Unit 3 (Texas History)
"halfers" or "croppers"
1. 2. 3.
"petticoat lobby"
1. 2. 3.
Baileyism
1. 2. 3.
Col. E. M. House
1. 2. 3.
Jim Wel
1. 2. 3.
Kathy Whitmire
1. 2. 3.
Leonard Slye
1. 2. 3.
Thurgood Marshall
1. 2. 3.
Wildcatter
1. 2. 3.
la pizca
1. 2. 3.
"greaser"
1. 2. 3.
Hurricane of 1900
1. September 8th, 1900 Galveston. Damage in Mississippi and Louisiana 2. The Great Galveston Hurricane was a Category 4 storm, with winds of up to 145 mph 3.The hurricane appears to have started as an atmospheric trough from West Africa, causing unsettled weather in the Caribbean, and emerging into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm on September 5.
Destiny's Child
1. founder of studio by William Russell "Bill" Quinn 2. done by SugarHill Recording Studios 3. artist found in 1996 by RAD (rename of studio)
Texas State Federation of Labor
1.After several attempts in the 1890s to form a statewide organization, including an 1898 convention, the Texas State Federation of Labor officially organized in January 1900 at Cleburne, where some twenty-three delegates represented 8,475 union members from seven cities. 2.Throughout its history, the chief function of the TSFL had been legislative activity. 3.The federation attempted to propel affiliated locals and city trades assemblies to coordinate their goals into a common legislative program before attempting the formidable task of mobilizing public and legislative opinion. By the late 1940s the federation became openly involved in Texas politics; in 1948 it supported Roger Evans for governor and Coke Stevenson rather than Lyndon B. Johnson in the senatorial primary.
Allan Shivers
1.Allan Shivers, governor of Texas, was born on October 5, 1907, in Lufkin, Texas, the son of Robert Andrew and Easter (Creasy) Shivers, and spent his early childhood at Magnolia Hills, the family home near Woodville. 2.By the age of thirteen he was "doing a man's job" after school and during the summer at a nearby sawmill. 3.When his father moved to Port Arthur, Shivers completed his secondary schooling, graduating from Port Arthur High School in 1924.
Annie Webb Blanton
1.Annie Webb Blanton, teacher, suffragist, and the first woman in Texas elected to statewide office. 2.Annie Blanton attended school in Houston and La Grange. 3.From 1901 to 1918 Blanton served on the English faculty of North Texas State Normal College (now the University of North Texas) in Denton, where she became active in the Texas State Teachers Association.
Barbara Jordan
1.Barbara Jordan, politician and educator, was born in Houston, Texas, on February 21, 1936, the youngest of three daughters of Benjamin and Arlyne (Patten) Jordan. 2.She gained national prominence for her role in the 1974 Watergate hearings as a member of the House Judiciary Committee when she delivered what many considered to be the best speech of the hearings. 3.Among her many honors were induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1990 and a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994.
Buddy Holly
1.Buddy Holly, rock-and-roll pioneer, was born Charles Hardin Holley on September 7, 1936, in Lubbock, Texas. 2.He was the youngest of four children of Lawrence and Ella (Drake) Holley. 3.In fall 1953 Holly, Montgomery, and bass player Larry Welborn earned a regular spot on Lubbock radio station KDAV's Sunday Party program.
NAACP
1.By organizing and financing landmark civil-rights lawsuits, the NAACP in Texas became an important component of the national organization. 2.The state's African Americans, who included a significant number of well-educated, urban professionals, had the financial resources and organizational talent to press for racial equality through litigation. 3.As part of a national trend, Texas NAACP memberships increased dramatically during the World War I era.
Admiral Chester Nimitz
1.Chester William Nimitz, who guided Allied forces to victory in the Pacific in World War II, was born in Fredericksburg, Texas, on February 24, 1885, the son of Chester Bernard and Anna (Henke) Nimitz. 2.During his early years his grandfather Charles H. Nimitz, a German immigrant, former seaman, and owner of the Nimitz Hotel, served as the father figure whom Nimitz credited with shaping his character and values. 3.On learning that no such appointment was immediately available, he applied for the United States Naval Academy instead.
