Unit 4-Consumerism of the 1920s

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

reconstruction refinance cooperations (RRC) 1932

gives land

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

gives money to local groups

route 66

"The Mother Road"- john steinbeck, to opportunity, finished in 1926, that connected Chicago to Los Angeles

Clarence Darrow

"designs up prices but to create government monopolies"

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

warren G. Harding

- administration ran on the campaign- "return to normalcy" -cabinet members, andrew w mellon, herbert hoover, henry C Wallace -inherits a stagnating economy in 1920s (post war) -highest tax bracket by 1918 - 73% -investing in foreign markets to drop taxes to 24% -segregated everywhere but in government jobs -doesn't support KKK

Gertrude Stein

- an eccentric -captures images -born in California, but lived in Paris,France -coined term- "lost generation" -Ernest Hemmingway uses the term in his novel, the sun also rises (1926) -interested, in sex, drugs, and jazz -increase in alcoholism -suicide was common amongst artists and writers, such as, F. Scott Fitzgerald

the battle of Leyte gulf

- october 25th, 1944 - sea engagement (largest in history) - this was the battle that Japan used kamakzi attack the allies won battle, no longer able to defend the Philippines

consumer culture

- people step away from old ideas and values -progressivism wanes -women purchased 2/3 of goods -laundry detergent companies sponsor weekday radio and called it "Soap Operas"

fair labor standards

-$0.40 an hour pay -bands produced by child labor -required overtime if you work over 40 hours a week

Bentio Mussolini

-1883, politics at a young age - following his father -ran a newspaper avant (forward) -1919 formed fascist party -supported socialist party-thrown out after WWI -para-military group "black shirts" -took power in 1922 -dicator in 1925, title of IL Duce (leader)

radio

-1895 used for experimenting -1920, advertisement, new, etc... -14 million radios by 1930

the armory show

-1913 conservecial art show -mabel dodge -69th armory regiment armory in NYC, hosted 300 artists

leading up to the war

-1934 japan leaves the five-powers-treaty and begins a military build up -1935 Mussinini invades ethopia with hopes to expand italy into east africa -1935-hitler violates treaty of versailes and sends troops to the rhineland -1936- general fransisco franco leads troops into spanish civil war -1937- japan invades manchuria, 10.2 million people killed from 1937, china clashes at marco polo bridge -1936-1940, italy, germany, and japan form several pact that create the axis powers

car culture

-decline in horses -urban sprawl increases -youth culture increased by dating -more petroleum products, gas stations, motels, restaurants, and tourist/vacation spots

the great purge

-1938 oppressions intesified as a great purge, he ordered any "anti-soviet element" to be eliminated -cleanse of jews, poles, germans, latvians, finns, greeks, koreans, and chinese were exiled -sent labor camps- stalin responsible for 43 million deaths -USSR claimed 61 million during bolshevik revolution to the fall of the soviet Ukrainian early 90s -arrested anyone for anti-soviet

invasion of germany

-1944, the allied forces were ready to advance into germany

Emergency Banking Relief Act

-4-day long bank holiday -banks closed as well monetary system

revival and decline of the KKK

-5,000 total victims of lynching -bill by Leonidas C. dyer (R) house 1918 and 1922- tried to get passed but got voted down -Jews, Catholics, blacks, and immigrants 1925- march on Washington D.C. -The grand dragon of Indiana branch -David Curtis "steve" Stephenson arrested for the rape, abduction, and murder of Marge Oberholtzer- who worked on adult literacy, (Killed her self by suicide after telling nurses what happened)

Toll of the war

-50-60 million dead -US 292,000 battle deaths and 14,000 other deaths, 1 million injuries -the soviet union had 20 million deaths -china 10 million -germany 5.6 million -japan 2.3 million

Harlem Renaissance

-African American literacy and artistic movement -stresses participation in structure of American society

huey long

-As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. -killed on sept. 8th,1935 at baton rouge, louisina legislature gerry mander -judge benjamin pavy out of his job, son-in-law, dr. carl weiss, hues in corridor and shot him close range, long died 2 days later

roosevelt's 4th term

-FDR nominated 4th term and ran against rep. thomas e. Dewey, governor of new york -won due to military success -vice president - missouri senator Harry S. Truman - FDR aged due to stress

baseball

-George Herman, "babe" Ruth -henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig- nicknamed :iron horse" - had ALS- ending his career, was called for Lou Gehrig's disease

war clouds

-Hitler and Stalin made a non-aggression pact that agreed to take no military action against each other for a set period of 10 years -agreed to divide northern and eastern Europe (the pact did not last long) -Poland was created by the treaty of Versailles and Germany and the soviets wanted control of Poland

the blitz

-Hitler gained control of most of the Western Europe -next target- great Britain -German air force attacked the British daily with bombing raids -at first, targeted the country during the day, and mostly bombed military targets with radar (new technology), the British royal air force (RAF) fought back -although Germany was unable to defeat the british, there were 43,000 British civilians killed during the raids

new negro movement

-Langstone Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, and Claude McKay -W.E.B. DuBois criticized them as criminals, dunks, and promiscous

