Unit 6 Exam

The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period? A Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor. B Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities. C Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male. D Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies' governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.

Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.

The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism? A Competition between European colonial powers encouraged imperial expansion. B Some African peoples successfully resisted colonial economic exploitation. C Colonial powers directly subsidized most of the expenditures needed to maintain their colonies. D Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

The division of islands such as Borneo, New Guinea, and Timor on both maps best reflects which of the following? A Borders established by early Southeast Asian kingdoms and empires B Natural physical boundaries such as rivers and mountains C Significant linguistic, ethnic, or cultural divisions between the inhabitants D Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

"On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ' [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God's wish.' Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial election rally: 'You cannot build a nation up by tearing each other down. That is why we focus on the need for us to be united—the indigenous Fijian people, [as well as] the sons and daughters and grandchildren of those who came as indentured laborers [from India], or in the following waves of business people are all inextricable parts of the new Republic of the Fiji Islands.'" *the Fijian general elections of 1987 had brought to power a government dominated by political parties associated with Fiji's ethnic Indian community. Many ethnic Fijians resented the election results. Brij Lal, Fijian historian of Indian ethnicity, article published in an academic journal, 2000 Which of the following nineteenth-century processes most directly contributed to the migration of Indian laborers to Fiji as described in the passage? A Indian merchants acted as brokers and middlemen for European East India companies. B Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations. C Prior to the abolition of the slave trade, Indian slaves were exported to the islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. D Indo-Muslim traders spread Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia.

Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations.

The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa? A European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate B European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations C European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule D European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradictsthe claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized? A Colonized peoples were expected to pay taxes to support the colonial government. B Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure. C The colonial government received income from the postal system and from telegraph services. D A significant portion of the colonial budget was provided by the French government.

Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure.

"It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy." Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916 Which of the following developments in the late 1800s and early 1900s most directly challenges the author's argument regarding the role of Japan in Asia? A Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea B Resistance to modernization by traditional Japanese elites C Meiji Japan's success in developing an industrial economy D The adoption of a parliamentary political system

Japanese imperial expansion into Asian territories such as Taiwan and Korea

Which of the following likely contributed the most to the population changes shown in the table for Latin American states such as Argentina and Brazil in the period 1800-1900 ? A Increased economic production resulting from slave labor B Large increases in immigration from Europe C Higher birth rates resulting from the development of antibiotics D More equitable land distribution policies following independence from Spain

Large increases in immigration from Europe

The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century? A Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies. B Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers. C Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies. D Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.

Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.

"On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ' [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God's wish.' Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial election rally: 'You cannot build a nation up by tearing each other down. That is why we focus on the need for us to be united—the indigenous Fijian people, [as well as] the sons and daughters and grandchildren of those who came as indentured laborers [from India], or in the following waves of business people are all inextricable parts of the new Republic of the Fiji Islands.'" *the Fijian general elections of 1987 had brought to power a government dominated by political parties associated with Fiji's ethnic Indian community. Many ethnic Fijians resented the election results. Brij Lal, Fijian historian of Indian ethnicity, article published in an academic journal, 2000 Which of the following processes most directly contributed to the tensions in Fiji described in the first paragraph? A Migrant groups often created relatively isolated ethnic enclaves, while receiving societies responded to them through ethnic prejudice. B Violence between cultural groups led to acts of genocide perpetrated by authoritarian military governments. C European colonial settlers destroyed indigenous populations and their cultures, replacing them with migrant groups. D Indigenous and migrant elites cooperated to overthrow European colonialism and secure independence.

Migrant groups often created relatively isolated ethnic enclaves, while receiving societies responded to them through ethnic prejudice.

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late nineteenth-century processes? A Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans. B The achievements of medieval Muslim science became known in the West, stimulating new interest in biology and medicine. C Bourgeois ideas of cultural and literary refinement became prevalent in many parts of the world. D The scientific method stressing experimentation and the collection of empirical evidence was discovered and first used.

Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.

The artist's perspective on the subject of the painting was most likely influenced by which of the following? A The Enlightenment B Nationalism C Social Darwinism D The Haitian Revolution

The Enlightenment

During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ? A The influence of Christian missionary groups B The desire to extract resources and raw materials C Profits from the global trade in spices and textiles D Threats by Asian states to European transoceanic trade

The desire to extract resources and raw materials

The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations. B They were often undertaken to displace labor force lost to war or disease. C They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions. D They often caused intercommunal violence.

They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations.

Which of the following best describes the artist's likely purpose in painting this particular subject? A To advocate for violent rebellion against British colonial authorities B To demonstrate the racial oppression suffered by free people of color in the West Indies C To argue for the respectability of free people of color D To call for greater emigration by Europeans to the West Indies

To argue for the respectability of free people of color

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the A dramatic increase of migrants from colonial societies to imperial metropoles B growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule C increased influence of laissez-faire economic philosophies among nationalist leaders in colonial societies D growth of labor union membership among colonial populations

growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states

justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

"We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status." Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883 As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century? A Urban middle-class families increasingly relied on the labor of slaves as more women joined the workforce. B Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies. C Constitutions in the Americas continued to expressly deny citizens the legal rights that had long been established in Europe. D Railroads, steamships, and other technologies greatly facilitated new migration to the Americas.

Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies.