"Dad" Joiner
1.Columbus Marion (Dad) Joiner, oilman, the son of James and Lucy Joiner, was born near Center Star, Lauderdale County, Alabama, on March 12, 1860. 2.He began a law practice in Tennessee in 1883 and was a member of the legislature of that state from 1889 to 1891. 3.He moved to Oklahoma in 1897, where he made and lost two fortunes in oil before moving to Texas in 1926.
Dan Morales
1.Dan Morales became the first Hispanic attorney general in Texas in 1990, and William J. Clinton appointed Henry Cisneros secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2. 3.
Dolph Briscoe
1.Dolph Briscoe, Jr. was an American rancher and businessman who was the 41st Governor of Texas between 1973 and 1979. He was a member of the Democratic Party. 2.Because of his re-election following an amendment to the Texas Constitution doubling the Governor's term to four years, Briscoe became both the last governor to serve a two-year term and the first to serve a four-year term. 3.He is recognized as having been one of the leading citizens of the state and a benevolent supporter of many civic, cultural, and educational institutions in Texas and the nation.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
1.Dwight David Eisenhower, general of the army and thirty-fourth president of the United States, was born in Denison, Texas, on October 14, 1890, to David J. and Ida (Stover) Eisenhower. 2.Shortly after his birth the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, from where Eisenhower was appointed to the United States Military Academy, West Point, in July 1911. 3.Eisenhower's military career had an auspicious beginning when, during World War I, he commanded a heavy tank brigade at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.
Humble Oil Company (Exxon)
1.Exxon Company, U.S.A., a division of Exxon Corporation, manages the corporation's oil and gas interests in the United States. 2.Exxon U.S.A. traces its descent from the Humble Oil Company, which was chartered in Texas in February 1911 with a capital of $150,000 (raised to $300,000 in 1912). 3.The company was reorganized in 1917 and incorporated on June 21 as the Humble Oil and Refining Company with a capitalization of $1 million based on 40,000 shares at $100 par value.
Mildred "Ma" Ferguson
1.Ferguson was born Miriam Amanda Wallace in Bell County, Texas 2.When she was 24, she married James Edward Ferguson, who was then a lawyer. 3.She got her nickname "Ma" partly from her initials "M. A.", and also because her husband was known as "Pa" Ferguson
Fort Worth ("Cowtown")
1.Fort Worth is on Interstate highways 35W, 20, and 30 and the Clear Fork of the Trinity River in central Tarrant County. 2.In January 1849 United States Army General William Jenkins Worth, hero of the Mexican War, proposed a line of ten forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. 3.Upon the death of Worth, Gen. William S. Harney assumed the command and ordered Maj. Ripley S. Arnoldqv to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork.
Howard Hughes
1.Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was an American entrepreneur, known during his life as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. 2.One of the world's wealthiest men, Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was a Hollywood filmmaker, record-setting aviator and business mogul who once owned a big chunk of Las Vegas and controlled a major U.S. airline (TWA), among other ventures. 3.Later in life, however, he became an eccentric recluse who feared germs and shunned personal hygiene.
Prairie View A and M
1.In 1876 the Fifteenth Texas Legislature, in compliance with the federal Morrill Land-Grant College Act, which provided public lands for the establishment of colleges, authorized an "Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Benefit of Colored Youth" as part of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University). 2.Governor O. M. Roberts, A&M board chairman, suggested closing the college in 1879 because of the lack of patronage. 3.The A&M board met at Hempstead in August 1879, established thirteen elementary and secondary subjects, and founded the coeducational institution.
Corsicana
1.It was established in 1848 to serve as the county seat of newly-established Navarro County. 2.José Antonio Navarro, a hero of the Texas Revolution after whom the county was named, was given the honor of naming the new town; he suggested Corsicana after the island of Corsica, the birthplace of his parents 3.Women's groups have had a strong role throughout the history of the city, with one of the earliest efforts being the establishment of the Corsicana Female Literary Institute, a school which operated from 1857 through 1870.