Kristallnacht (night of the broken glass)

-November 9th and 10th -Violent Jewish programs rounded up 30,000 Jewish men and sent them to concentration camps -broke glass of Jewish businesses, synagogues and homes -anti-jewish laws were established following the event of the nazis, exsuse of nazi embassy, offical reason being murdered in paris as their reason for the attack, which the murderer in paris happend to be jewish -anti-semetic feelings within the nazi party

farmers and the dust bowl

-Oklahoma to washington D.C -so dark of dust- created black blizzards -electrical storms caused fires

the night of the long knifes

-There was a para-military group that had also assisted in the takeover they were the SA, or Stormtroopers, also known as "Brown Shirts." These were the strong arm of the Nazis .-. They were known to burn books, seize academics, and sterilized & euthanized disabled people (amongst others). - After the Enabling Acts Hitler's power had increased, but he still felt threatened by some of the SA leaders. Some of the leaders had not given an oath of allegiance to Hitler & held him in some contempt. -. The SA's leader was Ernst Rohm, the SS was the regular army and led by Heinrich Himmler. - Himmler had taken the oath, he and others in the SS convinced Hitler even further that the SA & Rohm were a threat. - The SS then was ordered to dispose of the SA leaders. - On June 29, 1934, to June 30th SA leaders were beaten to death. Rohm was shot and SA came under the SS

Nazi Party

-This is a shortened term for "NationalSozialismus" meaning National Socialism in English, which was taken from the German union, Worker's Party. - The party would combine the excessive patriotism, racism, and elitism of nationalism andcombine it with centralized governmental control of business.

flight

-Wilbur and Orville wright 1903 built and successfully flew -used in WWI

Boxing

-William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey, 100,000 attended to a fight against James Joseph "gene" Tunney, 60 million people listened by radio

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

-a law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth -contracted with private construction companies (schools, hospitals, roads, and public infrastructures) -hoover dam and over sea highway Miami to key west

modernism

-a physicological theory that had started to be developed in early 20th centry in Europe -rejects religion, embraced artistic and personal expression (Albert Einstein)

1943- the zoot suit riots

-a week in California when sailors and mexican americans slashed and began rioting

Elenor Roosevelt

-advocate for black and the poor -FDR- had an affair with his secretary, lucy mercer -elenor had her own with journalist- lorena hickok -support the new deal -equal access to employment for women -wanted to reverse woodrow wilsons federal government -had confrence with (FERA) federal emergency relief act

Equal Rights Admendment (ERA)

-alice paul supported equal rights amendment (era), believed women should have access to education and equal employment

native americans in war

-joined military in large amount

Problems w/ social security and the welfare state

-at the time average life expectancy was 67 -SS was intended to only help for a short period in time -current life expectancy is 80- people receiving benefits for a longer amount of time than intended to be -not enough money to provide the system -at first system lacked funding due to money was coming from direct workers then

the gestapo (german secret police)

-august 31st the Gestapo entered a german concentration camp and took a handful of prisoners -site in Germany, near the Polish border and dresses the men as a polish soldiers and shoots them -the Gestapo were dressed in polish uniforms in order to stage a phony "invasion" -they then concocted a story (using images of the dead men) the Poles had attacked Germany, which gave Hitler an excuse to invade Poland

Alain Locke

-became first black rhodes scholar- scholarship at university of Oxford, scholarly achievement, character, commitment to do goo, and leadership skills, (graduate school only)

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

-believed African Americans would not gain equality in america and started to encourage african americans to leave america and build their own country in africa

Joseph Stalin

-born in december of 1978 -joined the russian social democratic labour party as a young man -apart of the bolshevik revolution in 1917- which put vladimir lenin in charge of the communist party and had overturned the Czar of russia -1922 russia became the soviet union a the end of the civil war -collectivsim and extreme contol of stalin lead to Holodomor and the great purge

Rual Electrification Administration (REA)

-bring electricity to rural homes -80% farms still without electricity in 1935

Resettlement Administration

-built migrant camps in California -resettle families suffering from the depression and dust bowl and turned it into labor camps in 1935 -95 camps with electricity and running water -helped 75,000 people -seen in grapes of wrath by john steinbeck

overproduction/installment plans

-buying things that rarely need to be replaced (cars/radios) -being bought with credit (stores give credits) -families downsize and productions caused by overproduction

