Unit 5 history test: ID's
Massacre at Amritsar, Punjab
1919. Sikhs were speaking to an assembled crowd of people, and the British killed over 379 people. This was a turning point, and the Indian National Congress drafted a resolution denouncing mob killings of everyone, because Gandhi wanted complete nonviolence. Gandhi declared April 13th as a day of mourning.
Quit India Movement/ Cripps Mission
1942. The Indian Nationalists set up the Movement. If the British didn't quit India, India wouldn't support the British War effort. It was the most serious threat to British war yet. The British jailed Congress Members, and Indira was also arrested for raising a nationalist flag.
India Pakistan war of 1951.
1951. East Pakistan revolts against West Pakistan. India backs East Pakistan, and wants East Pakistan to become a part of India so that Pakistan has less power.
Khalistan movement
1982-1984. A political liberation movement that wants to create a separate country for Sikhs in the Punjab that would be named "Khalistan". The Indian government didn't want to create this Sikh-majority state.
BJP
A Hindu party whose roots lie in a militant Hindu nationalist movement. Created in 1980, today, India is governed by this coalition. Founded by the people who wanted to assassinate Gandhi.
Rashtriya Swaymasevak Sangh (RSS)
A militant Hindu nationalist movement that had members of the group that wanted to kill Gandhi in it. It was influenced by German fascists in the 1930s, has millions of followers, including PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
India Pakistan war of 1965
An undeclared war, raging between India and Pakistan .Pakistan takes back some territories from Backlahar, and India wins back some parts of Kashmir. Solely a dispute of territory. The USSSR comes in to negotiate peace, because they are on India's southern boarder.
Jarnail Singh Brar
Born in 1947, he was a Sikh. He was the leader of a Sikh religious group who advocated for Sikh rights, and wanted to create an independent Sikh country. He hid in the Golden Temple, and Indira Gandhi sent the Indian government to crush the rebellion by destroying the Golden Temple accidentally. The SIikhs then kill Indra, and there's a ton of Hindu-Sikh rioting, because they both want revenge. Nearly 3,000 Sikhs died.
Lahore resolution
Created by Nehru, in 1940, it is the resolution where the Muslim League demands a separate country for Muslims. This caused concern among Sikh leaders that their community would be left without a homeland.
SAARC
Formed in 1985, it's about getting together neighboring countries to achieve regional peace. It's based on principals like soviern equality, mutual benefit, and non-interfence.
Mahatma Gandhi
He was born October 2nd, 1869. Gandhi was originally a lawyer, and fought for the rights of the South Africans, and then the rights of the India, he helped create the Indian National Congress, and was a pacifist who believed in nonviolence. He was killed in 1948 by a Hindu fanatic that believed that Gandhi was giving away too much of India to the Muslims.
Jawaharlal Nehru
He was the first prime minister of India. Lived from 1889-1964. He became a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress. Nehru called for complete Independence from the British Raj. Negotiatiosn between Jinnah and Nehru gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947.
Partition of Bengal
In 1905, the British partitioned Bengal, because of its great area and large population Bengal had been difficult to administer. The partition created an East Bengal of 31 million, and West of 47 million. People were upset, because the British hadn't considered the religions. Hindus were upset because they became a minority in East Bengal, which was predominantly Muslim. Bengalese were unhappy because, with the addition of Bihar and Orissa to their new province, they became a minority in their own land.
Linguistic cultural lines
In 1956, the states want to organize themselves based on linguistic lines, people who speak specific languages will become a part of different countries. The government doesn't like this, because it's difficult for the government to enforce laws, and for people to access the government. This happens all over the country, hardness of smaller villages that speak different languages are forced to move.
Third world
In 1961, the world is divided by the Western block, and the Soviet block. Nehru wants to create a third block, which would be a "third world", where India would have relationships with both sides. Nehru encourages other countries to join, and Egypt becomes a part of it.
Muhammud Ali Jinnah
In office 1947-1948, Jinnah-Nehru, also known as Muhammad Nehru. He rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress. In the early years of his career, he advocated Hindu-Muslim unity, helping to shape the Lucknow Pact between the Congress, and the All-India Muslim League. In 1930, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of nonviolent resistance. By 1940, Jinnah believed that Indian Muslims should have their own state. IIn that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the 2nd world war, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan and worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of migrants who had emigrated from India to Pakistan. He died at 71 from natural causes.
