unit 4 china ppt 1
Great Proletariat Cultural Rev
"(1966-1976) was Mao's ideologi- cal crusade designed to jolt China back toward his vision of communism. --Like the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution was a campaign of mass mobilization and utopian idealism. But its main objective was not accelerated economic develop- ment, but the political purification of the nation through struggle against so-called class enemies. -Using his unmatched political clout and charisma, Mao put together a potent coalition of radical party leaders, loyal military officers, and student rebels (called Red Guards) to support him and attack anyone thought to be guilty of betray- ing his version of communist ideology, known as Mao Zedong Thought." (Kesselman 345) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
why did CCP gain legitimacy under Mao
". Nevertheless, the party gained considerable legitimacy among many parts of the population because of its successful policies during the early years of its rule." (Kesselman 344) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
3 phases of Cultural Rev
"1st pahse 1966-196920 million Red Guards rampaged across the country. They destroyed countless historical monuments and cultural artefacts because they were symbols of China's imperial past. They also harassed, tortured, and killed people accused of being class enemies, particularly intel- lectuals and discredited officials. During the next phase (1969-1971), Mao used the army to restore political order. Many Red Guards were sent to live and work in the countryside. The final phase of the Cultural Revolution (1972-1976) involved an intense power struggle over who would succeed the old and frail Mao as the leader of the Chinese Communist Party" (Kesselman 345) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
autonomous region
"A territorial unit that is equivalent to a province and contains a large concentration of ethnic minorities. These regions, for example, Tibet, have some autonomy in the cultural sphere but in most policy matters are strictly subordinate to the central government." (Kesselman 340) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
How did the PRC implement a centrally planned econ
"Between 1953 and 1957, the PRC, with aid from the Soviet Union, implemented a centrally planned economy and took decisive steps towards socialism. Private prop- erty was almost completely eliminated through the takeover of industry by the govern- ment and the collectivization of agriculture. The Chinese economy grew significantly during this period. " (Kesselman 345) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
what were citizens still critical of of Deng's reforms
"CCP were faced with a serious challenge when large-scale demonstrations arose in Beijing and several other Chinese cities, the result of discontent over inflation and corruption, as well as a desire— especially among students and intellectuals—for more political freedom. At one point, more than a million people from all walks of life gathered in and around Tiananmen Square in the center of Beijing to voice their concerns" (Kesselman 346) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
technocrats
"Career-minded bureau- crats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than a political rationale." (Kesselman 348) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file. "Both Jiang and Hu also represented a new kind of leader for the PRC. Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping had been involved in communist politics almost their whole adult lives. They had participated in the CCP's long struggle for power dating back to the 1920s. They were among the founders of the communist regime in 1949. In contrast, Jiang and Hu were technocrats. "They had university training (as engineers) before working their way up the ladder of success in the CCP by a combination of professional compe- tence and political loyalty." (Kesselman 348) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file. " (Kesselman 348) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
contrast DEng's beliefs to mao's
"Deng's policies were a profound break with the Maoist past. =He had long believed that Mao put too much emphasis on politics and not enough on the economy. =Under Deng, state control of the economy was significantly reduced. Market forces were allowed to play an increasingly important role. Private enterprise was encouraged. =The government allowed unprecedented levels of foreign investment. =Chinese artists and writers saw the shackles of party control that had bound them for decades greatly loos- ened. =Deng took major steps to revitalize China's government by bringing in younger, better-educated officials. =After decades of stagnation, the Chinese economy began to experience high-levels of growth in the 1980s," (Kesselman 346) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
tiananmen sq massacre
"For quite a while, the CCP leadership, hampered by intensive international media coverage and internal disagreements about how to handle the protests, did little more than roll out threatening rhetoric to dissuade the demonstrators. But China's leaders ran out of patience, and the army was ordered to use force to clear the square during the very early morning hours of June 4. By the time dawn broke in Beijing, Tiananmen Square had indeed been cleared, but with a death toll that still has not been revealed. The Chinese government still insists that it did the right thing in the interests of national stability." (Kesselman 346) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
who came to power after mao
"To repair the damage caused by the Cultural Revolution, China's new leaders restored to power many veteran officials who had been purged by Mao and the radicals. These included Deng Xiaoping. By 1978, Deng had clearly become the country's most powerful leader, although he never took for himself the formal positions of head of either the Communist Party or the Chinese government. Instead he appointed younger, loyal men to those positions." (Kesselman 346) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
Jiang Zemin instiuted what changes and faced what challenges
"Under Jiang Zemin's leadership, China continued its economic reforms and remarkable growth. The PRC became an even more integral part of the global econ- omy. It enhanced its regional and international stature. But the country also faced widening gaps between the rich and the poor, environmental degradation, and per- vasive corruption." (Kesselman 347) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file. OVERALL CHIAN POLIT. STABLE DURING JIANG ERA.
