Unit 4: Medical Language; Urology, Male Reproductive System, & Gynecology and Obstetrics

K

Potassium

hypokalemia

a decreased amount of potassium in the blood; usually due to a diuretic drug that causes the kidneys to excrete an excessive amount of urine (and potassium)

vasovasostomy

a reversal of a vasectomy; the cut end of the vas deferens are rejoined so that spermatozoa are again present in the ejaculate and the male can cause a woman to become pregnant

nehroptosis

abnormally low position of a kidney

anuria

absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

prostatitis

acute or chronic bacterial infection of the prostate gland caused by a urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease

ARF

acute renal failure

urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract most often caused by e-coli which is normally found in the intestines and rectum

BPH

benign prostatic hypertrophy (hyperplasia)

diuretic drugs

block sodium from being reabsorbed from the tubule into the blood; as the sodium is excreted in the urine, it brings water and potassium with it because of osmotic pressure; this process is called diuresis; this decreases the volume of blood and is used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome

hematuria

blood in the urine; this can be gross or frank (easily seen with the naked eye) blood, or it can be microscopic that can only be detected in a laboratory setting; can be caused by kidney stone, cystitis, bladder cancer, etc; it can be due to menstrual blood that contaminates the urine specimen

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

CRF

chronic renal failure

epispadias

congenital condition in which the female urethral meatus is in an abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral meatus is in an abnormal location on the upper surface of the shaft of the penis rather than at the tip of the glans penis

hypospadias

congenital condition in which the male urethral meatus is on the underside of the shaft of the penis

C&S

culture and sensitivity

oliguia

decreased production of urine due to kidney failure, dehydration can cause it temporarily

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

DRE

digital rectal examination

renal failure

disease in which the kidneys decrease urine production, and then stop producing urine

end state renal disease (ESRD)

disease in which the kidneys decrease urine production, and then stop producing urine, the final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function

chronic renal failure (CRF)

disease in which the kidneys decrease urine production, and then stop producing urine; begins with renal insufficiency followed by gradual worsening with progressive damage to the kidneys from chronic, uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension or glomerulonephritis; symptoms do not appear until 80% of kidney has been lost

acute renal failure (ARF)

disease in which the kidneys decrease urine production, and then stop producing urine; occurs suddenly and is usually due to trauma, severe blood loss, or overwhelming infection

ESRD

end stage renal disease

hydronephrosis

enlargement of the kidney due to pressure that is backed up in the ureter because of an obstructing stone or structure

gynecomastia

enlargement of the male breast caused by an imbalance of testosterone and estradiol of puberty, aging, surgical removal of the testes, or female hormone drug, and treatment for prostate cancer

uremia

excessive amount of urea (waste) product in the blood because of renal failure; the kidneys are unable to remove urea, and it reaches a toxic level in the blood; it is then secreted to a small degree through the sweat glands

polyuria

excessive production of urine due to diabetes

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

cryptorchidism

failure of one or both testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum; causes a low sperm count and male infertility

nephropathy

general word for any disease of the kidney

glycosuria

glucose in the urine, this is an indication of an elevated blood sugar level that spills over into the urine as seen in diabetes

GC

gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons, causing kidney failure; early stage of this progressive , degenerative disease show few symptoms; often it is not detected until hypertension and already enlarged kidneys are found during a physical examination

cystocele

hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum; this causes retention of the urine that is in the bulge of the hernia

HPV

human papillomavirus; aka genital warts

incontinence

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder; it can be due to a spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or mental condition such as dementia

genitourinary (GU)

includes both external and internal genitalia system function is to secrete the male hormones, develop male secondary sexual characteristics, produces and release spermatozoa

nocturia

increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night; it can be due to cystitis, and enlarged prostate gland, or decreased capacity of the bladder in older adults, it is expressed as the number of times the patient voids each night (*3)

nephritis

infection of the kidney (also includes the renal pelvis)

cystitis

inflammation and infection of the bladder; often caused by bacteria in the urethra that ascend into the bladder; particularly in women because of the short length of the urethra

epididymitis

inflammation and infection of the epididymis; caused by a bacterial urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea or chlamydia

balanitis

inflammation and infection of the glans penis caused by a bacterium, virus, yeast, or fungus; often associated with phimosis and inadequate hygiene of the prepuce

pyelonephritis

inflammation and infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney

urethritis

inflammation or infection of the urethra

cystoscope

instrument used to examine the inside of the bladder

IVP

intravenous pyelography

enuresis

involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control

calculus

kidney stone

nephrolithiasis

kidney stone or calculus formation in the urinary system; kidney stones are composed of magnesium, calcium and crystals

KUB

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (x-ray)

urology

medical specialty that studies the urinary system and uses laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat urinary diseases

genital herpes

pathogen: herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 2; symptoms: lesions (blisters); when blisters break they become skin ulcers; there may be flu like symptoms or no symptoms at all

condyloma acuminata

pathogen: human papillomavirus (HPV) certain strains cause genital warts; other strains cause dysplasia of the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer; symptoms: itching, flesh colored, irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower like, vaginal discharge

gonorrhea

pathogen: neisseria gonorrhoeae; a gram negative diplococcus (double sphere) bacterium; aka gonococcus (GC); symptoms: painful urination; thick yellow discharge; some men have no symptoms; half of women have no symptoms; aka clap

trichomoniasis

pathogen: trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan with a flagellum (tail); symptoms: men, almost none; women, greenish-yellow frothy or bubbly vaginal discharge with a foul odor, itching of the vulva and vagina

urologist

physician who practices in the specialty of urology; they diagnose and treat patients with diseases of the urinary tract

