Unit 8 Acids and Bases

A 60.mL sample of NaOH(aq) was titrated with 0.10MHCl(aq). Based on the resulting titration curve shown above, what was the approximate concentration of NaOH in the sample? A 0.033M B 0.050M C 0.10M D 0.20M

B 0.050M

A 0.20M solution of the weak acid potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) is titrated with 0.10MNaOH(aq). Based on the titration curve shown in the graph above, the pKa of KHP is closest to which of the following? A 3.6 B 5.4 C 8.8 D 11.8

B 5.4

Which of the following gives the best estimate for the pH of a 5×10−4MSr(OH)2(aq) solution at 25°C? A pH≈3.0 because Sr(OH)2 is a strong acid. B pH≈5.0 because Sr(OH)2 is a weak acid. C pH≈9.0 because Sr(OH)2 is a weak base. D pH≈11.0 because Sr(OH)2 is a strong base.

D pH≈11.0 because Sr(OH)2 is a strong base.

Which of the following is the correct mathematical relationship to use to calculate the pH of a 0.10M aqueous HBr solution? A pH = [H3O+]=0.10 B pH =−log(1.0×10−1) C pH=7.00−(0.10) D pH=log(1.0×10−1)

B pH =−log(1.0×10−1)

Kw=[H3O+][OH−]=1.0×10−14 at25°C Based on the information above, which of the following is true for a sample of pure water at 25°C? A [H3O+]=7.0M B [OH−]=1.0×10−14M C pH=10−7 D pOH=7.00

D pOH=7.00

A buffer solution that is 0.100M in both HCOOH and HCOOK has a pH=3.75. A student says that if a very small amount of 0.100MHCl is added to the buffer, the pH will decrease by a very small amount. Which of the following best supports the student's claim? A HCOO−HCOO− will accept a proton from HClHCl to produce more HCOOHHCOOH and H2OH2O. B HCOOHHCOOH will accept a proton from HClHCl to produce more HCOO−HCOO− and H2OH2O. C HCOO−HCOO− will donate a proton to HClHCl to produce more HCOOHHCOOH and H2OH2O. D HCOOHHCOOH will donate a proton to HClHCl to produce more HCOO−HCOO− and H2OH2O.

A HCOO−HCOO− will accept a proton from HClHCl to produce more HCOOHHCOOH and H2OH2O.

Buffer solutions containing Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 range in pH from 10.0 to 11.0. The chemical equation below represents the equilibrium between CO32−and H2O, and the table lists the composition of four different buffer solutions at 25°C. CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)⇄HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)Kb=2.1×10−4at25°C Which mathematical expression can be used to explain why buffer 2 and buffer 3 have the same pH? A log(0.2000.200)=log(0.1000.100)=log(1) B −log(Kw)−[−log(Kb)]=pKa C 0.200M=2×(0.100M) D 0.200M−0.200M=0.100M−0.100M

A log(0.2000.200)=log(0.1000.100)=log(1)

The acid ionization equilibrium for HNO2 is represented by the equation above. A 250.0mL buffer solution is prepared by mixing 125.0mL of 0.20MHNO2 and 125.0mL of 0.1MNaOH. To test the buffer capacity, the pH is measured and recorded in the table for four samples of the buffer and one sample of a mixture of the buffer and HCl. Which of the following best helps explain why the pH of sample 4 is lower than the pH of the other samples containing only buffer solution? A Prior to measuring the pHpH of sample 4, some water evaporated, resulting in an increase in the concentration of HNO2HNO2 in the sample. B After measuring the pHpH of the more acidic sample 3, the pHpH probe was not rinsed and wiped, resulting in the neutralization of a very small amount of the conjugate base in sample 4. C Prior to measuring the pHpH of sample 4, the room temperature dropped suddenly, resulting in an increase in the pKapKa for HNO2HNO2. D The volume used to measure the pHpH of sample 4 was less than 25.0mL25.0mL, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of NO2−NO2−.

B After measuring the pHpH of the more acidic sample 3, the pHpH probe was not rinsed and wiped, resulting in the neutralization of a very small amount of the conjugate base in sample 4.