Pa" Ferguson
1.James Edward (Pa) Ferguson, Texas governor, son of James Edward and Fannie (Fitzpatrick) Ferguson, was born on August 31, 1871, near Salado, Bell County, Texas. 2.He entered Salado College, a local preparatory school, at age twelve but was eventually expelled for disobedience. 3.Throughout his years in banking he took an active interest in county and local politics.
Robertson Insurance Law of 1907
1.James Harvey Robertson, attorney, politician, and judge, son of J. R. and Mary (Hunt) Robertson, was born in Roane County, Tennessee, on May 2, 1853. 2.He followed his brother, John W. Robertson, to Austin, Texas, in June 1874 and was admitted to the bar in 1875. 3.He married Susie Marsh Townsend of Austin; they had six children. In September 1876 Robertson established a law practice at Round Rock, and in 1882 he represented Williamson County in the House of the Eighteenth Legislature.
James S. Hogg
1.James Stephen Hogg, the first native governor of Texas, was born near Rusk on March 24, 1851, the son of Lucanda (McMath) and Joseph Lewis Hogg. 2.He attended McKnight School and had private tutoring at home until the Civil War. 3.While helping the sheriff at Quitman, Hogg earned the enmity of a group of outlaws, who lured him over the county line, ambushed him, and shot him in the back.
Janis Joplin
1.Janis Lyn Joplin, blues and rock singer, daughter of Seth Ward and Dorothy (East) Joplin, was born on January 19, 1943, in Port Arthur, Texas. 2.She grew up in a respectable middle-class home; her father was an engineer and her mother a Sunday school teacher. 3.In her junior year she found acceptance in a small group of Jefferson High beatniks who read Jack Kerouac and roamed the nightspots from Port Arthur to New Orleans, thus mining one of the motherlodes of American ethnic music.
James Nance Garner
1.John Nance (Cactus Jack) Garner, the thirty-second vice president of the United States, the first of thirteen children of John Nance and Sarah (Guest) Garner, was born on November 22, 1868, in a log cabin near Detroit, Texas. 2.He went to school at Bogata and Blossom Prairie. 3.At eighteen he went to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he stayed only one semester, possibly because of ill health.
Scott Joplin
1.Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime Writers" 2.During his brief career, he wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas 3.Joplin moved to Sedalia, Missouri, in 1894 and earned a living as a piano teacher; there he taught future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Scott Hayden and Brun Campbell.
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
1.Lawrence Aaron Nixon, black physician and voting-rights advocate, was born in Marshall, Texas, on February 9, 1883, the son of Charles and Jennie (Engledow) Nixon. 2.He attended Wiley College in Marshall and received his M.D. degree in 1906 from Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee. 3.In 1927, in Nixon v. Herndon, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the decision that Nixon had been unlawfully deprived of his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Lawrence Sullivan Ross
1.Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross was the 19th Governor of Texas, a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now called Texas A&M University. 2.Ross was raised in the Republic of Texas, which was later annexed to the United States 3.When Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederacy, Ross joined the Confederate States Army
Lloyd Bentsen
1.Lloyd M. Bentsen, Sr., businessman, one of six children born in a 7½-year period to Niels Peter and Tena (Peterson) Bentsen, was born on November 24, 1894, in Argo Township, near White and Brookings, South Dakota, just west of the Minnesota state line. 2.His father had immigrated from Denmark to farm. 3.He ceased schooling at thirteen years and worked for local farmers at harvesting and roping and taming mustangs.
Lyndon B. Johnson
1.Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, 2.Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War 3.Historians argue that Johnson's presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era
Lynne T. Barret
1.Lyne Taliaferro (Tol) Barret, pioneer oilman also known as Lynis T. Barrett, the youngest of nine children of Charles Lee and Sarah (Taliaferro) Barret, was born at Appomattox, Virginia, on November 7, 1832. 2.After her husband died in 1842 while the family was on its way to Texas, Mrs. Barret moved her children first to San Augustine County and then to the Barret plantation at Melrose, where she employed a tutor when school was not in session. 3.He first became interested in the oil industry before the Civil War.