The Holocaust

-celebrations of nazis had been doing in concentration camps -Hitler during the war devised what he called "final Solution" to what he deemed the "Jewish problem" -jews, christians, disabled, homosexuals, forced into camps -labor, starvation, rape, torture, and deathing as chambers or crematoriums -6 million jews, 5 million others -general dwight d eisenhower, upon the sight of the bodies in camps along with the starved survivors ordered that camps be photographed and filmed for documentary evidence -Dachaw, US troops were so outraged that they executed 550 surrended nazi gaurds -in some of the camps the local german citizens walk through camps to witness horror inflicted by the nazi regime

the indian new deal

-changed long-term policies -replaced boarding schools with schools located on the reservation -ended dawes act -built Grand Coulee Dam-1,000 acres destroyed

Manhattan Project

-code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II -sept. 16th 1940 roosevelt signed the 1st peacetime conscription - registering 16 million men 21-35 -after 1940 election- congress passed land-lease act, "lended" military equiptment to great britian

the red scare (1919-1920)

-concerns of anarchism and communist immigrants

Yalta accords

-conference was held between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin on feb. 4-11, 1945 -Roosevelt goal - replace isolationism with internationalism (UN) -Churchill wanted to restore france, poland, and restrict reperations against germany -stalin wanted to retrieve former russian territories given to poland following WWI and to create Soviet control over liberated eastern europe countries -Soviet control over outer mongolia through the peoples's republic -kuril island, japan --recover lost territories lost in russo-japanese war -exchange lands Soviets promised they would enter war against japan 3 months after germany lost -chinese sovereignty over manchuria and have a treaty with chinese nationalists -poland buffer country between soviets and western europe, free elections- stalin, not happened for 50 years

the war production board

-created 1942, directed the conservation of industries to war time products -auto companies would switch production to jeeps and other military manufacturing -companies ended up producing 300,000 planes, 89,000 tanks, 3 million machine guns, 7 million -war time manufactures/military goods- government grew exponentially as well

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-created jobs -felt a waste of money that had multiple workers doing jobs that really only required one worker -federal writers project gave writers employment and allowed for several famous writers to work on plays -writers reported stories former slave narratives which lost history otherwise -artists hired murals on public buildings small and medium sized buildings -doctors and dentists were also given work

Civilain Conservation Corps (CCC)

-creates jobs -18-25, male -paid $30 a month: $22-$25- sent to your family -housed on site -uniforms -free food -urban areas -serve 3 years total -build parks, planted trees, roads, trails, ditches, and soil conservation -military style -Neil M. Maher- expert of CCC, believed Roosevelt was concerned by rise of Japan and Germany -study, work, play, and health -either have free time or be able to receive an education -building bodies before WWII -75% workers fight in WWII

glass-stegall act of 1933

-creates the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Cooperation) -guarantees up to $5,000- (now $250,000)

modernist art and literature

-cubism, abstract, surreal paintings (pablo picasso) -rejects traditional ideas

Jazz age

-culture was changed in the 20s -more rebellion -soldiers were in disillusionment, rejects morals and religions -alcohol and drugs were used - increase in technology, music, and art

causes of the great depression (1929-1939)

-decline in agricultural prices -overproduction of agricultural products and manufactured goods -high tariffs -underconsumption -stagnation of wages -instability of the banks, loose lending practices with little oversight, and selling stock on margin -spread globally because of problems in Europe with the stirgent reparations required of Germany

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

-did the same projects as the (NIRA) -used private companies -promotes monopolies from (PWA) -unconstitutional (violated commerce clause) -hied 4 million workers -spent a lot of money

Washington naval arms conference- (five powers treaty)(1921-1922)

-disarmament- downsizing major navies -japan war with china and russia -worried about what japan could do -US, great britian, france, italy, and japan -all countries stop building battleships and aircraft carriers -japan withdraws, 1934

teapot dome scandal (Harding scandal)

-dome the government-owned in wyoming filled with oil -reseve warships -navy department of interior, albert B.Falll -$400,000 in bribes by selling oil -convicted for one yearreserve

criticism for Hoover

-done more than any other president prior, criticism for incorrect actions -wanted to direct governmental aid -staunch individualists -people called homeless towns "______-villes", etc.

growing concerns in the US

-education about fascism - manufacturing 50,000 airplanes in a single year -researching and developing the atomic bomb

