Unit 3: The Early Republic & The Age of Jackson

"Revolution" of 1800

- What the election of 1800 was called. The election brought up new ways of campaigning like talking badly about the opponent and more people could vote. - John Adams a Federalist, feared that Jefferson would return power to the states, dismantle the army and navy, and overturn Hamilton's financial system. - Thomas Jefferson a Republican, feared that the Federalists' ultimate goal was to centralize power in the national government and involve the United States in the European war to back up Britain. - The election was extremely close. Jefferson won meaning a change in government from a Federalist gov. to a Democratic Republican gov.

War of 1812

-Between the United States and England because England was trying to interfere with American trade with France. - Two weeks after the war was over, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed.

Why did AJ win

-Declared, represented all the people of the United States. - convinced many that their votes mattered - stressed the common peoples' virtue - Spoiled system - capacity for self-governmen

What were the major issues of disagreement between the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists? Why did the Federalists prevail?

-The Federalists favored the creation of a strong federal government that would more closely unite the states as one large, continental nation. They tended to come from the wealthier class of merchants and plantation owners. They liked the constitution. They argued that a strong central government would foster the commercial growth of the new country. (More progressive) -The Anti-Federalists believed in a type of government that has been described as agrarian republicanism or a government is centered on a society of landowning farmers who participate in local politics. They like old virtues and traditions.They did not support the Constitution.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party.

Jacksonian

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. This was important because it unified the nation and it said to other countries that the US wants to control its own land with out help

Pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Missouri Compromise

After Louisiana purchase they became a proposed state. The conflict dealt Imbalance of free states vs. slave states and which the new state should be. They Introduced Missouri as a slave state and split Maine entered as a free state to keep balance. Was decided by Henry Clay

Tariff of Abominations

Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. lead to Nullification.

Jay's Treaty

An agreement between made up by John Jay and the British. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793 and that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution they also agreed that Britain had to remove their troops from the Great Lakes. (During John Adams presidency.)

What where the two parties before the war and what where the parties after?

At the beginning there was the Federalist and Democratic republic at the end the Democratic republic was left.

What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?

Causes were that people felt that rights of trade not upheld. There were heavy loses, British burning DC In the end both nations signed peace treaty bc they did not want to fight because of there economic and people.

What did the Nation Republicans Believe

Central Government and promoted economic growth

second party system

Democrats (Andrew Jackson,) vs. Whigs (no Andrew Jackson,). This system had the key characteristics of white adult male suffrage, ballot voting, greater voter participation, and campaigning.

American system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Assimilation

Encouraged Indians to adopt the customs and economic practices of white people. The government provided financial assistance to missionaries to convert, educate Native Americans. (Under Jackson)

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's tax on whiskey. Frontier farmers saw the tax on whiskey in the same way as American colonists saw the Britain's stamp tax. They staged riots and protest against the tax. Washington led an army into Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion.

For and Against the bank

For the Bank - Protect currency - Regulates money in the system - Security meaning being able to lend and barrow money - Convenience (Transfer of funds) Against the Bank - Makes the rich got richer - Banks are in cities, populated areas, in the north - Took rights away from states

Andrew Jackson

He became a war hero at the Battle of New Orleans during the war of 1812. He opposed the Bank of America. He objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws.

Jefferson on the Bank

He is a strict constructionist meaning he sticks by the constitution. He thinks that the bank is not necessary because it will reduce state power. For is argument he used 10th amendment which says that if it is not delegated to the federal government then it goes to the states because the constitution does not say that the government gets to make a bank.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

He was in charge of finding a way to pay of war and foreign debt. He proposed that the government take the entire debt from the federal government and the states. To do this he started a national bank to deal with the money.

John Quincy Adams

He wrote the Monroe doctrine, Democratic-Republican.(1825-1829) Secretary of State under Monroe.

Bank War and Veto

Jackson vetoed the creation of the second national bank, he said it would only make the rich richer and that it took rights away fro the state. In protest Jackson created banks called pet banks. The argument for the bank was that it would regulate currency and they could have hard money not just gold and silver. It would give the nation Security by giving people the ability to lend and barrow money.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson purchased the Louisiana region from France for 15 million dollars, doubling the size of the country.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams. They were designed to protect the US from immigrants. The acts increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. They also gave the president the power to arrest and deport "dangerous" aliens. The acts also made it illegal to publish damaging statements about the federal government or its officials.