Buffer solutions containing Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 range in pH from 10.0 to 11.0. The chemical equation below represents the equilibrium between CO32−and H2O, and the table lists the composition of four different buffer solutions at 25°C. CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)⇄HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)Kb=2.1×10−4at25°C Which of the following chemical equilibrium equations best shows what happens in the buffer solutions to minimize the change in pH when a small amount of a strong base is added? A H3O+(aq)+OH−(aq)⇄2 H2O(l) B HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)⇄CO32−(aq)+H2O(l) C CO32−(aq)+H3O+(aq)⇄HCO3−(aq)+H2O(l) D CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)⇄HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)

B HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)⇄CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)

NH3(aq)+H2O(l)⇄NH4+(aq)+OH−(aq) Kb=1.8×10−5 at 25°C The reaction between NH3 and water is represented above. A solution that is initially 0.200M in NH3 has a pH of 11.28. Which of the following correctly predicts the pH of a solution for which [NH3]initial=0.100M, and why? A The pH will be lower than 11.28 because decreasing the initial concentration of NH3 increases the equilibrium concentration of the conjugate acid NH4+. B The pH will be lower than 11.28 because the equilibrium concentration of OH− ions decreases when the initial concentration of the base decreases. C The pH will be higher than 11.28 because decreasing the initial concentration of NH3 decreases the equilibrium concentration of the conjugate acid NH4+. D The pH will be higher than 11.28 because the equilibrium concentration of OH− ions increases when the initial concentration of the base decreases.

B The pH will be lower than 11.28 because the equilibrium concentration of OH− ions decreases when the initial concentration of the base decreases.

C2H3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+C2H3COO−(aq)pKa=4.25 The weak acid ionization equilibrium for C2H3COOH is represented by the equation above. A student measures the pH of C2H3COOH(aq) using a probe and a pH meter in the experimental setup shown. Based on the information given, which of the following is true? A [C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−][C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−] since the pKapKa of the weak acid is less than pKwpKw. B [C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−][C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−] since the pKapKa of the weak acid is greater than the pHpH of the solution. C [C2H3COOH]<[C2H3COO−][C2H3COOH]<[C2H3COO−] since the pKbpKb for C2H3COO−C2H3COO− is less than pKwpKw. D [C2H3COOH]<[C2H3COO−][C2H3COOH]<[C2H3COO−] since the KbKb for C2H3COO−C2H3COO− is less than the KaKa for C2H3COOHC2H3COOH.

B [C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−][C2H3COOH]>[C2H3COO−] since the pKapKa of the weak acid is greater than the pHpH of the solution.

A student measures the pH of a 0.0100M buffer solution made with HClO and NaClO, as shown above. The pKa of HClO is 7.40 at 25°C. Based on this information, which of the following best compares the relative concentrations of ClO− and HClO in the buffer solution? A [ClO−]=[HClO] B [ClO−]>[HClO] C [ClO−]<[HClO] D It is not possible to compare the concentrations without knowing the pKb of ClO−.

B [ClO−]>[HClO]

CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+CH3COO−(aq) pKa=4.76 at 25°C The equilibrium representing the acid dissociation of CH3COOH is shown above. A buffer solution is prepared by adding 0.10mol of NaOH(s) to 1.00L of 0.30MCH3COOH. Assuming the change in volume is negligible, which of the following expressions will give the pH of the resulting buffer at 25°C? A pH=4.76+log0.100.30pH=4.76+log0.100.30 B pH=4.76+log0.100.20pH=4.76+log0.100.20 C pH=4.76+log0.200.10pH=4.76+log0.200.10 D pH=4.76+log0.300.10

B pH=4.76+log0.10/0.20

A buffer solution is formed by mixing equal volumes of 0.12MNH3(aq) and 0.10MHCl(aq), which reduces the concentration of both solutions by one half. Based on the pKa data given in the table, which of the following gives the pH of the buffer solution? A pH=−log(0.050)=1.30 B pH=9.25+log(0.010/0.050)=8.55 C pH=9.25+log(0.060/0.050)=9.32 D pH=14.00−(−log(0.010))=12.00

B pH=9.25+log(0.010/0.050)=8.55

Which of the following gives the best estimate for the pH of a 1×10−5MHClO4(aq) solution at 25°C? A pH≈1.0 because HClO4 is a strong acid. B pH≈5.0 because HClO4 is a strong acid. C pH≈7.0 because ClO4− is a strong base. D pH≈9.0 because ClO4− is a strong base.

