unit 4 microbiology

The most important phagocytic WBCs in the human body are _____________. A.)basophils and lymphocytes B.)erythrocytes and eosinophils C.)neutrophils and macrophages D.)lymphocytes and macrophages

C.)neutrophils and macrophages

antiboides are secretes by A.)basophils B.)macrophages C.)plasma cells D.) T cells

C.)plasma cells

artificial passive acquiered immunity would result from A.)having the measles B.)ingesting colostrum C.)receiving a gamma globulin injection D.)receiving a vaccine

C.)receiving a gamma globulin injection

Nonspecific host defense mechanisms: A.)serve to protect the human body against many harmful substances. B.)include the first and second lines of defense. C.)are general. D.)All of these choices are correct.

D.)All of these choices are correct.

which of the following statements is not true about IgM A.)IgM contains J-chain B.)IgM has a total of 10 antigen -binding sites C.)IgM is a pentamar D.)IgM is a long lived molecule

D.)IgM is a long lived molecule

which of the following could be an effect of type III hypersensitivity? A.)glomerulonephritis B.)rheumatoid arthritis C.)SLE D.)all of the above

D.)all of the above

which of the following function as opsonins? A.)antibodies B.)antigens C.)complement fragmets D.)both a and c

D.)both a and c

each of the following in considered a part of the bodys second line of defense except A.)fever B.)inflammation C.)interferons D.)lysozyme

D.)lysozyme

all of the following would be conisdered an aspect of microbial antagonism except? A.)competition for nutrients B.)competition for space C.)production f bacteriocins D.)production of lysozyme

D.)production of lysozyme

which of the following is not a consequence of activation of the complement system A.)attraction and activation of leukocytes B.)increased phagocytosis by phagocytic cells(opsonization) C.)lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells D.)repair of damaged tissue

D.)repair of damaged tissue

each of the following is a primary purpose of the inflammatory response except A.)to localize the infection B.)to neutralize any toxins being produced at the site C.)to prevent the spread of microbial invaders D.)to stimulate the production of opsonins

D.)to stimulate the production of opsonins

the vaccines that are used to protect people from diphtheria and tetanus are A.)antitoxins B.)attenuated vaccines C.)inactivated vaccines D.)toxoids

D.)toxoids

what is the prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi.

DTH involves a variety of cell types, including macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells—antibodies do not play a major role.

IgA antibodies

Dimer 10-20% of serum antibodies In secretions Mucosal protection,colostrum Half-life = 6 days

Discuss Type II hypersensitivity reactions

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are cytotoxic reactions, meaning that body cells are destroyed during these reactions

pyrogen

a fever-producing substance(microorganisms,stimulate WBC,iron less in the body)

nonspecific host defense

a general defense mechanism that protects against many harmful pathogens example-innate or inborn resistance Other nonspecific host defense mechanisms include mechanical and physical barriers to invasion, chemical factors, microbial antagonism, fever, the inflammatory response, and phagocytic white blood cells

Define antibodies

a glycoprotein produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen, belongs to the class of proteins called immunoglobulins -globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in the immune reactions. if it protects the host in some manner it is referred to as a protective antibody.

Autogenous vaccines are

is one that has been prepared from bacteria isolated from a localized infection such as staphylococcal boil the pathogens are killed and the injected into the same person to induce production of more antibodies

subunit vaccines or acellular vaccine

is one that uses antigenic portions of a pathogen rathen than using the whole pathogen Eg would be anthrax,hepatitis B,wooping cough

IgD antibodies

located on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors <1

acquired immunodeficiencies

may be caused by drugs (e.g., cancer therapeutic agents), irradiation, or certain infectious diseases (e.g., HIV infection).

which of the following is least likely to be involved in CMI A.)antibodies B.)cytokines C.)macrophages D.) T cells

A.)antibodies

special proteins called___antibodies are produced in response to foreing susbstances called _____ A.)antibodies,antigens B.)pathogens,host C.)skin,mucus

A.)antibodies,antigens

All of the following can impair host defense mechanisms except: A.)decreased iron levels B.)cancer and cancer chemotherapy C.)stress and age D.)various genetic defects and steroids

A.)decreased iron levels

which of the following cells is a granulocyte A.)eosinophil B.)lymphocyte C.)macrophaga D.)monocyte