leader after Deng
"lthough Deng remained the power behind the throne, he gradually turned over greater authority to Jiang, who also became president of the PRC in 1993. " (Kesselman 346) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
how did WWI affect CCP and Nationalists
"n 1937, Japan invaded China, starting World War II in Asia. The Japanese army pushed Chiang Kai-shek's government into the far southwestern part of the country. This effectively eliminated the Nationalists as an active combatant against Japanese aggression. In contrast, the CCP base in the northwest was on the front line against Japan's troops. Mao and the Communists successfully mobilized the peasants to use guerrilla warfare to fight the invaders. This leadership in wartime gained them a strong following among the Chinese people." (Kesselman 343) "By the end of World War II in 1945, the CCP had vastly expanded its member- ship. It controlled much of the countryside in north China. The Nationalists were isolated and unpopular with many Chinese because of corruption, political repression, and economic mismanagement." (Kesselman 343) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
SAR
"two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau) that are indirectly ruled by China." (Kesselman 340) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
cadre list
(nomenklatura) Covers million of important positions THEORETICALLY china clainms cadre system is a meritocracy but that's debatable... influential people getting jobs..
What group did Chian Kai Shek target
-Communists " Communist Party relocated its headquarters thousands of miles deep within the countryside. This retreat created the conditions for the eventual rise to power of Mao Zedong, who led the CCP to nationwide victory two decades later. Mao had been one of the junior founders of the Communist Party." (Kesselman 343) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file. Maso preached to china to paymore attn to rural masses
What were the inital things Mao tried to fix
-nationwide land reform campaign redistributed pty from rich to poot and incr. agr. production -opium addiction prostitution eliminated and
CENTRUY OF humiliation
1839 -1949: Century of Humiliation Economic stagnation/poverty Increased pressure from the outside/imperialism Dynastic rule ends Nationalism rises CENTURY OF HUMILIATION -- THEY LOST HONG KONG IN OPIUM WARS
taiping rev
1850-1864) Cost 20 million lives and almost overthrew the imperial government. the Sun Yat Send and est of Repb of China
ex of how china embraced market reforms, but not political or democratic reform
1989: Tiananmen Square protests Large scale demonstrations, esp among students and intellectuals for more political freedoms and less corruption Used army to crack down on protests Death toll has not been revealed ECON LIBERALIZATION ONE THING BUT POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION IS ANOTHER...
why is Chinas GDP decieing?