Maury Maverick
1.Maury Maverick, congressman and mayor, son of Albert and Jane Lewis (Maury) Maverick and grandson of Samuel Augustus Maverick, was born in San Antonio, Texas, on October 23, 1895. 2.He was educated in the public schools of San Antonio, Virginia Military Institute, the University of Texas in Austin, and the University of Texas School of Law. 3.In World War I Maverick was a first lieutenant in the Twenty-eighth Infantry, First Division; he received the Silver Star and other decorations in the Argonne offensive, an engagement in which he was twice critically wounded.
Melrose
1.Melrose is on State Highway 21 nine miles southeast of Nacogdoches in eastern Nacogdoches County. 2.It was founded around 1840 by Dr. Thomas Jefferson Johnson, who is said to have named the town for Melrose Abbey in his native Scotland. 3.The settlement, located on the Old San Antonio Road, became a stopping point on the road between Nacogdoches and San Augustine.
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1.Mildred Ella "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias was an American athlete who achieved a great deal of success in golf, basketball and track and field. 2.Mildred Ella Didrikson was born on June 26, 1911, the sixth of seven children, in the coastal city of Port Arthur, Texas. 3.Though best known for her athletic gifts, Didrikson had many talents and was a competitor in even the most domestic of occupations: sewing. An excellent seamstress, she made many of the clothes she wore including her golfing outfits.
Jesse Washington
1.Of the 492 lynchings that occurred in Texas between 1882 and 1930, the incident that perhaps received the greatest notoriety, both statewide and nationally, was the mutilation and burning of an illiterate seventeen-year-old black farmhand named Jesse Washington by a white mob in Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916-an event sometimes dubbed the "Waco Horror." 2.Washington was arrested on May 8, 1916, and charged with bludgeoning to death fifty-three-year-old Lucy Fryer, the wife of a white farmer in Robinson, a small community seven miles south of Waco. 3.After confessing that he had both raped and murdered Mrs. Fryer, Washington was transferred to the Dallas County Jail by McLennan county sheriff Samuel S. Fleming, who hoped to prevent mob action at least until the accused could have his day in court.
Oscar Branch Colquitt
1.Oscar Branch Colquitt, politician and governor, was born on December 16, 1861, at Camilla, Georgia, the son of Thomas Jefferson and Ann Elizabeth (Burkhalter) Colquitt, each of whom boasted some distinguished American ancestors. 2.He married Alice Fuller Murrell of Minden, Louisiana, on December 9, 1885, and the couple had four sons and one daughter. 3.He sold the Gazette and published the Times-Star of Terrell, Texas, from 1890 to 1897.
Oveta Culp Hobby
1.Oveta Culp Hobby, first secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the Houston Post, second of seven children of Ike W. and Emma Elizabeth (Hoover) Culp, was born in Killeen, Texas, on January 19, 1905. Her father was a lawyer and state legislator. 2.Oveta attended the public schools of Killeen and learned from her family the tradition of service to the community, to neighbors, to the state, and to the nation. Her mother, for instance, collected food, clothing, and money for the poor and sent her to deliver baskets of goods to neighbors who were going through hard times. 3.She was only five or six when a temperance campaign swept Killeen, and at Sunday school all the small children were invited to sign the pledge and receive a Woman's Christian Temperance Union white ribbon to wear.
Pat M. Neff
1.Pat Neff, governor of Texas and president of Baylor University, was born in Coryell County, Texas, on November 26, 1871, the son of Noah and Isabella (Shepherd) Neff. 2.He attended McGregor High School in neighboring McLennan County and earned an A.B. degree at Baylor University, Waco, in 1894. 3.After teaching school two years in Magnolia, Arkansas, he earned an LL.B. degree at the University of Texas in 1897.
Price Daniel
1.Price Daniel, governor of Texas, son of Marion Price and Nannie Blanch (Partlow) Daniel, was born on October 10, 1910, in Dayton, Texas. 2.After earning a law degree from Baylor University in 1932 he opened a law practice in Liberty, Liberty County. 3.Declaring that he would "rather be governor of Texas than President of the United States," Daniel returned home to run for governor and, upon his nomination in 1956, resigned from the Senate.