B pH≈5.0 because HClO4 is a strong acid.

H2O(l)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+OH−(aq) Kw=7.0×10−14 at55°C Pure water autoionizes as shown in the equation above. Based on this information, which of the following is correct? A The autoionization equilibrium for pure water favors the formation of reactants at 55°C compared to 25°C25°C. B The autoionization equilibrium for pure water produces the same amount of OH− ions at 55°C and 25°C C At 55°C, pH =−log(Kw−−−√) for pure water. D At 55°C55°C, pH=−log(Kw) for pure water.

C At 55°C, pH =−log(Kw−−−√) for pure water.

The equilibrium for the acid ionization of HCOOH is represented by the equation above and the table gives the percent ionization for HCOOH at different initial concentrations of the weak acid at 25°C. Based on the information, which of the following is true for a 0.125M aqueous solution of HCOOH? A It has a larger percent ionization, a lower [H3O+]eq, and a lower pH than a 0.150MHCOOH solution does. B It has a larger percent ionization, a lower [H3O+]eq, and a higher pOH than a 0.150MHCOOH solution does. C It has a lower percent ionization, a larger [H3O+]eq, and a higher pOH than a 0.100MHCOOH solution does. D It has a lower percent ionization, a larger [H3O+]eq, and a higher pH than a 0.100MHCOOH solution.

C It has a lower percent ionization, a larger [H3O+]eq, and a higher pOH than a 0.100MHCOOH solution does.

Lewis diagrams of the weak bases NH3 and NF3 are shown above. Based on these diagrams, which of the following predictions of their relative base strength is correct, and why? A NF3NF3 is a stronger base than NH3NH3 because more than one resonance structure exists for its conjugate acid NF3H+NF3H+, making it more stable than NH4+NH4+. B NF3NF3 is a stronger base than NH3NH3 because of the greater electronegativity of FF compared with HH. C NF3NF3 is a weaker base than NH3NH3 because of the greater electronegativity of FF compared with HH. D NF3NF3 is a weaker base than NH3NH3 because more than one resonance structure exists for its conjugate acid NF3H+NF3H+, making it more stable than NH4+NH4+.

C NF3NF3 is a weaker base than NH3NH3 because of the greater electronegativity of FF compared with HH.

The pH versus volume data for the titration of 0.10MHNO2(aq) with 0.10MKOH(aq) is plotted on the graph above. Based on the data, which of the following species is present in the greatest concentration after 6.0mL of KOH(aq) has been added to the solution of HNO2(aq) ? A H+(aq) B HNO2(aq) C NO2−(aq) D OH−(aq)

C NO2−(aq)

HClO(aq)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+ClO−(aq)Ka=3.98×10−8 The acid ionization equilibrium for HClO at 25°C is shown above. A 0.100M aqueous solution of this acid has a pH of about 4.2. If a solution with an initial concentration of HClO of 0.200M is allowed to reach equilibrium at the same temperature, which of the following correctly predicts its pH, and why? A The pH will be higher than 4.2 because increasing the concentration of the weak acid decreases the percent ionization. B The pH will be higher than 4.2 because, for weak acid solutions, the pH is directly proportional to the initial concentration of the weak acid. C The pH will be lower than 4.2 because increasing the concentration of the weak acid produces more H3O+ to establish equilibrium. D The pH will be lower than 4.2 because the Ka of the weak acid is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of the weak acid.

C The pH will be lower than 4.2 because increasing the concentration of the weak acid produces more H3O+ to establish equilibrium.

