unit 4 geopolitics
what are some characteristics of the EU?
It has a central administrative center in Brussels, its own unified currency, = the Euro, a court its members must answer to, a parliament that makes laws for all of its countries, a central bank for its countries, no visas to travel between member countries, no duties, tariffs or customs to keep cost of goods down
what does nafta do?
It opens borders between these three for promoting trade and investment only. All it has done is to drop tariffs, customs and duty fees between these countries
nafta has benefited ______ most, but has hurt ______ and US and Canadian _______
Mexico; Mexican farmers; sector factory workers
some monarchies are more absolute; what are some examples of these?
Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein
what is the best example of a military supranational organization, and which countries are part of it?
NATO; most countries belong to it except Russia
what are examples of rivers as physical boundaries?
Niagara for US/Canada; Rio Grande for US/Mexico; Rhine for France and Germany and also for Switzerland and Liechtenstein; Mekong for Thailand and Laos: Lake Tanganyika for the Congo and Zambia; amazon for Brazil/Peru, Columbia/Venezuela
what does nafta stand for?
North American Free Trade Agreement
what are examples of mountains as physical boundaries?
Pyrenees for Spain and France; Himalayas for China and India and China and Nepal; Urals for Europe from Asia; Andes for Columbia and Chile
what are some examples of irredentism?
Russia with Crimea, Nazi Germany with Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia , Armenia with Azerbaijan, Serbia with Bosnia, Somali Republic with Ogaden, Pakistan with Kashmir, Morocco with Spanish Cahara, Croatia with Bosnia
what are examples of countries with more than one capital?
S Africa with Pretoria and Cape Town; Bolivia with la Paz and Sucre; Netherlands with Amsterdam and The Hague, Ivory Coast with Abidjan and Yamoussoukro
both _____ (______ and _______) and ______( ______, _____, and ______) have developed significant power to avoid centrifugal separatist movements.
Spain; Basques; Catalans; UK; Wales; Scotland; N Ireland
what are todays shatter belts due to and give examples
Today's shatter belts are usually over religion like India/Pakistan or Jewish Israel/Palestine Islam
which countries are part of nafta?
US, Canada and Mexico
what are some examples of capitals that have changed locations (including forward thrust capitals)?
Washington DC from NYC; Brasilia from Rio de Janeiro; Canberra from Sidney in Australia; Abuja from Lagos in Nigeria
what is a locational boundary dispute? give examples
When a border moves like when it is based on a river or desert...Yemen/ Saudi Arabia, India /Bangladesh, Ethiopia/Somalia
what is an operational boundary dispute? give examples
When borders are agreed on but not respected by one party like Mexico doesn't respect its border with the US
what is a definitional boundary dispute and give examples
When the states interpret a border treaty in different ways like Russia and Japan over the Kuril Islands, Argentina/Chile, Yemen/Sadia Arabia, China/Taiwan, Palestine/Israel
define a nation
a group of people with common cultural characteristics, like ethnicity language or religions
define a frontier; what Is the best example of this today?
a land with no or fuzzy border; Antarctica
define a stateless nation; give examples
a nation without land and sovereignty; · Kurds, the Basques in Spain, Catalans in Spain, Tibetans its China, Uighur in China, Roma Gypsies throughout Europe, Quebecois through Canada, Flemish in Belgium, Zulu in South Africa, Hmong in China, Laos and Thailand, Chesnians in Russia, Palestinians in Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
what is a perforated state and give an example?
a state that completely surrounds another state; South Africa surrounds Lesotho
define an elongated state and give an example?
a state that is long and narrow in shape; chile
define a commonwealth
a territory that has established a mutual agreement with another state for the benefit of both parties
military used to be the most important in supranationalism like the....
allied powers vs central powers, Allies v Axis, NATO v Warsaw Pact (all soviet E Europe countries like Poland, E. Germany, Romania).
what is supranationalism?
an alliance involving 3 or more countries for their mutual benefit such as economic, social, political or military, but they must give up at least a small bit of sovereignty in order to belong because the members are legally obligated to comply with the decisions of the body
define a state
an area with boundaries, a population and sovereignty which means the right to rule yourself
what is an enclave and give an example?
any small and relatively homogeneous group, region, or state surrounded by another larger and different group, region or state
based on the law of the seas, what is the rule for high seas?
are past the 12-mile limit where cruise ships can open casinos and captains can marry or arrest thieves on their ships
why does almost every state have multiple nations within it?
because of immigration, colonization or super imposed boundaries
where did the term nation state come from?
came from Western Europe back in the 1800s when European boundaries coincided largely with language, they are no longer good examples of nation states
Most countries have one, but some have more than one. this is a _____
capital
what are physical boundaries?