A.)eosinophil

which of the following in not a part of the bodys first line of defense? A.)fever B.)intact skin C.)mucus D.)pH of the stomach contents

A.)fever

which of the following statments is not true about interferons? A.)interferons are virus specific B.)interferons have been used to treat hepatitis C and cetains types of cancer C.)interferons produced by a virus infected cell wall not save that cell from destruction D.)interferons produced by virus-infected rabbit cells cannot be used to treat viral diseases in humans

A.)interferons are virus specific

Select all that apply. Fever: A.)stimulates macrophages. B.)reduces the amount of free plasma iron inducing the production of IL-1 C.)stimulates neutrophils. D.)is a first line of defense.

A.)stimulates macrophages. B.)reduces the amount of free plasma iron. inducing the production of IL-1 C.)stimulates neutrophils.

Immunodiagnostic procedures help diagnose infectious diseases by detecting antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens. A.)true B.)false

A.)true

The skin and mucous membranes act as physical barriers to invasion by microbes. A.) true B.) false

A.)true

What are the 2 major arms of the immune system?

AMI/CMI

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count

Getting the chicken pox and then recovering is an example of ______________ immunity. A.)artificially acquired, active B.)naturally acquired, passive C.)naturally acquired, active D.)artificially acquired, passive

C.)naturally acquired, active

The initial immune response to an antigen is called the ______; it takes ____ for antibodies to be produced.

primary response,10 to 14 days

IgG blocking antibodies

produced in response to allergy shots

what are the major signs and symptoms of inflammation

redness,heat,swelling(edema) and pain

what does plasma cause when it escapes from the capillaries into the site

to become edematous(swollen )

delayed type hypersensitivity reactions

usually takes more than 24 hours to manifest themselves also known as type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

interferons are not ____ but they are ____

virus-specific,species-specific

transferin

glycoprotein that binds to iron depriving pathogens of this vital nutrient

complement

groups of 30 different proteins found in plasma

the three major events in acute inflammation are

-an increased in the diameter of capillaries -increased permeability of the capillaries allowing the escape of plasma and plasma proteins -exit of leukocytes from the capillaries and their accumulation at the site of injury

what cells are deprived from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow?

-b lymphocytes -t lymphocytes -NK cells

what are the primary functions of the immune system

-differentiate between self and nonself -destroy that which is nonself

what are 3 types od granulocytes

-eosinophiles -basophils -neutrophils

what are the categories of T lymphocytes

-helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells

what are the most important groups of phagocytes in the human body

-macrophages and neutrophils

what are the 3 major categories of leukocytes found in blood

-monocytes -lymphocytes -granulocytes

additional factors that can impair defense mechanisms

-nutritional status -increases iron levels -stress -cancer and cancer chemotherapy -various genetic defects -age -AIDS -drugs

What other factors in addition to the skin and mucous membranes serve as first lines of defense?

-the dryness of most areas of the skin inhibit colonization by many pathogens Eg acidity Ph of 5.0 temperature 37 the oily sebum that is produced by sebaceous glands in the skin contains fatty acids which are toxic to some pathogens

Sequence of events in a type II hypersensitivity reaction

1. A particular drug binds to the surface of a cell. 2. Antidrug antibodies then bind to the drug. 3. Complement activation on the cell surface is initiated. 4. The complement cascade leads to lysis of the cell.

IgM antibodies

5-10% of serum,bc of the pentamer has 10 antigen binding sites it can potentially bind to 10 identical antigenic determinants IgM can potentially binf to 10 identical antigenic determinants preventing the viruses from attaching to target cells they are the first antybodies to form formed in the primary response to antigens they are short lived remaining in the blood strin for a few months bc of its large size they dont cross the placenta

Select all that apply. Which of the following participates in cell-mediated immunity? A.)Cytotoxic T cells B.)Helper T cells C.)Macrophages D.)Antibodies E.)Natural killer cells

A.)Cytotoxic T cells B.)Helper T cells C.)Macrophages E.)Natural killer cells

Microbial antagonism occurs when indigenous microflora prevent the colonization of "new arrivals" by competing for sites and nutrients as well as producing lethal substances. A.) true B.) false

A.)TRUE

Naturally acquiered active immunity

Antibodies are produced within the person,Usually provides long lasting protection,Immunity that is acquieres in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body in response to an actual infection

Naturally acquiered passive immunity

Antibodies are received that were produced by another persons or by an animal,Usually provides only temporary protection,Immunity that is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies in utero or by an infant when it receives maternal antobodies contained in colostrum

Toxoid vaccines

Antigenic preparations composed of inactivated bacterial toxins eg diphtheria and tetanus

T-dependent antigens

Antigens that can stimulate antibody production only with help from T helper cells

he processing of antigens results in ____ developing into _____, which are capable of secreting antibodies.