Although relatively poor by capita, their overall population and GDP make it a powerful country.
sun yat sen politiavl belifes
Believed in nationalism, democracy, & social welfare Could not hold power Warlords rule The Nationalist Party (KMT) Led by Sun Yat-Sen Focused on resisting foreign influence Favored modernization and reform Eventually led by Chiang Kai-Shek
describe elections
CP. The party controls the commissions that run elections, and it reviews draft lists of proposed candidates to weed out those it finds politically objectionable. The only direct elections are held at the local level, with voters choosing deputies to serve on the county people's congress.
guanxi
China, like the USSR, recruits its leaders through nomenklatura, a system of choosing cadres from lower levels of the party hierarchy for advancement based on their loyalty and contributions to the well-being of the party. However, Chinese leaders communicate with one another through a patron-client network called guanxi. These linkages are similar to "old boys' networks" in the West, and they underscore the importance of person career ties between individuals as they rise in bureaucratic or political structures. Besides bureaucratic and personal ties, Guanxi is based on ideology differences and similarities, and as a result, has been the source of factions within the party.
Compare how the Communist Party came to power in China with how it came to power in Russia - how was it different?
China: Communists won popular support by defeating Japan in WWII and then defeating the Nationalists in a civil war and then established a communist state, the PRC, which replaced the republic of 1911 Russia: Bolsheviks led a communist revolution & overthrew the tsar
coup d'etat
Forceful takeover of government. A military rule often starts with a coup d'etat with or without a the support of a majority. Military leaders often restrict civil liberties, including political parties and elections, for the sake of order.
"Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping" (Kesselman 345)
In contrast to Mao's failed great leap forward, they took an active role (more than mao) in decision making . -In charge of reviving econ. they abondend radical Great LEap Fwd and used a combo of govt planning and market oriented policies -these did help but mao unhappy bc he thougth econ policies led to elitism and inequality and were enroute to capitalism by mid 60s
who decides what controls the regime
Leaders are recruited through their membership in the Communist Party, but personal relationships and informal ties to others are also important in deciding who controls the regime.
authoritt
Legal right to power.
did Mao, Deng or both believe this: Iron Rice Bowl Believed Communist Party leadership should not be challenged Education limited to elementary school Egalitarianism pursued
M b M B
great leap forward
Mao's discontent of expansion of govt and therefore bureaucarcy led to " "one of the most extreme, bizarre, and eventually catastrophic epi- sodes in twentieth-century political history."3 The Great Leap was a utopian effort to speed up the country's development so rapidly that China would catch up economi- cally with Britain and the United States in just a few years. It relied on the labor power and revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses while at the same time aiming to propel China into an era of true communism in which there would be almost complete economic and social equality." (Kesselman 345) Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, William Joseph. Introduction to Comparative Politics, AP Edition, 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2013. VitalBook file.
legitimacy under Mao
Mao's legitimacy came from a new authority and ideology known as Maoism. (CHARISMATIC LEGITIMACY) Democratic centralism: the leaders had the best intent for the population Required "mass line" which was leaders listening to and communicating with the people. Without this, legitimacy was questionable. Also based on democratic centrism contiunes to be diffult to question or criticize govt in CHina arguabelt dem centr. is based on meritotcarcy and you can work your way up
current type of legitimacy
Maoism, Mandate of Heaven (assumption that dynatsic family had a repoinsilty to the welfare of the general people of china which is still valued today through mass line), Democratic Centralism/Mass line, Military, Free elections
state
Political system that has sovereignty (aka political power) exercised over a population in a defined geographic territory through a set of public institutions. Specifically, they have complete power often through an army or navy and through institutions like executives, legislatures, and judiciaries.
household responsibilty system
Replaced communes ((under dng) After paying taxes/contract fees to govt, families may consume/sell what they produce -90s: major deciisons abt agr. prod. are made by indv fams based on profit as motive isntead of by pple communces or govt
How was Maoism similar to Marxist-Leninism in the Soviet Union? Different?
Similar: Democratic Centralism (Communist Party best directs needs of the masses); collectivization; nationalized industry Emphasis on worker Different: Mao valued strength of peasant, instituted mass line. Worker in city vs. country -stalin had focues on urban/inudstry -amo focuesed on peasant
decribe gains in democ from voting
Since the 1980s the party has allowed more than one candidate to run for county positions, and most candidates are nominated by the people. One move toward democracy has occurred at the village level, where local officials are no longer appointed from above, but are chosen in direct, secret-ballot elections.
