Unit 5.1: Agriculture and the Environment

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Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar

KOPPEN climate regions

Clustered Settlement Pattern

aka nucleated segment; rural settlement pattern when residents live pretty close to each other with farmland surrounding the settlement.

temperature

key factor for determining the growing season

commercial agriculture

production for markets/selling

subsistence agriculture

production for self and family

agriculture

purposeful cultivation of plants or animals to produce goods for survival

continental climate

significant change in seasons; usually in the middle of landmasses

shifting cultivation

slash and burn (depletion of soil and nutrients); stay for a few years before moving again

tropical climate

warm year-round, high and varied precipitation

Plantation Agriculture

type of large-scale commercial farming of one specific crop often grown far from receiving markets.

tons/acre per year

yield

decrease of 3.6 degrees f

increase of 1000 ft above sea level

grazing (only grass can grow)

(SA) higher

barley and potatoes

(SA) higher elevations

bananas and sugarcane

(SA) hotter lowlands

coffee, corn, and veggies

(SA) next highest zone

nomadic

(usually livestock herding) production that changes place

Marine west coast, Mediterranean, and humid temperature

3 types of temperate

Nomadic Herding

Ag based on moving livestock seasonally to graze best.

capital-intensive agriculture

Agriculture in which a large amount of capital and low amount of labor is applied per unit of output.

labor-intensive agriculture

Agriculture in which a low amount of capital and high amount of labor is applied per unit of output.

Green Revolution

Brings in GMOS and increase in fertilizer and chemical use to intensify agriculture.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Introduction of mechanization due to Industrial revolution and development of commercial agriculture.

Mixed crop and livestock system

Type of farming where livestock and crops are both grown for profits.

Mediterranean climate

a climate marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters (good for hardy crops)

slope of land

affects ability of soil to stay in place as well as sun and shade

Topography

area's land features

irrigation

artificial watering

soil

biologically active coating of Earth's surface (takes lots of time to form by rock weathering)

First Agricultural Revolution

change from nomadism to agriculture and increase in communication; famous example is Columbian exchange

polar

cold af

plantation

commercial and intensive agriculture (usually in the tropics) usually associated with colonialism.

Domestication

deliberate effort to grow and raise animals that adapt to human demands using selective breeding

tropical wet and dry

distinct rainy season with less precipitation than tropical monsoon

sedentary

farmers/ranchers who grow in set location

dry climate

found in landlocked areas, arid or grasslands at most

climate, elevation, soil, topography

four environmental factors that affect agriculture

Capital

goods used in production of other goods

Fertile Crescent

hearth in SW Asia that forms an arc from east Mediterranean coast to western Turkey along Tigris and Euphrates

tropical monsoon

heavy summer rains and dry winters

elevation

height above sea level

Agribusiness

industrialized, corporate form of agriculture.

climate

long-term patterns of weather

extensive agriculture

method that spreads labor over lots of land; smaller yield per acre

intensive agriculture

method that uses capital and labor to produce large yield per acre

temperate

mild, moderate

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

rural settlement pattern where houses and buildings are isolated from each other and spread far apart.

Linear Settlement Pattern

rural settlement pattern where houses/buildings follow long line around physical feature or transportation route.

Market Gardening

type of farming that produces fruit vegetables and flowers and typically serves a market or urban area.


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