Sanjay Gandhi
Indira Gandhi's second son. He became a politician, but was first a business man. He wanted to mass produce cheap cars, which was financed by many government officials making donations to his company in the hopes of getting on the good side of his mother. Indira promoted his politics, but Sanjay didn't want to become a politician. Indira called a state of emergency, which which gave Sanjay greater freedom than before. He created a give-point plan. It was to: increase adult literacy, beautify the environment, abolish dowry, and the caste system. People did not like the "beautify the environment" because it was basically an excuse to destroy slumps, the homes of poor people, driving them in vans to the outskirts of Bengal and dumping them. Sanjay did a mass sterilization, where he rounded up men, promising them food, or radios, and sterilized them. The managers who sterilized people had a quota, which worsened the problem. 2 million Indians were sterilized. Sanjay policies were against what Indira stood for. In 1980, Sanjay died in a plane crash.
Gopal Godse
Mostly famous for his part in the assassination of Matma Gandhi in 1948. He spent 16 years in jail for his role in the plot to kill Gandhi. He was a part of the tiny band of conspirators that plotted to kill Gandhi. He believed that Gandhi was cruel to the Hindus. His brother assassinated Gandhi. He believed that Gandhi's calls for nonviolence were a part of a plot to allow Hindus to be slaughtered by Muslims. He believes that India is inherently Hindu and should be governed by Hindu principles.
Indira Gandhi
She was born in 1917, and died in 1980, killed by her bodyguards who were Sikhs. Indira was the only daughter of Jawaharlal Nehur. She studied at a British University, and came back to India to pursue politics. After the death of her father, she was elected by the congrees. They wanted her because her father was so beloved, they thought that the people would like her, and because she was a woman, she could be their puppet. However, this was not the case. Also, she was married to Feroze Gandhi, and took his name. She was in office in India during a time of massive starvation, so she decided to go around the world, asking for help. Finally, JFK gave her 9 million dollars, and 300 pounds of food to help the Indian people. She also started the green revolution, by giving farmers electricity, and food. The famine stopped, and everything was good, until a war broke out. She had to help this. He son, Sanjay, was also a politician, and he was responsible for the sterilization of millions of people. Indira's campaign turned into a dictatorship, and she was eventually forced out. She was finally re-elected, but this was during a time that there was a lot of fighting between the Sikhs and the Muslims. She destroyed a holy temple to the Sikhs, so her Sikh bodyguards murdered her.
Green Revolution
Started in the early 1960s, and led by Indira Gandhi. The transformation of agriculture in India with the introduction of a package of improvements in rice and wheat cultivation consisting of a combination of new high-yield seed varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides and irrigation based upon tube wells, electric dumpsites and widespread electrification.
Indian Partition
Started on August 15th, 1947. This was the partition of India and Pakistan. Places that had a majority of people that were Hindu became a part of India, and places that were a majority Muslim became a part of Pakistan. There were between 200,000 and 2 million deaths in the retributive genocide between the religions. There were estimated to be 14 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims displaced during the partition; it is the largest mass migration in human history. Princely states were different, because for many of the states, whichever religion their leader was, that was the place that they would go to. India wanted to become secular, so they did, but they let the Sikhs live by the rules that their religion dictated.
Non-Aligned Movement
The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by Jawaharlal Nehru. A plot to thwart the cold war.
Partition of Pakistan
The people of East Pakistan wanted independence, and Pakistan was on the brink of collapse. In 1971, the Pakistani government ordered its army to crush the rebellion on the other side, resulting in the death of 3 million people. Millions of people came to India, it was the worst crisis since the partition. Indira didn't think India could shoulder the burden of the refugees, so she asked the rest of the world for help. Indira openly backed the rebel forces of East Pakistan in their quest for independence, in 1971, their bases were bombed, and Indira took control, and within 14 days, the West Pakistani government surrounded, and East Pakistan became Bengal, a Hindu state.
Ranjit Gandhi
The son of Indira Gandhi, her first born. He becomes prime minister in 1985-1988. He brings high to into India, and wants to propel India out of its poverty, and into first world development. Consumerism is on the rise, prices are on the rise.