come from natural topography Physical features are often associated with antecedent boundaries
what are land locked states and give examples
countries that lack ocean frontage and are surrounded by other states. This is the most serious threat to economic development because they can't easily import and export; serious disadvantage for trade they also have issues with sea resources, transportation and communication. The breakup of the former Soviet Union added to the number of these types of states as did European superimposed boundaries drawn in Africa; Hungary, Chek republic, Switzerland, Austria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Laos, Nepal, Bhutan, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Rwanda, Chad, Niger, Bolivia, Luxemburg, San Marino, Afghanistan
what are micro states and give examples
countries with small land sizes of just a few miles. They may not have many resources, but they are more likely to hold homogeneous populations which decrease potential conflicts within the country; Tonga, Bahrain, Barbados, Antiqua, Granada, Malta, Nauru, Dominica, Monaco, Hong Kong, Vatican, Singapore, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg and San Marino
define territoriality
creating ownership over a defined space
what is another word for devolution?
defacto federalism
what are the different kinds of boundary disputes?
definitional, locational, operational, allocational
define asymmetric federalism and give examples
different constituent areas possess different powers or has considerably more autonomy than others; Spain with the basques, Canada with Quebec
what are compact states and give examples?
distance from the center to any boundary is about the same. If the capital is in the center this promotes good communications, access to the capital and ease of mobilizing the military to defend borders; poland
define centrifugal factors
disunify a group of people making it difficult to govern over them
why do some countries change the location of their capitals?
due to a shift in political power, congestion in old capital, try to develop a rural area that has few resources, make the capital more centrally located.
in supranationalism, which is the most important kind?
economic
what is a genetic boundary?
evolve over time like US and Canada
unitary countries now behave like _______ _______ through ________.
federal governments; devolution
what is gerrymandering?
following a census reapportionment occurs giving states more or less representation in the HOR and electoral college based on whether they gained or lost population, When it is done in a way that manipulates a boundary to favor one party or demographic group
define shatter belts
geographic zones where tensions are high
how do people avoid separatist movements?
government may devolve power to a specific group in a particular region
what are subsequent boundaries and give an example
happen after the cultural landscape is in place...are based on religion, language, ethnicity or political differences; Pakistan/India over religion, N Ireland and Republic of Ireland over politics of being in UK and protestants in Northern Ireland, Quebec province Canada over language, language separated European country boundaries of today, imaginary mason Dixson line separating S Us from northern US left over from Civil War feelings, Kaliningrad/Russia German/Polish border after 1945,US state borders over land formerly belonging to Native Americans
describe Puerto Rico as a common wealth
in the US in return for land used as a military base for the US, Puerto Rican citizens get most US citizenship rights.
how much have states increased in the past and why?
increased by apx 100 over the past 50 years or so due to breakup of the USSR and demands for self-determination in other regions as well like decolonization after WWII
based on the law of the seas, what is the rule for the median line?
is used to settle disputes when these territories overlap between countries. They split the water territory in half.
why is the EU somewhat political?
it has a parliament and court it created for itself
when dealing with the steps of creating boundaries, define administration
last when the governments enforce the boundary
what is a confederation and give examples
limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states; US under Articles of Confederation, The former Soviet Union, the current EU
what is a constitutional monarchy and give examples
meaning they have royals that are heads of state but not heads of government(policy making); UK, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Japan and Malaysia
what is a relic boundary and give an example
no longer functions but everyone remembers it; Berlin Wall separating E and W Germany, Scotland/england after act of the union
define a nation state; give examples
occurs if a state's boundaries coincide with he cultural boundaries of a particular group; Japan and Denmark
what are the normal shapes of gerrymandered districts?
oddly looking drawn squiggly boundaries
who are they considering adding to nafta in the future?
other Latin American countries
what are prorupted state boundaries and give an example?
otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension like a finger jetting out. That finger may give access to a waterway or resource or it may have been designed to keep two other states from touching one another; Thailand
define an exclave and give an example?
part of a state that is separated from rest of state by a different state like the US and Alaska; Russia and Kaliningrad; India and W Bengal
define antecedent/consequent boundaries and give an example?
political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings, accepted because it has always been; US and Canada, India and China, often from physical features like rivers
why are some superimposed boundaries shaped as a thin finger sticking out? give an example
prevents two other countries from sharing a border like the democratic allied powers made sure Afghanistan had such a "finger" so it would prevent Pakistan from sharing a border with Soviet Union
what did the UN conference on the law of the sea propose?
proposed standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states and it was ratified by them
what does the tyranny of the map refer to?
refers to Europe's Marginalization of Africa which is why Africa is full of conflict and so poor. It is largely the result of Superimposed boundaries which created states with a history of warring tribes, several landlocked state making trade difficult because you have to rely on another country to have access to ocean for importin and exporting
what is the largest state and does it have the most ethnicities?
russia; yes
since the UK has many commonwealths, what is their relationship to the queen? give examples of the commonwealths
some still maintain the queen as their head of state but not head of government; be Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Popanuginni, Jamaica, Fiji, Dominica, the Bahamas, Antiqua, Belize and Saint Vincent.
define territories; what are most of the worlds territories?
states connected to other states due to colonialism or imperialism; island countries
define geometric boundaries and give an example
straight line boundaries that are not related to cultural or physical features;· You see a lot of these in Africa due to European colonizer's not caring for the wellbeing of their former colonies and drawing superimposed boundaries there. US/ Canada border and N and S Korea
what are the four areas in the law of the seas?