African americans and the WWII

-entered war in large amounts -received the worst jobs

farmers protest

-farmers formed mobs to stop foreclosures and threatened judges and attacked judges who signed foreclosures

african americans and the new deal

-felt inequality in developing the welfare system -stigma around the welfare system -the system was state distributed, established guidelines on recieveing assistance -sometimes income standards were set incredibly low, below the cost of living -people remained poor and didn't have assistance -allowed for discrimination - African Americans "were becoming disproportionately dependent on welfare system" (Foner, 831). -the system were viewed as welfare, then called "the dole", many viewed it as a disgrace to assisance -becomes a stigma -unemployment rate doubles for blacks compared to whites -federal employment was often discriminatory, only employing blacks as custodians or clerks -W.E.B. DuBois suggested building an independent cooperative in the community for economic endurance -simular to Booker T. Washington has proposed years before DuBois Critzied

continue war in the pacific

-fighting continues with japan after the defeat of italy and germany -the US gained control over iwo jima, then okinawa -the US was preparing for an invasion of japan when truman was notified that we'd had a successful test of the A-bomb in New Mexico

terhan conference

-first meeting FDR, Churchill, and Stalin would all meet -planning the invasion of france -discussing united nations following the war -tentions lead to cold war

election of 1936

-following the debt of Huey Long -William Lemke (union), Alfred Landon (republican), and FDR (democrat) -FDR wins the election by a landslide -ratified the 20th amendment- moved the inauguration from march 4th to January 20th

the congress of industrial organizations (CIO)

-formed by John Lewis -support even unskilled workers -combined efforts with the united auto workers (UAW) in a sit down strike that was the first of its kind -workers did not leave the building, but stopped working -kept out strikebreakers -GM compromised to the end of the strike -created the development of unions

battle of the atlantic

-german (u-boats)- french ports for entry into the atlantic -1942, allied ships being lost at alarming rates -1942, british decipher at the german naval code -allies either avoid u-boats or could hunt them, germany was now on the defensive in atlantic

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-graduated Harvard/Columbia law -Anna Eleanor Roosevelt -enters politics 1910 -secretary of navy -1921, gets polio- becomes paralyzed -1928, governor of New York

hitler's death?

-hitler was married to eav braun, then killed her and himself in a underground bunker on April 30th 1945 -Nazi regime surrendered on May 7th -leading to what known as V-E Day on May 8th

consumption, consumerism, and advertisement

-income increased in 1920s and the middle class was expanding part of this expansion was due to the increased demand for middle-class workers such as clerks, teachers, and accountants -created disposable income, inflation low -homes adding running water and electricity -consumerism rises -1920- 35% of homes had electricity -1930- 68% of homes had electricity

d-day

-invasion the allies, the USAF, and RAF- bombed germany to weak their forces -D-day called operation overload -invading normandy coast where hitler had established fortifications -june 6th, 1944, 5,300 boats carrying 370,000 soldiers and sailors began the invasion -june 6th- august 21st, allies had 226,386 casualities -paris liberated on august 25th, and by mid-sept. most of France and Belgium were freed

sacco and vanzetti

-itallian immigrants- nicola sacco and bartholomew vanzetti -1920, arrested for stealing $16,000 from paymaster at shoe company -killed and executed on august 23, 1927 -upton sinclair wrote "boston" based off of this story

the Atlantic charter

-italy enters war june 1940 - germany's ally -nazi and italy forced great Britain out of Libya spring of 1941 -april of 1941 - the nazi overtook Yugoslavia, greece, and forced Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria in the axis powers In August 1941, Roosevelt meets churchill on a warship off of the coast of Canada -2 men drew up a joint statement, the Atlantic charter -the agreement pledged "nazi tyranny" that they would promote self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom through a new organization, united nations

General Hideki Tojo

-japan price fumimaro Konoe was a leader prior to the war, however, weak leader and despite trying to releieve tentions witht the US, japan continued to escalate its aggression -resign as prime minister and General Hideki Toko would take over and be the main authority -tojo would act as a "military czar" -lead japan into war -jully 1944-tojo resigned position when it was becomeing clear that Japan had won war, military officals forced tge resignation -war continues for an additonal year -konoe committed suicide in 1945 at the end of the war - tojo was arrested and executed in 1948

birth of Jazz

-jazz age term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald (Author of Great Gatsby) - popularity ragtime, Scott Joplin -Jazz Musicians- Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Bessie smith -African American influence and slang for sex

sicily and italy

-july 10, 1943- allied forces in sicily -won august 17th -italy the king- political leader- mussonlini- arrested -italy surrenders and joins allies -mussolini escape assistance of germans- went to north italy - attempted to take over and set up a puppet government

pearl harbor

-july 1941- japan took control of french, indo chains -roosevelt froze japan's assets -Prime Minister Konoe wanted to avoid war, lacked power and resigned, allowed General Hideki Toko to become prime minister -warning to US navy southwest pacific -december 7, 1941- japan attacked Pearl Harbor Naval Base and airfield -8 ships sunk/disabled -several others -2 hours, 2,400 civilians and servicemen dead and 1,200 more destroyed -180 planes destroyed -roosevelt called the day "which will live in infamy" -entered war next day

calvin coolage

-knew most about the economy -won election in 1924 -harding's vp -reduced taxes and national debt -industrial development and ends federal regulation