Ralph Yarborough
1.Ralph Webster "Smilin' Ralph" Yarborough, United States senator and leader of the liberal wing of the Democratic party in Texas, was born at Chandler, Texas, on June 8, 1903, the seventh of nine children of Charles Richard and Nannie Jane (Spear) Yarborough. 2.He attended local schools and developed a youthful fascination for military history. 3.He made his first bid for statewide elective office in 1938, when he came in third in the race for attorney general. He served in the Texas National Guard in the 1930s and joined the United States Army in World War II; he served in Europe and the Pacific in the Ninety-seventh Division and ended the war as a lieutenant colonel with a Bronze Star and a Combat Medal.
Ross Sterling
1.Ross S. Sterling, governor of Texas, son of Benjamin Franklin and Mary Jane (Bryan) Sterling, was born near Anahuac, Texas, in February 1875. 2.He attended public schools and farmed until about 1896. 3.The company was officially organized in 1911, and Sterling was president. In 1918 he also was president and owner of the Dayton-Goose Creek Railway Company.
Sam Rayburn
1.Sam Rayburn, Texas legislator, congressman, and longtime speaker of the United States House of Representatives, was born near the Clinch River in Roane County, eastern Tennessee, on January 6, 1882. 2.At the age of eighteen he entered East Texas Normal College; he alternately attended college and taught school and still completed in two years the three-year normal-school course leading to the B.S. degree. 3.In 1906 Rayburn won a seat in the Texas House of Representatives; he attended the University of Texas law school between legislative sessions and was admitted to the State Bar of Texas in 1908.
World War I
1.Texans were interested in the events of World War I from the beginning of the conflict in Europe in August 1914, and with the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915, a resolution was introduced into the Texas Senate asking that diplomatic relations between the United States and Germany be severed. 2.Texans were further provoked by Germany's continuing attempts to stir up trouble on the Mexican border. 3.Texans took an active part in the preparedness program in 1916 and in 1917 approved the declaration of war.
A & M/ U-T
1.Texas A&M University is the state's oldest public institution of higher education. 2.The Fourth Congress of the Republic of Texas donated fifty leagues of land (221,400 acres) for the endowment of two colleges or universities in 1839. 3.The state legislature approved enabling legislation in 1856 providing for the sale of university lands and for the establishment of the Permanent University Fund.
Houston Junior College and Houston Colored Junior College
1.Texas Southern University is a historically black university located in Houston, Texas, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The University was established in 1927 as the Houston Colored Junior College. 2.Texas Southern University is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation. 3.TSU is the leading producer of college degrees to African Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks 4th in the United States in doctoral and professional degrees conferred to African Americans.
Sharpstown
1.Texas went through one of its traditional and periodic governmental scandals in 1971-72, when federal accusations and then a series of state charges were leveled against nearly two dozen state officials and former state officials. 2.By the time the stock fraud scandal died down, state officials also had been charged with numerous other offenses-including nepotism and use of state-owned stamps to buy a pickup truck. 3.In the 1972 electoral aftermath, incumbent Democrats were the big losers, although at the top level of officialdom it was a matter of conservative Democrats being replaced by less conservative Democrats.
1906 racial disturbance in Brownsville
1.The Brownsville Raid of August 13-14, 1906, an alleged attack by soldiers from companies B, C, and D of the black Twenty-fifth United States Infantry stationed at Fort Brown, resulted in the largest summary dismissals in the annals of the United States Army. 2.The action of Roosevelt, who had served with black troops in the Spanish-American War and conspicuously appointed African Americans to office, shocked his black constituency and moved the controversy to the national stage. 3.Submitting to pressure, the administration appointed a board of retired army officers to review applications for reenlistment.
Galveston Plan
1.The Galveston Movement operated between 1907 and 1914 to divert Jews fleeing the pogroms of Russia and eastern Europe away from congested communities of the Atlantic coast to the interior of the United States. 2.The Jewish Immigrants' Information Bureau directed the movement as a means of preventing an anticipated wave of anti-Semitism on the Eastern seaboard, which might lead to immigration restrictions. 3.Several benevolent groups tried to find a southern port of entry to disperse the burgeoning population.