HC3H5O2(aq)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+C3H5O2−(aq)pKa=4.87 The acid ionization equilibrium for HC3H5O2 is represented by the equation above. A mixture of 1.00L of 0.100MHC3H5O2 and 0.500L of 0.100MNaOH will produce a buffer solution with a pH=4.87. If the NaOH solution was mislabeled and was 1.00M instead of 0.100M, which of the following would be true? A The pHpH of the resulting solution would still be 4.87 because buffer solutions regulate changes in pHpH regardless of how much NaOHNaOH is added. B The pHpH of the resulting solution would be somewhat higher than 4.87 because adding NaOHNaOH that is 10 times more concentrated makes the concentration of the conjugate base 10 times larger. C The pHpH of the resulting solution would be much higher than 4.87 because the weak acid would be completely neutralized by the larger amount of NaOHNaOH added. D The pHpH of the resulting solution would still be 4.87 because the solution contains a large volume of the weak acid to react with the NaOHNaOH and maintain the same pHpH.

C The pHpH of the resulting solution would be much higher than 4.87 because the weak acid would be completely neutralized by the larger amount of NaOHNaOH added.

Which of the following provides the correct mathematical expression to calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing 10.0ml of 1.00MHCl and 11.0mL of 1.00MNaOH at 25°C? A pH=−log(0.0010)=3.00 B pH=14.00+log(0.001)=11.00 C pH=14.00+log(0.0010/0.0210)=12.68 D pH=14.00+log(0.0010/0.0110)=12.96

C pH=14.00+log(0.0010/0.0210)=12.68

The weak acid CH3COOH has a pKa of 4.76. A solution is prepared by mixing 500.mL of 0.150MCH3COOH(aq) and 0.0200mol of NaOH(s). Which of the following can be used to calculate the pH of the solution? A pH=4.76+log(0.0200/0.150)=3.88 B pH=4.76+log(0.0200/0.0750)=4.19 C pH=4.76+log(0.0200/0.0550)=4.32 D pH=4.76+log(0.0950/0.0750)=4.86

C pH=4.76+log(0.0200/0.0550)=4.32

Buffer solutions containing Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 range in pH from 10.0 to 11.0. The chemical equation below represents the equilibrium between CO32−and H2O, and the table lists the composition of four different buffer solutions at 25°C. CO32−(aq)+H2O(l)⇄HCO3−(aq)+OH−(aq)Kb=2.1×10−4at25°C Which of the following mathematical expressions can be used to determine the approximate pH of buffer 1 ? A pH=−log(2.1×10−4)+log(0.1000.150)=3.50 B pH=−log(2.1×10−4)+log(0.1500.100)=3.85 C pH=[14.00+log(2.1×10−4)]+log(0.1000.150)=10.15 D pH=[14.00+log(2.1×10−4)]+log(0.1500.100)=10.50

C pH=[14.00+log(2.1×10−4)]+log(0.1000.150)=10.15

HCNO is a weak acid with a pKa value of 3.5. The graph above shows the results of a titration of an aqueous solution of HCNO with 0.100MNaOH. Based on the results, the concentration of CNO−is greater than the concentration of HCNO at which of the following pH values? A 2.0 B 3.0 C 3.5 D 4.0

D 4.0

The table above provides information on two weak acids. Which of the following explains the difference in their acid strength? A Acid 1 is a stronger acid because it has more acidic hydrogen atoms than acid 2. B Acid 1 is a stronger acid because it can make more hydrogen bonds than acid 2. C Acid 2 is a stronger acid because it is a larger, more polarizable molecule with stronger intermolecular forces than acid 1. D Acid 2 is a stronger acid because it has a more stable conjugate base than acid 1 due to the greater number of electronegative Br atoms.

D Acid 2 is a stronger acid because it has a more stable conjugate base than acid 1 due to the greater number of electronegative Br atoms.

2H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+OH−(aq)ΔH°=+56kJ/molrxn The endothermic autoionization of pure water is represented by the chemical equation shown above. The pH of pure water is measured to be 7.00 at 25.0°C and 6.02 at 100.0°C. Which of the following statements best explains these observations? A At the higher temperature water dissociates less, [H3O+]<[OH−], and the water becomes basic. B At the higher temperature water dissociates less, [H3O+]=[OH−], and the water remains neutral. C At the higher temperature water dissociates more, [H3O+]>[OH−], and the water becomes acidic. D At the higher temperature water dissociates more, [H3O+]=[OH−], and the water remains neutral.