"new Woman"

-long skirts, corsets, and restrictive clothing -1919- 6 inches from the floor -1927- above the knee

Federal Housing Administration

-long-term mortgage by private banks built low income housing for needy families

operation Barbarossa

-means german king -nazi break non-agression pact with stalin -soviets and nazi -june 22 1941, germany surrounded Leningrad, known as the siege of leningrad

Sigmund feud

-modern founder in phycology -believed in mind was conflicted that repressed sexual feelings played a role in conflict -talk through therapy, invented -used cocaine, and had illusions and dreams

Pacific Theater

-occupied a numebr of pacific islands -spring 1942, japan captured philipines and forcibly marched US soldiers (12,000) and Filipinos (66,00), 65 miles- 6 days to the Bataan peninsula- known as the Bataan death march (10,000 died) japan desired to press on and capture Australia and hawaii and US navy able to stop their plans into battles, the battle of coral sea and the battle of midway - to stope Japanese in the pacific -both air power their naval cut off the Japanese from being resupplied in the island

Marcus Garvey

-one of the first supporters of black power, in contrast to the Harlem Renaissance -supports KKK -W.E.B. DuBois doesn't like his beliefs -created a ship liner (black star line)- to take people to Africa -oversold stock, mail fraud -Garvey was arrested, and then taken back to Jamacia

stagnating wages

-overproduction and under consumption led many manufactures to freeze their wages -wages don't increase based on inflation of goods

Winston Churchill

-prime minister of great britian -great britian remains and refuses to give into germany he promised that the brits would "fight on and on forever and ever... never surrender"

Neutrality acts

-prohibits traveling on ships owned by countries that were at war -other additions and revisions prohibited the sale of guns and munitions to "belligerent" countries, forbade loans being made to the countries

National Youth Administration

-provided assistance to teenagers and young adults providing education and work to 16-25 year olds

The Social Security Act of 1935

-provides a pension payment to retirees over the age of 65 -disability payments and funds go to survivors if the person dies before retirement -self-funded plan, social security taxes withdrawn from paychecks to fund the system -provided unemployment fund and direct aid through -aid to dependent children

Installment plans

-purchases using credit -radios, electric irons, new stoves, electric fridges and various other items were purchased on credit -boosted production and construction -advertisements grew to be more popular and consumer culture grew

mas culture

-radio, early film (silent films) -1924, 24,000 theaters -1927, "talkies"- audible theaters -Charlie Chaplin, Rudolf Valentino, Greta Garbo, Clara Bow

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

-raised prices on crops -paid farmers to reduce their production of crops -burned fields, 6 million hogs slaughtered and despite a small portion being donated -meat was buried -they can come on to peoples land and destroy their property against the owners will -kicked sharecroppers off of the land - program was then declared unconstitutional in 1936

Upton Sinclair

-ran for office as governor in california, democrat, really socialist -wanted the government to take over the industry -did not like the new deal -brink of communist

federal housing policies

-re-enforced segregation -housing units built in areas accordance to race -money often denied to intergrated neughborhoods -FHA didn't insure a mortgage unless there was a clause barred the home from selling homes to minorites

mexican americans

-recruited to harvest crops -bracero program (manual labor) -160,000 seasonal farm workers 1942-1945 -300,000 served in war -racism , however, continued

munich pact

-sept. 30th, 1938- france and great britian became concerned by the possiblity of another war -germany has entered the Sudetenland in Czechoslovak -march 15ht, 1939, hitler promised not to invade any other territories and then promptly violated the promise when he sent the military to conquer the remainder of Czechoslovak

the office of price administration

-set prices and created ration coupons that limited what citizens could purchase -several new deal programs ended (such as the CCC) as they were no longer necessary -factories were built in the west and large amounts of people moved for factory jobs -military bases were built in the south

harry T. Steward jr.

-shot 3 German planes over Austria, distinguished flying cross

Penny auctions

-small communities and farms, neighborhoods, would come together to stop auctions on farms to keep bidders away -the farmer could then buy the farm from the neighbor for more pennies -saving farmers from complete bankruptcy

Fransisco Franco

-spain dictator-general after winning victory of spanish civil war of 1939 -he took over country -resticted people of Basque and Catalan regions -supported germany in the war -restore monarchy until he died in 1975, then, spain became a democracy

death of harding

-speaking tour in Alaska -dies in hotel in california -dies from unknown sources -Calvin Coolage becomes president

national industrial recovery act (NIRA)