Houston Ship Channel
1.The Houston Ship Channel, one of the busiest waterways in the United States, achieved its earliest significance as a link between interior Texas and the sea. 2.It traces its origin to early trade on Buffalo Bayou, which heads on the prairie thirty miles west of Houston in the extreme northeastern corner of Fort Bend County and runs southeast for fifty miles to the San Jacinto River and then into Galveston Bay. 3.Recognizing the potential of the stream, the brothers John Kirby and Augustus Chapman Allen laid out the town of Houston at the head of navigation on Buffalo Bayou in 1836.
League of Women Voters
1.The League of Women Voters of Texas, a nonpartisan political organization, was formed on October 19, 1919, at San Antonio, when the Texas Equal Suffrage Association was dissolved to reorganize for a new purpose. 2.Earlier the same year Carrie Chapman Catt, head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, had urged the formation of the League of Women Voters as the successor to NAWSA and as the official support organization for newly enfranchised American women. 3.Under the forceful leadership of its first president, Jessie Daniel Amesqv of Georgetown, who served from 1919 to 1923, the LWVT focused its efforts on educating the newly enfranchised women voters of the state.
Longview race riot (1919)
1.The Longview Race Riot occurred during the Red Summer, as May to October of 1919 has been called. 2.It was the second of twenty-five major racial conflicts that occurred throughout the United States during these months. 3.In 1919 Longview, a rural cotton and lumbering community in Northeast Texas, had a population of 5,700; 31 percent were black.
July 20, 1969
1.The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, originally known as the Manned Spacecraft Center, is one of nine National Aeronautics and Space Administration field installations and home base for the nation's astronauts. 2.The origins of the center are to be found in the national commitment to a broad program of space exploration, including manned space flight, which the United States made in response to the Soviet Union's successful space launches, begun in 1957. 3.At its complex of more than 142 buildings on a 1,600-acre site thirty miles south of Houston, the center houses its facilities for conducting space operations and applied research.
Magnolia Petroleum Company (Mobil)
1.The Magnolia Petroleum Company, founded as an unincorporated joint-stock association on April 24, 1911, was a consolidation of several earlier companies, the first of which, the J. S. Cullinan Company, began operating a refinery at Corsicana, Texas, on December 25, 1898. 2.The Magnolia Company was originally capitalized at $2,450,000-24,500 shares at $100 each. 3.In 1949 Magnolia had a capitalization of $125 million, all shares owned by Socony-Vacuum except for qualifying shares owned by members of Magnolia's board of directors.
Permian Basin (oil)
1.The Permian Basin is located in West Texas and the adjoining area of southeastern New Mexico. It underlies an area approximately 250 miles wide and 300 miles long and includes the Texas counties of Andrews, Borden, Crane, Dawson, Ector, Gaines, Glasscock, Howard, Loving, Martin, Midland, Pecos, Reeves, Terrell, Upton, Ward, and Winkler. 2.The name derives from the fact that the area was downwarped before being covered by the Permian sea and the subsidence continued through much of the Permian period; consequently, it contains one of the thickest deposits of Permian rocks found anywhere. 3.Although it is structurally a basin in the subsurface, much of the basin lies under the Llano Estacado and the northwestern portion of the Edwards Plateau, which are topographically high.
Spindletop
1.The Spindletop oilfield, discovered on a salt dome formation south of Beaumont in eastern Jefferson County on January 10, 1901, marked the birth of the modern petroleum industry. 2.The Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, formed in August 1892 by George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, Emma E. John, and J. F. Lanier, was the first company to drill on Spindletop Hill. 3.Three shallow attempts, beginning in 1893 and using cable-tool drilling equipment were unsuccessful; Lanier and Higgins had left the company by 1895. Anthony F. Lucas, the leading United States expert on salt dome formations, made a lease with the Gladys City Company in 1899.
Texas Highway Department
1.The Texas Department of Transportation, originally known as the Texas Highway Department, was established in 1917 by the Thirty-fifth Texas Legislature. 2.The agency bore its original name until 1975, when it was renamed State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. 3.At that time the legislature directed the department to assume the functions of the Texas Mass Transportation Commission and thus changed the name of the road agency to reflect its expanded responsibilities.
