unit 4 apoptosis
What directly activates mTOR?TSC1/2 AMPK Rheb ULK1
Rheb
Which statement is false about transit amplifying cells? Transit amplifying cells are committed to differentiate These cells come from stem cells Transit amplifying cells proliferate rapidly These cells can dedifferentiate and go back to being a stem cell
These cells can dedifferentiate and go back to being a stem cell
How is ATF4 activated? Degradation of a protein bound to ATF4 Splicing of mRNA in cytosol Translation of mRNA Phosphorylation
Translation of mRNA
BCL2 inhibits autophagy True False
True
Bax promotes apoptosis by forming a pore in the mitochondrial outer membrane to allow forcytochrome c release True False
True
Embryonic stem cells can make all cells in the body. True False
True
In angiogenesis, the tumor promotes blood vessels to form. True False
True
STATs are involved in most hallmarks of cancer. True False
True
Viruses can cause cancer. True False
True
An adult hematopoietic stem cell found in the bone marrow ______________________.will occasionally produce epidermal cells when necessary can undergo self-renewing divisions for the lifetime of a healthy animal will express all the same transcription factors as those found in an unfertilized egg can produce only red blood cells
can undergo self-renewing divisions for the lifetime of a healthy animal
Rb is a proto-oncogene. True False
false
The process of EMS occurs during metastasis. True False
false
Which of the following genetic changes cannot convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene? An amplification of the number of copies of the proto-oncogene, causing overproduction of the normalprotein. A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately after the codon for the initiator methionine. A mutation within the coding sequence that makes the protein hyperactive. A mutation in the promoter of the proto-oncogene, causing the normal protein to be transcribed and translated at an abnormally high level
A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately after the codon for the initiator methionine.
Which of the following statements about the unfolded protein response (UPR) is false? Activation of the UPR results in the production of more ER membrane. Activation of the UPR results in the cytoplasmic activation of gene regulatory proteins. Activation of the UPR occurs when receptors in the cytoplasm sense misfolded proteins. Activation of the UPR results in the production of more chaperone proteins
Activation of the UPR occurs when receptors in the cytoplasm sense misfolded proteins.
During development, what processes do transcription factors regulate? cell interaction cell specialization cell movement All of these cell proliferation
All of these
Which of the following statements about apoptosis is true? Cells that constitutively express Bcl2 will be more prone to undergo apoptosis. Apoptosis is promoted by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol from mitochondria. Bax and Bak promote apoptosis by binding to procaspases in the apoptosome. The prodomain of procaspases contains the catalytic activity necessary for procaspase activation.
Apoptosis is promoted by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol from mitochondria.
What does p62 do in autophagy? Bind ubiquitinylated proteins Ubiquitinylate proteins Bind phosphorylated proteins Phosphorylate proteins
Bind ubiquitinylated proteins
Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is false? Individuals with only one functional copy of a tumor suppressor gene are more prone to cancer than individuals with two functional copies of a tumor suppressor gene. Cells with one functional copy of a tumor suppressor gene will usually proliferate faster than normal cells. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes leads to enhanced cell survival and proliferation. Gene amplification of a tumor suppressor gene is less dangerous than gene amplification of a proto-oncogene
Cells with one functional copy of a tumor suppressor gene will usually proliferate faster than normalcells.
What type of autophagy is LAMP2A used in? macroautophagy microautophagy Chaperone-mediated Mitophagy
Chaperone-mediated
What would happen to Ci in the presence of Hedgehog if Smoothened lost its ER stop and starttransfer sequences? Ci would be full length Ci couldn't enter the nucleus Ci is degraded Ci would be cleaved
Ci would be cleaved
What would happen to Ci in the absence of Hedgehog if Patched was not expressed? Ci would be full length and enter the nucleus Ci would be full length but could not enter the nucleus without Hedgehog Ci would be cleaved
Ci would be full length and enter the nucleus
How is ATF6 activated? Cleavage of the protein in the Golgi Degradation of a protein bound to ATF6 Splicing of mRNA in cytosol Phosphorylation
Cleavage of the protein in the Golgi
What needs to happen to LC3 for it to be functioning properly? Addition of poly A tail Cleaved Addition of SE Phosphorylated Conjugated to PE
Conjugated to PE
What types of therapies are used for cancer treatment? Drugs that target fast growing cells Drugs that target anti-apoptotic proteins Drugs that increase cell proliferation Drugs that target defects of cancer cell Immunotherapy
Drugs that target fast growing cells Drugs that target anti-apoptotic proteins Drugs that target defects of cancer cell Immunotherapy
Activation of a death receptor is needed for intrinsic apoptosis. True False
False
Caspase 9 is involved in extrinsic apoptosis True False
False
Different cells within the body have different genetic information. True False
False
Increase apoptosis promotes cancer. True False
False
To edit a gene by CRISPR, what statement is false? Cas9 is the enzyme that will make a double stranded cut of the DNA. Guide RNA needs to be introduced to cells to direct Cas9 to the gene to be cut. Cas9 is not found in animal cells and needs to be introduced to perform CRISPR. Genes must have a CAS9 sequence upstream of where you want to cut the sequence.
Genes must have a CAS9 sequence upstream of where you want to cut the sequence.
What occurs during invasion and metastasis? Loss of E-cadherin Loss of polarity Apoptosis N-cadherin expression Increase in E-cadherin expression Increased cell cell attachment Migration of cells
Loss of E-cadherin Loss of polarity N-cadherin expression Migration of cells
What statement is false about protein folding and misfolding? ERAD occurs on misfolded proteins in ER lumen Chaperone proteins help to fold proteins in ER lumen. Misfolded cytoplasmic proteins can undergo ERAD. Glucose amounts signal misfolded proteins
Misfolded cytoplasmic proteins can undergo ERAD.
How does mTOR inhibit autophagy?Phosphorylate AMPK Phosphorylate Beclin-1 Phosphorylate and inhibit ULK1Phosphorylate TFEB
Phosphorylate and inhibit ULK1Phosphorylate TFEB
How is XBP-1 activated by IRE-1?Splicing of mRNA in cytosol Degradation of a protein bound to XBP1 Phosphorylation Cleavage of the protein
Splicing of mRNA in cytosol
What process is caspase 3 involved in?Intrinsic apoptosis Both Extrinsic apoptosis Neither
both
Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that necrosis ________________. Causes DNA to fragment involves a caspase cascade requires the reception of an extracellular signal causes cells to swell and burst, whereas apoptotic cells shrink and condense
causes cells to swell and burst, whereas apoptotic cells shrink and condense
APC is a tumor suppressor. True False
true
iPS cells are from fibroblasts that are transfected with 3-4 transcription factors to dedifferentiate them to be like ES cells. True False
true