-stabilize business -reduce competition -wages and prices (40-hour work week) -creates monopolies -recognized union right to stabilize -Henry Ford hates this act (had to lower wages) (created less cars for more money) -Clarence Darrow- "designs up prices but to create government monopolies" -declared program separation of powers (unconstitutional)

holodomor

-stalin imprisoned a million more in his own country and systematically killed 700,000 through starvation, and labor camps, execution, etc.

the battle of the bulge

-started december 16th, 1944 in the town of Bastogne, Belgium -taking Bastogne the allies weakened the nazi and enabled the invasion into the western border of germany -soviets invading east, taken warsaw, poland, vienna,austria -Churchill was concerned of stalin and soviets urged US general Eisenhower too get to berlin before stalin -eisenhower felt that berlin was no longer significant and left it to stalin (mistake)

loose lending and buying stock on the margin

-stocks growing in 1920s -"real estate too big to fail" -hopes in buying stock to become rich

Garveyism

-stressed racial separation rather than segregation

roosevelt's court case packing scheme

-supreme court one of the strongest oppositions roosevelt faced by the new deal -wanted an age limit in the supreme court -no one over the age of 70 -compromise put into place

The siege of Leningrad

-surrounded, cut off resources in russia, inital attacks successful -100,000 German soldiers would die in Leningrad due to war -750,000- 1,000,000 people died from the siege- which lasted 2 1/2 years -by end of sept. 1st year the coal and oil were run out - left no heat in cities -cats, dogs, rats, horses, and wild birds disappeared from the city as people became more desperate for food -winter couldn't burry bodies, bodies remained on the streets until the spring -Stalingrad went through siege as well- volograde -Leningrad- st. petersburg -used sawdust as food

tariffs (another issue)

-tariffs were too high to prevent cheap foreign goods from overtaking US goods. -however foreign countries started to charge high tariffs on US goods, weakening the US foreign trade. further shrinking our market

scopes trial

-taught social Darwinism/evolution (illegal) in Tennessee -clarence darrow- defends -founded guilty

prohibition

-taxes decline 30% -fees -speak easys (secret bars) rise -leads to crime, unemployment, and businesses of alchohol to close

V-J day

-the famous picture of the kiss would take place on V-J Day when photographer, Alfred Eisenstadt captured a moment of celebration when George Medonsa grabbed and kissed dental hygenist, Greta Zimmer Freidman -the pair did not know each other and did not see each other again, until they were elderly -they briefly met again to discuss their famous moment -Greta died in 2016 at the age of 92

labor problems and the rise of the CIO

-the number of strikes would increase dramatically in the 30s as labor problems increased - by 1943 -2,000 strike as they became more violent

Blitzkrieg

-the spring of 1940, the war moved into blitzkrieg (lightning war) -Germany invaded denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands -june 14th, 1940, Germany was able to take over paris -the allied forces were able to France before the complete occupation -germany then put a puppet government in place, set up in vichy, France -great britian was left alone against the tyranny of germany

Absolute Monarchy

-this form of gov. is led by one individual and unlike constitutional monarchy the leader is not bound like any other governmental bodies, laws, or constitution, they have complete control and authority

code talkers (wind talkers)

-to transmit messages to Germans who can't translate it

Hiroshima and nagasaki

-truman felt that the atomic bomb would ultimately save the lives the ground invasion would cost -lthe first bomb was located on the Enola-gay- the bomb was nicknamed "Little Boy", the bomb was dropped on August 6th, 1945 -the devestation was far beyond what the scientists had estimated. 78,000 people dies immediately, but the death toll would rise to 140,000 by the end of the year -two days after hiroshima, the Soviets entered the war in order to "share the spoils"- this was a further incentive to end the war quickly so that the soviets wouldn't try to make more territories -truman ordered tge 2nd bomb to be dropped. the second bomb was nicknamed "Fat Man" and was dropped on august 9th on nagasaki killing approximately 75,000 by the end of the year -japan surrendered that evening of august 9th- leadin to V-J Day

human impact

-unemployment in 1932 was 23% -millions of wages cut -1,000 people a day were losing homes -people lined up at soup kitchens -25% of children were malnourished (100 people died per hospital each year) -many slept in parks -people sneak on trains "riding the rails", 9-14 years old, to live and find jobs whenever trains take them, 900,000 kids left - bankers suicide- 12 in every 100,000 increases to 19.7 in every 100,000 -NYC 8 people died from suicide -mexicans accused of "stealing" jobs -eugenics told them to kill people who do not think they could help the economy- george bernard shaw -birth rates dropped -marriage rates dropped -divorce rates drop -crime and prostitution increases -people send children to live with families on farms so the kids can have food to live -women protest, men are taking their jobs -politicians considered on deporting immigrants, "back to africa" -women 20%, men 23% laidoff -26 states band a women to work -3/4th public schools got rid of females for men to take their positions

how economic crash spread across Europe

-us banks had given large loans to france, great britian, and germany -WWI -reparations from germany had to pay france and great britian due to the war -freezes worldwide depression because the US can't give loans to germany

