unit 6
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
CS
Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings.
CS
To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a
CS
In classical conditioning,the________signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
CS , US
paid no matter how much you work
Fixed Interval
8 pizzas, next is free
Fixed Ratio
food every time you press lever 3 times
Fixed Ratio
paid every 10 boxes you sell
Fixed Ratio
If a baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?
Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental, is more likely to be repeated.
nuse "it won't hurt"-> needle-> you cringe in fear US UR NS CS CR
US pain UR cringe NS "this won't hurt" CS "this won't hurt" CR cringe
check phone all day and sometimes get a text
Variable Interval
According to the text, learning involves
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
the cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on
an organisms expectation that a US will follow a CS
For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented
before the US
JohnB.Watson considered him self to be a(n)
behaviorist
Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
biological predispositions
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called
cognitive maps
After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.
cognitive processes
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates
discrimination
Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of
discrimination
conditioned response
drooling
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
generalization
scolding leads to more tantrums
if a child uses it as attention, scolding becomes a positive reinforcer
how would you classically condition a child to enjoy new food
if a tv makes them happy, they can watch every time they have new food US tv UR happy CS new food CR happy
Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine
intrinsic motivation
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
latent learning
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of
latent learning
Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who
modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern
Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.
modeling
Skinner is to shaping as Banduraisto
modeling
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
negative punishment
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
negative reinforcer
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?
negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding
Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of
operant conditioning
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
punishment
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
punishment
fixed ratio schedule
reward after a set number of responses
Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote
survival
Classical conditioning involves a learned association between
two stimuli
unconditioned response (conditioned response same)
unlearned ex drooling
classical
- associations (lighting, thunder) - involuntary (dog drool, cringe) - pavlov (dogs) - Watson (little albert)
operant
-rewards/ punish - voluntary behaviors (dog sit, stay please) - skinner and operant chamber (skinner box)
door squeekes open - dog wags tail when door opens US UR NS CS CR
US you UR wag tail NS squeak door CS squeak door CR wag tail
kid has tantrum and parents sometimes give in
Variable Ratio
hit the jackpot sometimes
Variable ratio
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
Watson
It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
biological predispositions
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
classical conditioning
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
classical conditioning
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
classical conditioning
Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
cognitive processes
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
cognitive processes
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
ex bell (dog learned )
neutral stimulus
ex was the bell
After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
extinction
After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. This BEST illustrates
extinction
After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
generalization
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of that high also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates
generalization
Mr.Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.
observational learning
Two years ago,the deCastellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
operant conditioning
punishment (discourages)
positive- add something bad (parking ticket, eye roll) negative- takes away something good( cell phone)
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
postitive reinforcement
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
postitive reinforcer
reinforcement (encourages)
postive- adds something good (cookie) negative- takes away bad (nagging)
if wine glasses reminded an alcoholic of euphoria of drinking alf- how would you allow for the extinction of this learning
put oj or coffee in wine glass US alc UR euphoric NS wine glass CS wine glass CR euphoric
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
reinforcer
variable interval schedule
reward after a changing/ random amount of time happens (text, email)
variable ratio schedule
reward after an unpredictable number of responses (yes to the dance finally)
fixed interval schedule
reward every hour for a week - faster learned (paycheck)
Money is to food as ________ is to ________.
secondary reinforcer, primary reinforcer
A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates
shaping
Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
shaping
In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors,animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as
shaping
On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through
shaping
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
skinner
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates
spontaneous recovery
There appearance,after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
spontaneous recovery
Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?
spontaneous recovery
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
unconditioned stimulus
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus
unlearned ex food