What did the Jacksonian Republicans Believe

Limited Government and strict principals.

Hamilton on the Bank

Loose constructionist meaning that the constitution can not be interpreted word for word. He thought the bank was the right of the people and it would be good for them because it would help the economy. He thinks it is necessary to have a big Bank if the united states. He used The elastic clause meaning that they can use anything necessary and proper to make the county better.

What were the problems, economic and political, facing the nation in the 1790's?

No national bank and lots of debt because of war. Debates over who owes debt and weather they should tax or barrow money or consolidate debt of states and federal goverment. The government was small.

Federalist Government

Power is divided between National and State governments.

How did Republicans and Federalists differ in their positions on the central issues of the day?

Republicans wanted protective tariffs, Federalists wanted low tariffs.

American Colonization Society

Society where people wanted to end slavery gradually and give compensation to former slave owners

What were the principles behind Hamilton's domestic policies?

Supported the ideas of the American system and represented the elitist, wealthy class and favored strong federal programs

What is nationalism? How did it shape post-1812 America?

The belief that your own country is better and more important than other countries Republicans adopted many of the nationalistic policies during 1812 they made a second national bank, created protective tariffs and improvements in transportation It also created a good look on expansion and improvements on communication and transportation.

The election of 1824 /"Corrupt Bargain"

The election of 1824 was different from other elections. The candidates started to campaign and the public focus on what was happening more than other elections. No one won a majority of electoral votes. This meant that the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out. He urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams doing this he was trying to ensure Adam would be elected. Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives.

What was the difference between national republicans and e Jacksonian republicans?

The national republic wanted a central gov and was interested in promoting economics. The Jacksonian republicans wanted a limited gov and strict principals.

Spoil system

The practice of giving a pointed positions in government to people loyal to the party and power

Nullification Crisis

The south said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The states adopted resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison denouncing the Alien and Sedition Acts as an infringement on freedom of expression (unconstitutional)

Why did the second political party system emerge?

There were 3 factors. 1) The financial panic of 1819 and the subsequent depression resulted in significant political differences over issues of debt relief, banking (Hard money was worthless vs. needed) , monetary policy, and tariffs. The extension of credit, higher tariffs to protect infant industries, and government-financed transportation improvements to reduce the cost of trade meaning things costed more than before. 2) Slavery debates in Congress. Southern leaders feared that the Missouri crisis might spark a realignment in national politics along sectional lines. 3) The selection of presidential candidates. There was a new way of electing leaders that started in the election of 1824

Bank War

There were only 3 banks in 1790. - J and H had different ideas about the bank and if it should be a thing.

Trail of Tears

Was apart of the removal act. A 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory in the mid west. The march killed about 1/4 of the Cherokee population.

Election of 1828

Was more like Elections today. More public interest and more trash talking. Jackson won.

Indian Removal Act

Was thought to be the only way to ensure the survival of Native American cultures. They encourage Native Americans to sell their homelands in exchange for new lands in Oklahoma and Arkansas. The movement would give and make more land for whites after they moved west. (Under Jackson)

What is sectionalism? How did it shape post-1812 America?

When politicians disagree over interests of different regions. States were divided over slave and free states. It shaped post because it meant there was also two sides to a issue and both North and South had different values and standards it was hard to create something without debate.

Seneca Falls and "Declaration of Sentiments"

basically a women's declaration of independence from men

How did industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of working and middle classes shape America in the first half of the 19th century?

development of new machines and tools led to an explosion of factory construction, and a boom in mass production. Immigration, a population shift from rural to urban areas, and the expansion of the railroads led to the development of a national market for finished goods and urban development

Democratic Republic

favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, opposed National Bank. they were the feds.

Abolitionism

movement to end slavery.

Moral suasion

trying to get people to do what you want them to because its the "right thing"

Temperance movement

when the government tried to ban the sale and production of alcohol