B cells, plasma cells

what cells are derived from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow

B lymphocytes t lymphocytes Nk cells

IgE antibody production is associated with a type ________ hypersensitivity reaction(s). A.)II and III B.)I C.)I and IV D.)III and IV

B.)I

Which disorder would impair phagocytic activity? A.)Thrombocytopenia B.)Leukopenia C.)Leukocytosis D.)Anemia

B.)Leukopenia

Vaccines stimulate the recipient's immune system to produce antigens. A.)true B.)false

B.)false

natural passive acquiered immunity would result from A.)having the measles B.)ingesting colostrum C.)receiving a gamma globulin injection D.)receiving a vaccine

B.)ingesting colostrum

host defense mechanisms ways in which the body protcts itself from pathogens can be thought of as an army consisting of how many lines of defense A,)two B.)three C.)four D,)five

B.)three

Attenuated bacterial vaccines

BCG(for protection against TB),cholera,tularemia,typhoid fever(oral vaccine)

All of the following are examples of autoimmune diseases except? A.)Rheumatoid arthritis B.)Lupus C.)AIDS D.)Graves disease

C.)AIDS

most likely immunology got its start in 1890 when these scientists discovered antiboides while developing a diphtheria antitoxin A.)edward jenner and louis pasteus B.)Eli metchnikoff and robert koch C.)Emil behring and kitasato shibasaburo D.)jonas salk and albert sabin

C.)Emil behring and kitasato shibasaburo

humoral immunity involves all the following except A.)antibodies B.)antigens C.)NK cells D.)plasma cells

C.)NK cells

T cells are to cell-mediated immunity as _______ are to humoral immunity. A.)microbes B.)antigens C.)antibodies D.)None of these choices is correct

C.)antibodies

which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs or symptoms of inflammation A.)edema B.)heat C.)loss of function D.)redness

C.)loss of function

immunity that develops as a result of an actual infection is called A.)artificial active acquiered immunity B.)artificial passive acquiered immunity C.)natural active acquiered immunity D.)natural passive acquiered immunity

C.)natural active acquiered immunity

Various T cell varieties, macrophages, NK cells, killer cells and granulocytes are components of ___________ immunity.

CMI

How does the complement system work?

Circulate in blood, activate when around bacteria or fungi, assist with the destruction of many different pathogens

Cecilia was just exposed to the flu virus for the very first time. How long can she expect to wait for her body to produce antibodies? A.)30 days B.)3 to 4 days C.)12 hours D.)10 - 14 days

D.)10 - 14 days

Select the correct sequence of events associated with inflammation. 1. Phagocytosis 2. Tissue injury 3. Increased permeability 4. Chemotaxis 5. Vasodilation 6. Emigration of leukocytes A.)2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 1 B.)2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 1 C.)2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 4 D.)2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 1

D.)2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 1

the primary purpose of the inflammatory response are 1.)Prevent the spread of microbial invaders 2.)Localize an infection 3.)Neutralize any toxins being produced at the site 4.) Aid in the repair of damaged tissue A.)4,1,2,3 B.)3,2,1,4 C.)1,2,4,3 D.)2,1,3,4

D.)2,1,3,4

The presence of antibodies to a particular pathogen in a clinical specimen means a ______________. A.)vaccination B.)past infection C.)present infection D.)All of these choices are correct

D.)All of these choices are correct

examples of outimmune result

Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus

Artifically acquiered active immunity

Immunity that is acquiered in response to vaccines

Artificially acquiered passive

Immunity that is acquiered when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

Latex allergy

Latex can trigger any of three types of reactions: irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, or immediate type hypersensitivity.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Lymphocytes are programmed to attack nonself cells to protect the body.some of those cells are microphages helper cells,cytotoxic t cells,delayed hypersentivity t cells,natural killer cells and granulocytes

Agammaglobulinemia

People born lacking the ability to produce antibodies (i.e., gamma globulins) have agammaglobulinemia;

Immunosuppressed

Persons whose immune systems are not functioning properly

acute phase proteins

Plasma proteins made by the liver whose synthesis is rapidly increased in response to infection,inflammatoion or tissue injury (eg is c-reactive protein)

purulent exudate

Pus: indicates a bacterial infection greenish-yellow

anaphylactic shock

Severe allergic reaction

whats an example of DTH

TB skin test

Where is lysozyme found?