territorial, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), high seas, median line principle
based on the law of the seas, what is the rule for the economic exclusive zone (EEZ)?
that economic rights from shore out to 200 nautical mails gives that state control other all aspects of natural resources and extraction like fisheries, oil, natural gas, salvage operations. This is usually beyond the shallow water continental shelf in most cases
when dealing with the steps of creating boundaries, define delamination
the second step where the boundary is drawn on a map
what happens when people become more loyal to their nation their state? what are some examples?
they resort to terrorism, so their nation can achieve self-determination; examples would be the Basque in Spain, Chesnaians in Russia, and Militant Irish Catholics in the UK prior to the independence of Ireland
historically, what were shatter belts due to, give examples
they were due to outside superpower differences like during the cold war Eastern Europe was one due to tension between US and Western Europe anti- communism and Russia's desire to spared communism.
define a fragmented state and a give an example?
those with separate pieces like any island nation or the US that has Alaska and Hawaii. Can be difficult to defend, communicate, get aid to so some areas may feel left out; Philippines
why are capitals created?
to share power across different regions of the country to avoid a conflict amongst ethnicities or to make desalinating info or access to capital to do things easier
why have most government developed a federal government like the US?
to take care of the multicultural nature of countries
T/F EU (European Union) Members give up a lot of sovereignty to belong
true
what is stacked vote gerrymandering?
type of gerrymandering that helps to ensure that a minority group member gets elected
what kind of government system devolve their power to avoid separatist movements and give examples
unitary government system in that country instead of a federal government system. Examples of unitary governments include UK, France, Chile, China, Finland, Greece, Israel, Italy, Peru, Singapore, Spain
what was the Berlin conference?
when European leaders carved up the African frontier mostly in central part of the continent
Define Ethnonationalism
when a minority nation within a country feels left out or persecuted so they want their own state with sovereignty (self-determination). This can lead to separatist movements which is centrifugal
define a divided nation; give examples
when a nation is separated by a boundary; Koreans with North and South Korea, Irish with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. in cypress part of the country is greek and part of it is turk, so those people are separated from the rest of the perspective countries. · Kurds in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
what is an allocation boundary dispute? give examples
when a resource lies on a border the two sides may fight over that resource like water in Colorado River and Rio Grande for US and Mexico: Coal underground for Germany and Belgium, oil underground for Iraq and Kuiate
what is a superimposed boundary and give an example?
when an outside force or controlling government from a different country or the UN perhaps ignores the cultural landscape when it crates boarders which usually leads to serious conflicts; India/Pakistan, most of Africa once Europe gave self determination to former colonies, Israel by the UN from Palestine, Indonesia/New Guinea, N and S Korea.
define irredentism
when nations that are separated by a border want to be reunited which means a border would change.
define imperialism
when one country exerts power over another even though they don't actually get to set up the government institutions in that country.
define colonialism
when one country takes over another and directly controls the colony's policy because they get to set up the new government and control those who were colonized directly
when dealing with the steps of creating boundaries, define demarcation and give examples
when there is visual marking on the land like a sign, wall, fence, border patrol station relatively recent manmade examples on the landscape would be berlin wall, Demilitarized zone of N and S Korea, US/Mexico fence or wall
define a unitary government, and what countries does it work for?
where the national government has all of the real power and only works well in a countries that are either highly homogeneous, communist or small.
describe how the British colonized vs. France
· When the British colonized they created different government structures for its various colonies, although they all had some similarities to how things were done in England, so they would be more well received by the people that they colonized. France didn't do that so much and thus found more resistance.
based on the law of the seas, what is the rule for the territorial zone?
· sovereign territory that includes the area of sea from shore out to 12 nautical miles and within this area all laws of that country apply
define centripetal factors and what do these include?
· unify a group making it easier to govern them. These would include strong economy, equality, charismatic leader, homogeneous people
what are the four steps of creating boundaries?
1) definition 2) delamination 3) demarcation 4) administration
when dealing with the steps of creating boundaries, define definition
1) is the exact location of a boundary as it is legally established by the states that are involved with the creation or are in competition for a territory
what are the territories of the US
America Samoa, Guam, the US virgin Irelands, Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico, which is the largest territory in the world in population.
what are examples of capitals being moved for political reasons
Berlin from Bonn, E Berlin to reunify the Germanies after fall of communism; New Delhi from Calcutta in India; Ankara from Istanbul in Turkey; Moscow from St Petersburg in Russia following Russian Communist Revolution; Jerusalem from Tel Aviv after Israeli annexation of West Bank
why are there economic supranational organizations and give examples
Countries are in need of creating lucrative trading partners/alliances to protect themselves from globalization competition. Some examples include African Union, OPEC (oil producing countries), NAFTA and the EU
which organization has the largest economy and explain?
EU; world's largest trading block and trader of manufactured goods and services
define a foward thrust capital
If a capital is moved for economic reasons