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? A Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence. B Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power. C Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule. D Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.

Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean? A The growth of Great Britain's textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution B The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India C The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies D The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to A place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country B place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories C place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable D place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 Which of the following best summarizes the two plans for improving nutrition in Britain's colonies? A Both sources emphasize the need to expand economic production in the colonies. B Both sources emphasize the need to educate farmers in order to improve agricultural practices. C Both sources emphasize the need to respect traditional African economic practices and gender norms. D Both sources emphasize the need to enlist the cooperation of Africans in implementing colonial policies.

Both sources emphasize the need to enlist the cooperation of Africans in implementing colonial policies.

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments? A Settler imperialism B The view of imperialism as the "White Man's Burden" C Economic imperialism D The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries

Economic imperialism

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments? A European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies B European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies C European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence D European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of A Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production B raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers C crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers D products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America

Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? A The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration? A Some receiving societies attempted to limit the flow of immigrants. B Some colonial states applied theories of Social Darwinism to establish racial preferences. C Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies. D Immigrants often maintained some aspects of their religion within ethnic enclaves.

Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies.

The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following? A Economic competition between European states fostering the creation of transnational business that sought to exchange raw materials from Europe for finished goods from colonies B Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers C Rapid population increases in European colonies in Asia encouraging European states to create new colonies for migrants to settle D Revolutions in Europe leading European states to seek troops from colonial populations

Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ? A Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries. B Many Latin American countries industrialized. C Indentured servitude became the main source of labor in most Latin American countries. D Most Latin American countries passed laws limiting the labor of women and children.

Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries.

The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century? A Some European states established trading-post empires. B Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies. C Some European states faced native resistance to their colonization efforts. D Some European states used Social Darwinism to justify their military subjugation of colonial peoples.

Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals? A The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others B The belief that all cultures have intrinsic value C The belief that race is a social construction D The belief that the concept of race has had a major impact on human interactions

The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 The two passages best represent which of the following justifications for European imperialism? A The idea that the colonies would provide opportunities for the settlement of European farmers B The nationalist competition among European states over colonial territory C The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples D The acquisition of new markets and territories

The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraphmost directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A Laissez-faire liberalism B The ideology of nationalism C The concept of the civilizing mission D The racial theory of Social Darwinism

The concept of the civilizing mission

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D The emergence of transnational businesses

The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following? A The decreasing importance of mercantilist policies in the development of the global economy B The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies C The growing importance of Social Darwinist ideology in the development of imperial economies D The importance of access to coerced labor in the development of industrial economies

The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

"With the powerful help of the Catholic Church and the religious orders, the Portuguese were able to impose their language and culture on a considerable portion of Brazil [by 1700]. Even the [colonial] elite had no educational opportunities in Brazil beyond . . . secondary school. Their only alternative was to leave Brazil for Coimbra University [in Portugal], where one hundred of the sons of the colonial Brazilian elite studied law or medicine during the colonial period. Even Coimbra was a very narrow window onto the intellectual revolution that was transforming the rest of Europe. The luckiest of the lucky young colonialists took a diversion to France, which by the early eighteenth century was caught up in the ferment of the Enlightenment. By the late 1700s, the . . . Portuguese influence began to lift, as the colonial elite began to produce its own literature. To this emerging literary tradition was added the beginnings of a popular culture. The first component—religious festivals . . . and a folklore that revolved around religious holidays—was imported from the Portuguese. . . . To this was added the Indian and African presence, which furnished the foundation for the rich tradition of popular music and dance in modern Brazil. In part, this evolution came about because Brazil had become richer and more important than the mother country. Portugal's fate was now tied to the wealth of its American colony, rather than the other way around." Thomas Skidmore, United States historian, excerpt from academic book, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change, 1999 The changing relationship between Portugal and Brazil described in the passage can best be understood in the context of which of the following developments after 1750 ? A The onset of Latin American independence movements B The emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Brazil C The expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Central America D The decline of nationalism in Brazil as a popular ideology

The onset of Latin American independence movements

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The disputes over women's social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies? A The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire B The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls C The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance D The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization" ? A Muslim religious scholars B Rural peasants C The urban middle class D The landed aristocracy

The urban middle class

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

"Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me." *currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823 As described in the passage, Anna da Trindade's life differed from the typical experience of newly arrived slaves in colonial Latin America in that she was A transported to Brazil B baptized as a Christian C born in Africa D able to purchase her freedom

able to purchase her freedom

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D attributes historical events to divine intervention

omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to A relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries B secure raw materials for European factories C promote scientific and technological progress D "civilize" native populations through social change

relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why A social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Rivett-Carnac's point of view is directly relevant in understanding all of the following features of the report EXCEPT A the fact that the report expresses hope that the railroad will allow more cotton to be exported out of Berar province B the fact that the report claims that the railroad will have the effect of more labor being available for cotton cultivation C the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle D the fact that the report envisions that the railroad will be used to import British textiles that would undersell Indian-made cloth

the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Italian and German imperial presence in Africa were similar in that both countries A saw African colonies as secondary to their interests in Asia B were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers C primarily used their colonies in Africa to spread Christianity D invested heavily in African infrastructure and economic development

were newly unified nations that began colonizing later than other European powers