Tears, saliva, nasal and sinus fluids(nonspecific)84

Discuss Type III hypersensitivity reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex reactions—such as those that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis).· Involve IgG or IgM antibodies, complement, and neutrophils Some complications of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat and other Streptococcus pyogenes infections are the result of type III hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis).

Discuss Type IV hypersensitivity reactions

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or cell-mediated immune reactions and are part of cell-mediated immunity. o Reactions are usually observed 24 to 48 hours or longer after exposure or contact.

When do autoimmune diseases result?

When a person's immune system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as self and attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were no self or foreign.

what might be a reason for inability of leukocytes to migrate in response to chemotactic agents may be related to a defect in the procution of

actin a structural protein associated with motility

attenuated viral vaccines

adenovirus,chicken pox(varicella)measles(rubeola).mumps,germal measles(rubella),polio(oral sabin vaccine),rotavirus,smallpox,yellow fever

Provide examples of IDPs

agglutination, precipitin tests, immunofluorescence, and enzyme[1]linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs or EIAs)

what are the type I hypersensitivity reactions also known as anaphylactic reactions

allergic reactions responses such as fever,asthma,hives,and gastrointestinal symptoms that result from food allergies as well as allergic responses to insect stings and drugs,

pyogen

an agent that causes the formation of pus

Hypersensitivity

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins are _______

antibodies

Humoral immunity involves the production of

antibodies

although _____ may play a role in some type of cell mediated immune reactions they ____ play a major role in CMI

antibodies,dont

whats another name for humoral immunity

antibody mediated immunity(AMI)

When an antibody combines with an antigen is formed an

antigen-antibody complex (or immune complex) is formed

Inactivated bacterial vaccines

antrax,cholera,pertussis,plague,typhoid,fever(subcutaneous vaccine)

there are 3 types of interferons what are they?

aplha,beta,gamma

why attenuated vaccines should not be administered to immunosuppressed individuals

bc even weakened pathogens could causee disease in these people

IgE antibodies

bind to mast cells and found on surface of basophils and are involved in allergic reactions <1

lactoferrin

binds iron a mineral that is requiered by all pathogens bc they are unable to compete with lactoferrin for free iron

were do cells involved in immune responses originate?

bone marrow

inherited immunodeficiency diseases

can be the result of deficiencies in antibody production, complement activity, phagocytic function, or NK cell function (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome).

Systemic anaphylaxis

characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes due to airway blockage o Results from the release of chemical mediators from basophils in the bloodstream o Occurs throughout the body—much more serious than localized anaphylaxis o Common allergens involved are drugs and insect venom

cytokines

chemicals that enabels cells to communicate with each other within the immune system and between the immune system and other body parts .

chemokines

chemotaxis or chemoattractants of immune cells they recruit phagocytes to sites where they are needed

An arm of the immune system capable of controlling ____by intracellular pathogens (e.g)., certain bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses)

chronic infection, (e.g)., certain bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses)

Antigen-antibody complexes are capable of activating the _______, which results in some of the following effects:

complement cascade Activation of leukocytes o Lysis of bacterial cells o Increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization

DNA vaccines

create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid vector andd the plasmids are then injected into skin or muscle tissue insife host cells ,once the cells start churning out copies of the protein the body then produces antiboides directed against the protein clinical trials fro DNA vaccines are currently in progress for M tuberculosis,malaria mzika virus

Inactivated vaccines

dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity they have been killed by heat or chemicals they are also less effective than live vaccines

some bacteria produce Leukocidins which means they

destroy white blood cells

Lysozyme

destroys bacteria cells by degrading peptidoglycan

what line of defense does skin and mucous membranes belong to?

first line of defense

how many types od immunoglobulins excist

five types—IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

mast cells

found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine found in tissue that surround eyes ,nosenrespiratory tract,and gasrtrointestinal tract

superinfection

happens when there is a decrease in the number of indigenous microbiota at a particular anatomic site can lead to an overgrowth of pathogens or opportunistic pathogens present at the site or candida albicans yeasts in the vagina may lead to the condition known as yeast vaginitis.