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine, normally urine is sterile, bacteria indicates an infection somewhere in the urinary tract

congentital

present at birth

catheterization (cath)

procedure in which a catheter (flexible tube) is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine

nephrolithotomy

procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscope is inserted in a percutaneous approach into the kidney to remove a kidney stone embedded in the renal pelvis or calices

testicular self examination (TSE)

procedure performed by the patient monthly to palpate the testes and scrotum to detect lumps, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes; detects earlier signs of testicular cancer

cystometry

procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder; a catheter is used to inflate the bladder with liquid or gas; a cystometer attached to the catheter measures the amount of liquid and the pressure in the bladder; the patient indicates when the first urge to urinate occurs; at that time, the cystometer makes a graphic recording (cystometrogram)

urethroplasty

procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethral meatus, it is used to correct congenital hypospadias or epispadias

lithotripsy

procedure that used sound waves to break up a kidney stone with a lithoscope after an x-ray pinpoints the location of the stone, because the waves are generated by a source outside the body, the procedure is known as extracorporeal show wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

ultrasonography (US)

procedure that used ultra high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of the kidneys, uterus, or bladder

nephrotomography

procedure that uses a computerized tomography (CT) scan and radiopaque contrast dye injected intravenously; it takes x-ray images as multiple slices through the kidneys; the images can be examined layer by layer to show the exact location of tumors

cystoscopy

procedure that uses a rigid or flexible cystoscope inserted through the urethra in order to examine the inside of the bladder; a video attachment can be used to create a permanent visual record

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

procedure that uses an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder done without contrast dye; it is used to find kidney stones or as a preliminary x-ray (scout film) before performing intravenous pyelography

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

procedure that uses sound waves to break up a kidney stone with a lithoscope after an x-ray pinpoints the location of the stone; it is named such because the waves are generated by a source outside the body

ultrasonography (US)

procedure that uses ultra high frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image; used to detect a varicocele or undescended testes

urography

procedure that uses x-ray and radiopaque contrast dye; the dye is injected intravenously and flows through the blood and into the kidneys; it outlines the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra; it shows any obstruction, blockage, kidney stones, or abnormal anatomy in the urinary tract, aka intravenous pyelography (IVP)

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

procedure that uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye in injected intravenously and flows through the blood and into the kidneys; it outlines the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra; it shows any obstruction, blockage, kidney stones, or abnormal anatomy in the urinary tract; aka excretory urography

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

procedure that uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye, the dye which is inserted into the bladder through a catheter, outlines the bladder and urethra

nephropexy

procedure to correct a kidney that is in an abnormally low position (nephroptosis) by suturing it back into anatomical position

cystectomy

procedure to remove the bladder because of bladder cancer

radical cystectomy

procedure to remove the bladder, surrounding tissues and lymph nodes because of bladder cancer

hemodialysis (HD)

procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure; uses a shunt (surgically implanted internal and external tubing used when at the patient's blood vessels are small) or a fistula (created by surgically joining an artery or vein; after surgery, it enlarges to accommodate two needles, one that removes blood and sends it to the dialysis machine and another that receives purified blood from the dialysis machine and returns it to the body) to allow easy and reliable access to the blood

nephrectomy

procedure used to surgically remove a disease or cancerous kidney

pyelography

process of recording the renal pelvis

nephrology

study of kidney disease

morphology

study of shape

urinalysis (UA)

test that describes the urine and detects substances in it; a quick test can be done with a dipstick test or the urine specimen can be sent to a laboratory for a full analysis

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

test that measures the amount of urea in the blood; used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease or to watch for signs of nephrotoxicity in patients taking aminoglycoside drugs

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

test that puts urine onto culture medium in a petri dish to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection; microorganisms in the urine grow into colonies; the specific disease causing microorganisms is identified and tested to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs

TSE

testicular self examination

Cystometrogram (CMG)

the picture/record produced by a cystometer during a cystometry

lithogenesis

the process of forming stones; aka calculogenesis

calculogenesis

the process of forming stones; aka lithogenesis

pyelogram

the resulting picture/record of a pyelography

sonogram

the ultrasound image of an ultrasonography

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

antibiotic drugs

treat bacterial infections that cause chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

UA

urinalysis

URI

urinary tract infection

UTI

urinary tract infection

antibiotic drugs

used to treat urinary tract infection; they have a special affinity for the urinary tract; although other categories of these drugs are also used to treat urinary tract infections

varicocele

varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testes; the valves in the vein do not close properly; the vein becomes distended with blood and is painful; can cause low sperm count and infertility

Pyuria (WBCs)

white blood cells (WBSs) in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection; severe cases can cause the urine to be cloudy or milky, or the number of WBCs may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic examination during a urinalysis