Texas Forestry Association
1.The Texas Forestry Association, headquartered in Lufkin, is a private, nonprofit, nongovernmental organization, financed by membership dues and governed by elected representatives from within its membership. 2.It was organized in 1914 at Temple by a group of twenty businessmen. 3.The association's founders dedicated themselves to the proposition that state forests should be properly managed.
University Interscholastic League
1.The University Interscholastic League had its beginning at a Texas State Teachers Association meeting in Abilene in 1910. 2.The leader of the organization effort was E. D. Shurter, who was commissioned by University of Texas President Sidney E. Mezes to undertake the service as part of the newly created Extension Bureau of the university. 3.Known first as the Debating League of Texas High Schools, the league expanded its functions and in 1911 became the Debating and Declamation League of Texas Schools.
boll weevil
1.The boll weevil is a snout beetle (Anthonomus grandis) first named by Carl H. Boheman, a Swedish systematist. 2.He assumed that the specimens came from Cuba, but modern research indicates that they were collected near Veracruz in 1840. 3.Ancient specimens have been found from the earliest times in the valley of Mexico.
Good Roads Association
1.The earliest roads in Texas may have developed from Indian trails or the marked trails of early Spanish explorers, but the first known roads developed as the result of the necessity for travel from Mexico to San Antonio, Goliad, and the East Texas missions. 2.The Old San Antonio Road is perhaps the oldest known highway. 3.Another early highway was the La Bahía Road, and in East Texas Trammel's Trace was a frequently traveled route.
Terrell Election Law
1.The election statutes of Texas during most of the nineteenth century, like those of most other states, applied exclusively to general elections and were not voluminous. 2.With the enactment in 1903 of the Terrell Election Law, which was amended in 1905-1906, a statewide direct-primary system for all state, district, and county elective offices was established and made mandatory for all parties that had received as many as 100,000 votes in the previous election. 3.Though for decades, normally, only the Democratic party was affected, the Terrell law and its numerous amendments since 1905 constitute a large part of the extensive body of statutes governing Texas elections.
Thomas M. Campbell
1.Thomas Mitchell Campbell, governor of Texas, was born at Rusk, Texas, on April 22, 1856, the son of Thomas Duncan and Rachel (Moore) Campbell. 2.He attended common schools at Rusk before entering Trinity University (then located at Tehuacana) to study law in 1873. Lack of finances forced him to withdraw after a year, but he got a job in the Gregg county clerk's office and studied law at night. 3.In 1878 he was admitted to the Texas bar and began his practice in Longview.
William P. Hobby
1.William Pettus Hobby, editor, publisher, and governor of Texas, was born in Moscow, Texas, on March 26, 1878, the son of Eudora Adeline (Pettus) and Edwin E. Hobby. 2.One of six children, Hobby moved in 1893 with his family from Livingston to Houston, where he entered Houston High School. 3.When Governor James Edward Ferguson was removed from office in 1917, Hobby became the twenty-sixth governor of Texas and the youngest man, at thirty-nine, to hold the office.
The Rebel
1.With the motto "The great appear great to us only because we are on our knees-Let us arise," the Rebel began weekly publication as the state paper representing the Socialist party in Hallettsville, Lavaca County in 1911. 2.Thomas A. Hickey and E. O. Meitzen owned and operated the Socialist Printing Company, which produced the Rebel. Hickey and Meitzen also published the socialist paper New Era, which was published concurrently with the Rebel. By 1912 the circulation of the Rebel reached 17,000 statewide, and this increased to 23,000 before World War I. 3.In 1917 publication was halted by government order
Plan de San Diego
1.With the outbreak of revolution in northern Mexico in 1910, federal authorities and officials of the state of Texas feared that the violence and disorder might spill over into the Rio Grande valley. 2.Similar to the original plan, this second Plan of San Diego emphasized the "liberation" of the proletariat and focused on Texas, where a "social republic" would be established to serve as a base for spreading the revolution throughout the southwestern United States. 3.Indians were also to be enlisted in the cause.
