Unit 7 Quiz

Factors that determine osmotic pressure include all of the following except: A) charge of the molecules. B) size of the molecules. C) concentration gradient. D) thickness of the plasma membrane.

A) Charge of the molecules

Which of the following electrolyte disturbances occurs with renal failure? A) Hypernatremia B) Hyperkalemia C) Hypokalemia D) Hypophosphatemia

B) Hyperkalemia

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)? Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis None of these choices

Metabolic acidosis

This is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration.

Metabolic water

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

Na+

Natriuresis...

None of the above

Metabolic reactions can produce

Nonvolatile acids

This imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values.

Respiratory acidosis

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

2/3

The rate of fluid intake and outtake is how much higher in an infant than in an adult?

7 times higher

Passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion) depends on the presence of: A) carrier proteins in the plasma membrane. B) energy in the form of ATP. C) microtubules in the cytoplasm. D) all of the above.

A) Carrier proteins in the plasma membrane

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system include: A) confusion. B) irritability. C) insomnia. D) depression.

A) Confusion

Edema can result from all of the following alterations except: A) decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure. B) decreased capillary oncotic pressure. C) lymphatic obstruction. D) increased capillary membrane permeability.

A) Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Symptoms of dehydration include: A) decreased urine output. B) increased skin turgor. C) increased blood pressure. D) edema.

A) Decreased urine output

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by: A) hyperventilation. B) pneumonia. C) pulmonary congestion. D) pulmonary edema.

A) Hyperventilation

Which of the following series of laboratory values reflects a state of uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? A) Increased pH, increased bicarbonate B) Increased pH, decreased bicarbonate C) Decreased pH, increased bicarbonate D) Decreased pH, decreased bicarbonate

A) Increased pH, increased bicarbonate

Which of the following is the largest fluid compartment in the body? A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Intravascular D) Peritoneal

A) Intracellular

Which of the following problems results in increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and the formation of edema? A) Renal failure B) Hemorrhaging C) Liver failure D) All of the above

A) Renal failure

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

ADH

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35? Isodosis Acidosis Alkalosis Alkalemia None of these choices

Acidosis

The Na+ level in blood is controlled by Aldosterone Insulin ATP production Krebs cycle Glucagon

Aldosterone

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

All of the above

Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone

What fraction of total body water (TBW) volume is contained in the intracellular space? A) 3/4 B) 2/3 C) 1/2 D) 1/3

B) 2/3

Which of the following processes describes the mechanism underlying the sodium-potassium pump? A) Passive diffusion B) Active transport C) Facilitated diffusion D) Osmosis

B) Active transport

Hypernatremia can result from: A) decreased aldosterone secretion. B) decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion. C) compulsive water drinking. D) excessive dietary potassium.

B) Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion

An increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion will result in which of the following changes? A) Increased serum sodium concentrations B) Decreased serum sodium concentrations C) Increased serum potassium concentrations D) Decreased serum potassium concentrations

B) Decreased serum sodium concentrations

When sodium channels in the plasma membrane of a neuron open, which of the following processes is initiated? A) Inhibition B) Depolarization C) Repolarization D) Hyperpolarization

B) Depolarization

Which of the following spaces does not belong to the water compartment of the body? A) Vascular B) Flesh C) Intracellular D) Interstitial

B) Flesh

Early symptoms of metabolic acidosis include: A) coma. B) headache and lethargy. C) muscle cramps. D) short and shallow respirations.

B) Headache and lethargy

Which of the following electrolyte disturbances is manifested by muscle spasms? A) Hypercalcemia B) Hypocalcemia C) Hyperphosphatemia D) Hypophosphatemia

B) Hypocalcemia

Moderate to severe hypokalemia manifests with: A) muscle spasms and rapid respirations. B) muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. C) confusion and irritability. D) vomiting and diarrhea.

B) Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias

Increased aldosterone, as in the case of hyperaldosteronism, results in: A) decreased serum osmolarity. B) renal retention of sodium and water. C) increased sodium excretion coupled with retention of potassium. D) increased water reabsorption without affecting sodium balance.

B) Renal retention of sodium and water

Osmolarity measures: A) the number of dissolved molecules per kilogram of water. B) the concentration of solute per volume of solution. C) the partial pressure of the gases dissolved in a solution. D) the permeability of a cellular membrane to solutes.

B) The concentration of solute per volume of solution

Starling's hypothesis describes the forces that determine: A) the intercellular concentration of electrolytes. B) the net filtration of water at the capillary membrane. C) the exchange of gases at the capillary membrane. D) the concentration of albumin in the interstitial fluid.

B) The net filtration of water at the capillary membrane

To generate an action potential, a nerve cell must reach: A) resting membrane potential. B) threshold potential. C) hypopolarization. D) 0 mV.

B) Threshold potential

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause

Blood pH to drop

Capillary oncotic pressure is primarily determined by which of the following molecules? A) Glucose B) Sodium C) Albumin D) Water

C) Albumin

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called the: A) capillary hydrostatic pressure. B) interstitial osmotic pressure. C) capillary oncotic pressure. D) interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

C) Capillary oncotic pressure

Which of the following molecules is a volatile acid in the body? A) Lactic acid B) Ketoacids C) Carbon dioxide D) Sulfates

C) Carbon dioxide

Total body water (TBW) in elderly persons is: A) increased because of decreased adipose tissue and decreased bone mass. B) increased because of decreased renal function and hormonal fluctuations. C) decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass. D) decreased because of diuresis and sodium loss.

C) Decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass

Which of the following electrolyte imbalances often occurs as a result of acute acidosis? A) Hypernatremia B) Hyponatremia C) Hyperkalemia D) Hypokalemia

C) Hyperkalemia

If intercellular potassium is depleted, what state best describes the altered membrane potential of the cell? A) Hyperexcitable B) Hypersensitive C) Hyperpolarized D) Hyperbolical

C) Hyperpolarized

Which of the following hormones stimulates sodium excretion by the kidneys? A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Natriuretic hormones D) Antidiuretic hormone

C) Natriuretic hormones

Which of the following groups of symptoms are caused by hyponatremia? A) Weak pulses, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate B) Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea C) Nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion D) Cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesias, and acid-base imbalances

C) Nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the person's pH is: A) high. B) low. C) normal. D) impossible to determine.

C) Normal

Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? A) Sodium B) Calcium C) Potassium D) Chlorine

C) Potassium

Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure is maintained by the quantity of plasma: A) glucose. B) sodium. C) proteins. D) lipids.

C) Proteins

In general, respiratory acidosis is caused by: A) states that induce hyperventilation. B) compensation for metabolic alkalosis. C) respiratory disease causing retention of carbon dioxide. D) hormone imbalances.

C) Respiratory disease causing retention of carbon dioxide

What is the normal pH of the blood? A) Neutral B) Slightly acidic C) Slightly alkaline D) Very acidic

C) Slightly alkaline

A common cause of metabolic alkalosis is: A) volume overload. B) hyperventilation. C) vomiting. D) ketone production.

C) Vomiting

Osmosis describes the movement of: A) electrolytes. B) glucose. C) water. D) blood.

C) Water

Osmosis describes the movement of: A) sodium. B) glucose. C) water. D) all molecules.

C) Water

This is the most abundant mineral in the body.

Calcium

Most of the phosphate in a body is present as

Calcium phosphate salt

The breathing rate of an infant

Causes greater water loss from the lungs

This occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases.

Chloride shift

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

Cl-

Active mediated transport is used to transport molecules: A) between organelles in the cytoplasm. B) in the blood stream. C) in the interstitial fluid. D) across a membrane.

D) Across a membrane

Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia? A) Diuresis B) Diarrhea C) Insulin administration D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following conditions can result in a pure water deficit (hypertonic dehydration)? A) Hyperventilation caused by fever B) Inability to concentrate the urine C) Coma D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following molecules act as buffers for acid in the blood? A) Hemoglobin B) Albumin C) Bicarbonate ion D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following molecules inversely varies its concentration with chloride (Cl-) in the plasma? A) Phosphate B) Sodium C) Potassium D) Bicarbonate

D) Bicarbonate

Edema that occurs in the feet and legs when standing or around the sacrum and buttocks while lying down is called: A) pitting edema. B) generalized edema. C) an effusion. D) dependent edema.

D) Dependent edema

Which of the following alterations is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for a respiratory acidosis condition? A) Decreased carbon dioxide B) Elevated carbon dioxide C) Decreased bicarbonate ion D) Elevated bicarbonate ion

D) Elevated bicarbonate ion

Which of the following electrolyte disturbances results from excess use of antacids such as calcium carbonate? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Hyperphosphatemia D) Hypophosphatemia

D) Hypophosphatemia

Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia (fluid overload) include all of the following except: A) elevated blood pressure. B) weight gain. C) edema. D) increased hematocrit.

D) Increased hematocrit

Which state describes the ideal proportion of electrolyte-to-water content in the body? A) Homeostatic B) Osmotic C) Cationic D) Isotonic

D) Isotonic

Compensation for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis is accomplished by which of the following organs? A) Liver B) Skin C) Heart D) Lungs

D) Lungs

Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? A) Sodium B) Calcium C) Magnesium D) Potassium

D) Potassium

A common cause of metabolic acidosis is: A) diuresis. B) dehydration. C) vomiting. D) renal failure.

D) Renal failure

How are ions such as sodium and potassium transported in and out of the cell across the plasma membrane? A) Via the process of endocytosis and exocytosis B) Through small pores in the lipid bilayer C) By glycolipid carrier molecules D) Through leak and gated protein channels

D) Through leak and gated protein channels

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain? Dehydration Evaporation Precipitation Insensible loss None of these choices

Dehydration

Water intoxication results from Dilute body fluids Decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids Decrease in water intake

Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis? Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction Loss of acid due to vomiting Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease Hypoventilation due to emphysema All of these are correct

Hypoventilation due to emphysema

In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

HPO42-

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in

Increased calcium reabsorption

The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT cause which of the following? Dehydration Formation of angiotensin II Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin Formation of ADH Increased vasoconstriction

Increased vasoconstriction

80% of the extracellular fluid is

Interstitial fluid

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

K+

In partial compensation

Systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35

PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are The main regulators of magnesium in the blood The main regulators of phosphate in the blood The main regulators of calcium in the blood The main regulators of NaCl in the blood None of these choices

The main regulators of calcium in the blood

Which of the following is the main factor that determines body fluid volume? Thirst center Fluid balance Urinary salt loss Compartmentalizing None of these choices

Urinary salt loss

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis? Hemorrhage Vomiting Pneumothroax Diabetes Cancer

Vomiting

This is the largest single component of the human body.

Water

Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide, and excretion by the kidneys are all

Ways to eliminate H+ from the body