What are IDPs

help diagnose infectious diseases by detecting either antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens; test results are usually available on the same day!

inactivated viruses or viral antigens

hepatitis A,influenza,japanese encephalitis,other (EEE,WEE,russian)encephalitis vaccines,polio(subcutaneous salk vaccine)rabies

The study of the immune system and its responses is called ________.

immunology

___ is characterized by redness, edema, pain and heat.

inflammation

T-independent antigens

initiated when an apropiate B cell makes physical contact with the free antigenic determinant the activated b cell next undergoes extensive cell division producing a clone mature into antibody producing plasma cells whereas others become memory cells

Type I hypersensitivity reaction localized

invlve mas cells degranulation they result in allergic reactions such as high fever symptoms,asthma and foor allergies

Type I hypersensitivity reaction systemic

involve basophil degranulation they occur throughout the body can lead to anaphylactic shock and can be life threatening

Opsonization

is a process by which phagocytosis is facilitated by the deposition of opsonins (example antibodies,or certain complement fragments onto objects eg pathogens

Lactoperoxidase

is an enzyme that produce superoxide radicals highly reactive forms of oxygen which are toxic to bacteria

the ___ in the respiratory tract move trapped dust and microbes upward toward the throat where they are swallowed of expelled

mucocilary covering on epithelial cells

what bacteria is not detroyed within the phagolysosome

mycobaterium tuberculosis

intermediate type

occurs from within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with a particular antigen there is 3 types of type 1,2, and 3 hypersensitivity reactions

what are some components of the first line of defense?

pH and temperature of skin, perspiration, cilia, and various enzymes in secretions such as lysozyme

who was teh first one to use the term vaccine or vaccination

pasteur

Hypogammaglobulinemia

people not producing a sufficient amount of antibodies are said to have hypogammaglobulinemia

how do compliment components 'complement cascade' interact with each other

they interact with each other in a stepwise manner

Where do immune responses occur if antigens are present in tissues?

responses to microbes and other antigens in tissues are generated in lymph nodes located near the infected area.

The increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen is called the

secondary response

whats the primary function of helper t cells is

secretion of cytokines

interferon

small antiviral proteins produced by virus infected cellsthey prevent viruses from multiplying

How do vaccines work? Which arm of the immune system is affected?

stimulate the recipient's immune system to produce protective antibodies (i.e., antibodies that will protect the person from disease).

define immunology

study of immune system and immune responses

conjugate vaccines

successful conjugate vaccines have been made by conjugating bacterial capsular antigens (which by themselves are not very antigenic)to molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the less antigenic capsular antigens Eg hib for protection against H influenza type b,meningococcal meningitis (neisseria meningitidis serogroup C ,pneumococcal pneumonia

IgG antibodies

the most prevalent in serum; provide naturally acquired passive immunity; neutralize bacterial toxins, participate in complement fixation and enhance phagocytosis the only class of immunoglobulin that can cross the planceta the help protect new borns

phagocytic

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles is called phagocytosis

Attenuated vaccines are

the process of weakening pathogens is called attenuation and the vaccine are referred to as attenuated vaccines this is accomplished by growing them for many generations under various conditions or by exposing them to mutagenic chemicals or radiation

How do mucous membranes act as a physical barrier to microbes?

the sticky mucus that is produced by goblet cells withing mucous membranes serves to entrap invaders it also contains toxic substances such as lysozyme,lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase

what can inferferons cause

they can cause nonspecific flu-like symptoms

microbial antagonism

when indigenous microbiota prevent colonization of the new arrivals as a result of competition for sites and nutrients and production of lethal substances

humoral immunity or antibody mediated immunity(AMI)

where special glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to detroy specific microbes always involved the prod of antibodies the play a mayor role

Perspiration

· serves as a nonspecific host defense mechanism by flushing organisms from pores and the surface of the skin perspiration also contains the enzyme lysozyme which degrades peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls (specially gram-positive bacteria)(sweat)

Where do immune responses occur if antigens are in the blood?

· they are usually initiated in the spleen