SEZ
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Promote foreign investment Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)
Republic of China
Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen Father of the RepublicFather of the Revolution Sun Yat-sen became President American educated leader of nationalist party Believed in nationalism, democracy, & social welfare encompassed a lot of woodrow wilsons 14 points Could not hold power- because of pressure from warlords!!! THE NEW GOVT DIDN'T HAVE A MILITARY AND HAD PRESSURE FROM LOCAL WARLOrds Warlords rule
power
The ability to have one's party do something another party wants it to do something it may not do otherwise.
legitimacy AP DEF
The right to rule as determined by one's own citizens. Traditional legitimacy: Tradition should determine who rules and how. Often involves myths or legends. Reinforced by ritual and symbols (crowns, thrones, scepters) Ex: one family rules for hundreds of years and continues to do so; leaders in ME today base authority on their ability to interpret sharia law Charismatic legitimacy: A dynamic personality of an individual leader or small group. Ex: Napoleon Rational-legal legitimacy: Based on system of well established laws and procedures. Highly institutionalized through legislatures, judiciaries, executives, etc. carry over through generations of leaders. It's often based on the acceptance of the rule of law that supersedes the actions and statements of individual rulers. Rule may be in forms of common law or code law.
reform
Type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions. Rather, reformers want to change methods of political and economic leaders to reach goals that society generally accepts.
cadre
a person who exercises a position of authority in a communist party state; cadres may or may not be members of CCp in china they are bureaucrats that mostly deal with subnation problems
nomenklatura
a system of personnel selection under which the Communist Part maintains control over the appt of all impt officials in all psheres of social, econ, and political life. Term used to describe indcs chosen through thsi sustems and more broadly refers to privileged circle in SU and China.
legitimacy after Rev of 1911
brought Sun Yat-sen as president. Legitimacy was supposed to be based on popular government.-- attempting to create rational legal legitimacy-- Sun Yat-sen is fought by Mao and flee to Taiwan Challenged by warlords. Mao Zedong challenged.
iron rice bowl
cradle to grave benefits (abolished under Deng) under soviet system and Mao's interpretation guarainote ofemploymenn,t income, and basi child care for rural and urban workers workplace provdided any essential service (no financial worried UNDER DENG MORE ENTERPISE BUT SECURITY NET TAKE AWAY-- UNEMPLOYMENT HIT GOVT WORKERS HARD, LESS BUREAUCRACY NEEDED TO RUN LESS unemployment: reported 3-4% estimated by economists 8-12% Unemployment-60 million gov't workers since early 1990's Inequality- lack of rural social services URBAN AND RURAL CLEAVAGE AND COASTAL VS. INLAND INCOME GAP GENDER INEQUALITIES
when was republic of china est
in 1912 under Sun Yat-Sen, China's best known revolutionary became president. He coudl not hold on to power and china fell into legnthy period of conflict and disintegration. rival military leaders, known as warlords, ruled large parts of the counrty
Chinese Communist Party
in 1921, a few intellectuals inspired by russian reolvution gounded CCP looking for a more radical solution to china's problems than offered by Sun Yat Sen and his nationalist party. -the CCP joined the nationalists to fight the warlords but the alliance came to a tragic end when Chiang Kai Shek who became leader of Nationalist part after Sun's death in 1925 turned against communist leaders
nation
nation is a group of people with political identity in common. Like states, they can promote the wellbeing of their people by health services and effective infrastructure.
When did CCP and Communists lose their alliance in the late 20s? Effects?
the CCP joined the nationalists to fight the warlords but the alliance came to a tragic end when Chiang Kai Shek, a military leader who became leader of Nationalist part after Sun's death in 1925 turned against communist leaders -Chiang's bloody suppression nearl wiped out CCp but by 1927 he he united Republic of China under his personal and incr. auth. rule