Bonus Expeditionary Force (Bonus Army)

-veterans of WWI had been promised a cash bonus signed by the House in 1924, but the Senate voted the bill down. -the bonus would have helped 4 million veterans -marched to Washington D.C. in May of 1923 to protest not receiving the bonus -hoped to garner support from politicians and American public, approx.-15,000 marchers set up tents and shanytowns in vacant lots in D.C. -gave train tickets -july 1932 Hoover ordered shanytowns to close -2 vets killed 0700 active duty officers attack own people in the military -general Douglas Mac Author, Dwight D. Eisenhour, George S. Patton -deaths- 11 year old boy, 11- week old baby, and 4 year old boy (died from starvation)

Japanese americans and internment camps

-volunteer large numbers -have family in internment camps -if you volunteer in the military and are Japanese you were either expelled or received special privileges -1983, government knowledge the injustice and granted $20,000 each survivor

the wagner act

-workers organized the right to go create management and created national labor regulations board

Erza Pound

-writing -graduate from Harvard -dealt with disillusionment and melancholy following WWI

Adolf Hitler

. Born in Austria in 1889, Hitler was outraged Treaty of Versailles, and the treatment of Germany following WWI. - He joined a political party in Germany that was plotting a revolution, which lead to his arrest. He was sentenced to 5 years but would only serve one -. It was during this time that he began to write Mein Kampf, the book that would outline Hitler's design for the racial cleansing of Germany. - In 1932 President Paul Von Hindenburg appointed Hitler to be Chancellor. -. After becoming Chancellor, the Reichstag (Parliament) Building was burnt to the ground. -. This event was used by Hitler to gain political support & call for a new general election. - He then used the police, who were Nazi sympathizers to arrest & suppress the opposition. - .The new election allowed the Nazis to take control. In 1934 Enabling Acts made it possible for Hitler to take control of Germany creating a dictatorship. - He became known as Fuhrer (the sole and supreme national leader). - By 1933 all

guinn V US

1915 the supreme court struck down Oklahoma's grandfather clause, which had been part of the states attempt to disenfranchise blacks (passed)

Roosevelt Recession

1929-1936 -growing budget and inflation -cut spending -decrease in falling price in stocks and increase in employment

First New Deal

1933-1934 *First phase of FDR's domestic reform program *Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices *Agencies such as the Agricultural Adjustment Admin., Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Civilian Conservation Corps, and National Recovery Admin. were founded *Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased *Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use of deficit spending and for spending on relief *Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business A LOT OF ACTS DO NOT NEED TO BE MEMORIZED

cash-and-carry policy

1937. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

black sunday

A day in April 1935 in which massive storms of heavy black dirt swept through towns, choking people. -Hugh bennett pioneer in soil conservation caused Washington D.C. to discuss the dust bowl -another dust bowl went through NYC

Land-Lease Act

A law, passed in 1941, that allowed the United States to lease arms and supplies to all nations fighting the Axis powers.

al capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs. arrested due to tax evasion

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition -dictatorship, one party, censorship of media, controlled economy, teys to control a region, very strict social classes, supports private property, and supports racial superiorty

Hugh Bennett

A soil scientist in the 1920s and 1930s for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He spoke about the danger of soil erosion. Became director of SCS.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians. -new Orleans 1900 -mother prostitute, father abandoned, -started jazz as a teen in 1922, in Chicago

the Pittsburgh courier

Black newspaper who advocated for black expansion in war industries -called the double V victory at home (Civil right)

Tennesee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federal project to provide inexpensive electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River valley

operation torch

General Eisenhower put general george patton in charge of the efforts since battles went poorly

Adolf Hitler and national socialist german workers (Nazi party)

Germany

football

Harold Edward "red" grange, college of university of Ilinois. first to appear on times magazine

Benito Mussolini and fasists

Italy

General Hideh Tojo

Japan

emergency farm labor program

Mexicans coming to US to work in agriculture

black thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes but recovers

black tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression. -659 banks fail

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

the official start of WWII

September 1, 1939 - Germany invaded Poland, north, south, and west -soviet union invaded 16 days later from the east and poles surrendered. -Britain and France declared war on Germany and the axis powers because Hitler broke an agreement in the Treaty of Versailles -over 2 million poles were arrested and put in concentration camps or murdered

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

The highest U.S. tariff rates in 100 years. The high rates led to a tariff war with other nations that worsened the international depression and cut American exports and imports by more than half.

agricultural marketing act, 1929

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.

the kelly act of 1925

US Postal Service uses private airplane operators to help carry mail

american neutrality

US public was concerned with maintaining an isolationist position and remaining neutral