D At the higher temperature water dissociates more, [H3O+]=[OH−], and the water remains neutral.

The equilibrium reactions for diprotic oxoacids with a general formula H2XO4 are represented by the equations above. The acid ionization constants for H2SeO4 and H2TeO4 are provided in the table. Which of the following best explains the difference in strength for these two acids? A H2SeO4H2SeO4 is weaker because SeSe has a smaller positive formal charge than TeTe, resulting in a decrease in its ability to transfer an H+H+ to H2OH2O. B H2TeO4H2TeO4 is weaker because TeTe has a smaller positive formal charge than TeTe, resulting in a decrease in its ability to transfer an H+H+ to H2OH2O. C H2SeO4H2SeO4 is weaker because SeSe is more electronegative than TeTe, resulting in more stable conjugate bases HSeO4−HSeO4− and SeO42−SeO42− than those for H2TeO4H2TeO4 . D H2TeO4H2TeO4 is weaker because TeTe is less electronegative than SeSe, resulting in less stable conjugate bases HTeO4−HTeO4− and TeO42−TeO42− than those for H2SeO4H2SeO4.

D H2TeO4H2TeO4 is weaker because TeTe is less electronegative than SeSe, resulting in less stable conjugate bases HTeO4−HTeO4− and TeO42−TeO42− than those for H2SeO4H2SeO4.

CH3CH2COOH(aq)+H2O(l)⇄H3O+(aq)+CH3CH2COO−(aq) Ka=1.4×10−5 at 25°C CH3CH2COO−(aq)+H2O(l)⇄CH3CH2COOH(aq)+OH−(aq) Kb=7.4×10−10 at 25°C The acid equilibrium for CH3CH2COOH and the base equilibrium for CH3CH2COO− are represented above. One liter of a buffer solution with pH=4.85 is made by mixing 0.100MCH3CH2COOH and 0.100MNaCH3CH2COO. If 10.0mL of 0.500MNaOH is added to the buffer, which of the following is most likely the resulting pH, and why? A The pHpH will be much less than 4.85, because the buffer will respond to the addition of NaOHNaOH by producing more CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2COOH. B The pHpH will be much greater than 4.85, because there is a large increase in the concentration of the weak base, CH3CH2COO−CH3CH2COO−. C The pHpH will be slightly less than 4.85, because the addition of NaOHNaOH reduces the autoionization of H2OH2O. D The pHpH will be slightly greater than 4.85, because some CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2COOH will react with the added bases, resulting in a slight decrease in [H3O+][H3O+].

D The pHpH will be slightly greater than 4.85, because some CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2COOH will react with the added bases, resulting in a slight decrease in [H3O+][H3O+].

To prepare a buffer solution for an experiment, a student measured out 53.49g of NH4Cl(s) (molar mass 53.49g/mol) and added it to 1.0L of 1.0MNH3(aq). However, in the process of adding the NH4Cl(s) to the NH3(aq), the student spilled some of the NH4Cl(s) onto the bench top. As a result, only about 50.g of NH4Cl(s) was actually added to the 1.0MNH3(aq). Which of the following best describes how the buffer capacity of the solution is affected as a result of the spill? A The solution has a greater buffer capacity for the addition of base than for acid, because [NH3]<[NH4+][NH3]<[NH4+]. B The solution has a greater buffer capacity for the addition of base than for acid, because [NH3]>[NH4+][NH3]>[NH4+]. C The solution has a greater buffer capacity for the addition of acid than for base, because [NH3]<[NH4+][NH3]<[NH4+]. D The solution has a greater buffer capacity for the addition of acid than for base, because [NH3]>[NH4+][NH3]>[NH4+].

D The solution has a greater buffer capacity for the addition of acid than for base, because [NH3]>[NH4+][NH3]>[NH4+].