabeled tic mark on the y-axis corresponds to increments of 0.25 liters)
The amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with the more frequent stimulation because
a new contraction could not begin until the relaxation phase.
The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has......
a single, fused ventricle
Expiration that occurs when someone expires their ERV (e.g. during the vital capacity maneuver) is caused by the ________.(Select all that apply.)
abdominal muscles internal intercostals
An extrasystole corresponds to.....
an extra ventricular contraction
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may be elevated (increased) in all of the following conditions except:
angina pectoris (chest pain without heart attack)
Based on what you have learned in PhysioEx: Exercise 5, which condition(s) could increase afterload in a patient? (Select all that apply.)
aortic valve stenosis atherosclerosis
______ is a obstructive lung disease and patients with this disease would most notably exhibit a decreased ________.
asthma; FEV1
( continued from previous question) This, in turn, may cause a second condition called------------, in which the lung actually collapses.
atelectasis
Increasing which of the following can ensure that enough blood will continue to move from the heart out to the the tissues even if the arteries become narrower as a result of atherosclerosis?
blood pressure
The volume of blood pumped by a chamber of the heart per minute is called the ___________.
cardiac output
Applying a parasympathetic agonist to a frog heart:
decrease heart rate
Applying a sympathetic antagonist to a frog heart:
decrease heart rate and stroke volume
Applying a negative inotrope to a frog heart:
decrease stroke volume
The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart is to
decrease the heart rate.
Applying cold Ringer's solution to a frog heart:
decreases heart rate and stroke volume
Which of the following drugs increases the calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) in contractile myocardial cells by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATP-ase and therefore inhibiting the NCX anti-porter in these cells?
digitalis
During which portion of the cardiac muscle is it possible to induce an extrasystol?
during relaxation
_____________ is an example of a restrictive lung disease and patients with this disease would most like exhibit decreased ___________.
pulmonary fibrosis; vital capacity
For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to ______.
reduce the airway resistance
The vagus nerve carries.....
signals that decrease the heart rate.
The structure in the heart's conducting system that normally sets the heart rate is called the
sinoatrial node (a.k.a. SA node)
What is the term for the condition in which a heart valve thickens and the heart works to push blood through a smaller than normal space?
stenosis
Extreme vagus nerve stimulation affects the heart by........
stopping the heart completely
Input to the heart from which division of the ANS can cause vagal escape if the haert has stopped?
sympathetic
Input to the heart from which division of the ANS causes heart rate to increase?
sympathetic
Which divsion of the ANS has more control over heart rate during exercise?
sympathetic
Vagal escape probably involves.....
sympathetic reflexes
Hypertension is the condition in which a patient consistently has __________. (What was previously been referred to as "hypertension" has recently been defined more precisely as "stage 2 hypertension". This (stage 2 hypertension) is the type of hypertension about which this question is asking.)
systolic pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg - OR - diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg
Assume you measure a patient's blood pressure to be 108/62. Match each variable to its correct value: (The numbers below may be rounded to to the nearest whole number.)
systolic pressure: 108 mm Hg diastolic pressure: 62 mm Hg pulse pressure: 46 mm Hg mean arterial pressure: 77 mm Hg
Assume you measure a patient's blood pressure to be 190/100. Match each variable to its correct value: (The numbers below may be rounded to to the nearest whole number.)
systolic pressure: 190 mm Hg diastolic pressure: 100 mm Hg pulse pressure: 90 mm Hg mean arterial pressure: 130 mm Hg
Recall that in PhysioEx Exercise 6, a hook was inserted through the apex of the frog's heart so that the frog's heart pulled on the hook when the heart contracted. In these experiments, the heart does not experience tetanus because
the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle cells is very long.
Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring:
the amount (volume) of their VC that is expired during the first second of the FVC test (a.k.a. the vital capacity maneuver)..
Which part of the respiratory system plays a role similar to the role played by the heart in the cardiovascular system?
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
It is important that the heart not does not experience tetanus because
the heart must relax so the ventricles can fill with the volume of blood that will be pumped into arteries during the next heartbeat.
Which of the following do you think contribute to the inability of cardiac muscle to be tetanized?
the long refractory period of the cardiac action potential.
Absence of neural and hormone influences , the SA node generates action potentials up to 100 times per minute. At rest, heart rate is around 70 bpm which.........
the parasympathetic nervous system has more control over heart rate.
Which of the following statements about contractile activity is true?
the smaller waves represent the contraction of the atria.
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is.......
the sympathetic branch
Given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cannot reach tetanus?
the ventricles must contract and relax fully with each beat to pump blood.
Recall that in PhysioEx Exercise 6, a hook was inserted through the apex of the frog's heart so that the frog's heart pulled on the hook when the heart contracted. In these activities,
time was plotted on the x-axis. tension (force) was plotted on the y-axis.
The response that resumed the heart beat after the vagus nerve stimulation is called.........
vagal escape
Parasympathetic stimulation reaches the heart through.....
vagus nerves, which are cranial nerves.