Women in the military

WACS, WAVES and Nurse Corps in WWII, today women = 11% but don't register for the draft and are also not allowed to serve in combat

election of 1940

Wendell Willkie: Republican nominee, -roosevelt nominated- third term- promised to not enter the war- started 1938 -"never send our boys into foreign war" roosevelt won in a landslide

the Scottsboro case

a case became a national sensation -9 black boys and black men ages 13-21 arrested for raping 2 white women on a freight train in 1931 -case built on flimsy evidence -discovered later women were prositutes and "working"" on the train selling sex for both races -one woman would eventually recant her accusations -orginail trial overturned- creating a new trial -5 men founded guilty, 4 of the youngest men were paroled, last 9 not to be released until 1950

Totalitarianism

a government that has no limits to authority and regulates every area of the lives of the citizens (public and private)

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

revenue act of 1932

act signed by Hoover that raised taxes, especially on the wealthy...their rate went from 25-63%

brain trust

advisors used to come up with solutions for FDR

New deal (1933-1935)

alternative plans of socialism and fascism

League of Militant Atheists

an organization in charge of the government's anti-religion campaign -arrested christians, jews, muslims, and Buddhists -churches, temples, and mosques were destroyed -1930s stalin starved systematically ukrainian people (4 million died from starvation) -known as Holodomor

FDR's death

april 12th, 1945 - cerebral hemorrhage

Mussolini death

april 28th, 1945, drugged around the city and stomped on my people, him and his wife

margin

buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest

flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. smoked and drank in public

fordlandia

creating rubber plantation in brazil for tires, in rainforest, wanted to "elevate" the locals, social Darwinism, stylized work schedules, used out of synthetic rubber (polymer)

established executive order 9066

gather japanese americans, due freeze bank accounts

Elections of 1932

democrats nominated FDR- Wins 1933

agriculture

even before the official start of the Depression, there were indicators of an economic downturn -farm failing and going into foreclosure before the great depression -overproduction

Amelia Earhart

first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1932)

Glass-Stegall Banking Act, 1932

forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to the economy, establish FDIC (guaranteed bank deposits up to $5,000) REFORM AND RECOVERY

election of 1928

herbert hoover and Al Smith -herbert hoover -rags to riches -orphaned at the age of 9 -millionaire by the age of 40 - donated his salary as president to charity

civil rights

increased through the new deal years despite the disinterest of some of the FDR administration, 1939, department of justice added civil liberties

fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Second New Deal

launched in 1935, FDR- second term, the first one did nothing for the depression -works progress administration (WPA) -Wagner act -social security act, 1935 -revenue act 1935

federal home loan bank act, 1932

lowers mortgages

automobiles

manufactured in 1895- henry ford, increases affordability

ira hayes

native american (pima)- being apart of raising the flag at iwo jima- died from alcohol

first 100 days

propose and enact numerous legislative acts that he would stabilize the economy

Air Commerce Act of 1926

provided federal aid to build airports

regressive pay roll tax

rate at a "fixed rate", poor felt "pinched" -the program was voluntary - became mandatory in 1972 -didn't include working in agriculture or as a domestic servants -the urban league and NAACP - lobbied the Lundeen bill, which created benefits for people working in agriculture and as domestic servants -roosevelt thought the cooperation would be bankrupt by the 1980s -congressional borrowing

emergency relief act, 1929

relief in construction

agriculture of 1935

replaced unconstitutional; AAA -provides assistance to prevent soil erosion

the perfect storm

sales to slow then market to slump stock market investors ignored the slumping market and continues to invest heavily

tripartite pact

sept. 27th, 1940 - japanese government signed a pact with nazi germany and the fascists of italy that pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them -roosevelt "unholy alliance"- keeps US neutral -emabrgo on US steel, iron, copper, and brass to Japan -shipped oil and hoped that it could be a barganing chip hoping they would back down

a second front, the north Africa campaign

soft location, morraco and algeria -agreed they need a second front since soviets had a "bore the brunt" -nov. 8th, 1942, over 100,000 US and british landed in soft location -may 12th, 1943, 250,000 German and italian troop surrender north africa inder control of allied forces -roosevelt and churchill met in casablanca, morraco, the casablanca conferenceof 1943, italy and sicily -supplied soviets and china- assist soviets -roosevelt- aggressors surrender unconditionally- the war would end -soviets continue pressing westward taking control of every region

Joseph Stalin and communists

soviet union

Neutrality laws

tested in December when japan sunk a US gunboat PANAY, which had been anchored in china on the Yangtze river and was flying an American flag, however the US was neutral

speculation

too many Americans were engaged in speculation- buying stocks and bonds hoping in a quick profit