UNIT 8 TEST WHAP
B
"Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding." Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author's motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America? A. Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America. B. Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America. C. Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire. D. Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.
C
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster? A. Increased ethnic violence in Russia due to imperial expansion in the nineteenth century B. The abolition of serfdom and other forms of coerced labor in Russia during the nineteenth century C. The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War D. Redrawn national boundaries as a result of peace treaties ending the First World War
A
The following question(s) refer to the following passage. The way in which the nuclear weapons that we are now developing are first used will be of fateful importance. Our primary objective once the war is over should be to reach an international agreement on the total prevention of nuclear warfare. From this perspective, using nuclear weapons against Japan may easily destroy all our chances of success. A demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of representatives of all nations, in a desert or on a barren island. Then America could argue, 'We are ready to renounce the use of these weapons in the future if other nations join us in this renunciation and agree to the establishment of an efficient international control.' If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first use of nuclear weapons, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. However, once an international peace agreement is achieved, then the technology and materials accumulated in the process of developing the weapon can be used for important peace time developments, including power generation and mass production of radioactive materials. In this way, the money spent on wartime development of nuclear technology may benefit the peacetime development of the national economy. — James Franck, German-born scientist developing nuclear weapons technology for the United States, report to the United States government, 1945 Franck's statements in the third paragraph most directly anticipate which of the following post-1945 changes? A. The development of both a nuclear arms race and civilian economic applications of nuclear power B. The emergence of new environmental threats from nuclear accidents and radioactive pollution C. The move toward nuclear disarmament in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War D. The deepening of both military disparities and economic inequalities between Western and non-Western countries
A
The image is a parody of the regular military parades staged by the Soviet Communist Party in Red Square, Moscow. Image 2 MARAT VALIAKHMETOV, SOVIET ARTIST, "PARADE," CARTOON PUBLISHED IN A SOVIET NEWSPAPER, 1989 The cartoon is a parody of Soviet military parades, with food trucks instead of tanks and military equipment. The trucks carry labels saying "BREAD," "MILK," and "MEAT"—all items for which the Soviet Union was experiencing frequent consumer shortages. The inclusion of the trucks in Image 2 best helps explain which of the following developments in the Soviet Union in the late twentieth century? A. Despite the introduction of free-market reforms under the perestroika program, the Soviet Union's economy continued to deteriorate. B. The recent collectivization of agriculture weakened the ability of Soviet farmers to compete with Western agricultural businesses. C. Although free-market reforms made the Soviet economy more efficient, climate change led to famines and crop failures. D. The increasing role of multinational corporations in the Soviet economy led to protests about growing economic inequality.
D
"Chicken Tikka Massala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken Tikka is an Indian dish. The Massala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy." Robin Cook, British Foreign Secretary, speech, 2001 The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following? A. The spread of culture through new communication technology B. The global spread of western popular and consumer culture C. The resistance to immigration by nativist groups D. The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
C
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A. The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B. The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts C. The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D. The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration
C
"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above A. The clergy believed in the separation of church and state. B. The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. C. Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. D. Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy.
D?
"It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is." George M. Houser, president of the American Committee on Africa, a nongovernmental organization founded to support nonviolent African independence movements, report about the All African People's Conference held in Ghana, 1958 The author's opinion in the third paragraph regarding the caution that the United States was employing in supporting African independence movements is most directly explained in the context of which of the following developments in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War? A. The United States used its intelligence agencies to overthrow regimes in Third World nations. B. The United States used its influence in international organizations to rally support for its policies in Third World nations. C. The United States and the Soviet Union preferred to engage in proxy wars rather than in direct conflict. D. The United States had vastly more economic and military power than its European allies.
A
"It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is." George M. Houser, president of the American Committee on Africa, a nongovernmental organization founded to support nonviolent African independence movements, report about the All African People's Conference held in Ghana, 1958 The conference as described in the first and second paragraphs is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the aftermath of the Second World War? A. The dissolution of European empires B. The development of regional free-trade agreements C. The spread of industrial methods of production D. The intensification of ethnic rivalries in Africa
D?
"It was my privilege to attend the All African People's Conference held in Ghana. The conference was significant because it brought together the most representative gathering of African leaders ever assembled. There were about 300 delegates representing some 65 organizations coming from 28 African countries. Of the nine independent African countries only one, Sudan, was not represented. The nationalist organizations were represented by their top leadership. Therefore, whether the colonial powers like it or not, the decisions of the conference must be taken with some seriousness. The conference announced clearly that African freedom and independence are a necessity, and that the struggle to achieve independence would continue. The conference's declaration on colonialism and imperialism significantly called upon 'the independent African states to render maximum assistance by every means possible to the dependent peoples in their struggle.' The final decision of the conference was to commend nonviolent methods but also to endorse other methods if they are deemed necessary. Presently, there is negligible Russian influence in Africa. Nevertheless, this influence will grow unless the problem of racism in the multi-racial areas of Africa is solved. It is my opinion that American influence will decline steadily unless the United States is much more vocal in its support of responsible movements for independence in Africa. The United States does not need to be as cautious as it currently is." George M. Houser, president of the American Committee on Africa, a nongovernmental organization founded to support nonviolent African independence movements, report about the All African People's Conference held in Ghana, 1958 The conference's decision to "endorse other methods," as mentioned in the second paragraph, is best explained in the context of which of the following? A. Many African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War. B. Many African societies had been strongly influenced by European methods of administration, economic and political philosophy, and culture. C. The Non-Aligned Movement was attractive to many African societies that opposed both European policies in Africa and the development of a bipolar global order. D. The growth of the international arms trade provided armed groups in Africa with military superiority over European powers.
A
"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A. Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity B. Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule C. Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription D. Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
S
"Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments? A. The view of imperialism as the "White Man's Burden" B. Settler imperialism C. The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries D. Economic imperialism
D
"Mr. President, I am writing you a letter which maybe you'll read if you have the time. I have just received my army recruitment papers to report for duty in the war*by Wednesday evening. Mr. President, I do not want to do that; I was not put on this earth to kill wretched people living far away. I must tell you—it's not to make you mad— but I've made my decision: I am going to desert.... I will hit the road and beg for my life all over France—and I will call out to the people: 'Refuse to obey! Refuse to do it! Don't go to fight in the war! Just say no!' If someone's blood must be shed, Then shed yours, Mr. President! Lead by example! And if you decide to hunt me down, warn your police that I will be unarmed, and that they can go ahead and shoot." *a reference to the war in French Vietnam Boris Vian, French poet, "The Deserter," 1954 Late-twentieth-century military conflicts such as the one referred to in the poem typically resulted from which of the following? A. Negotiated decolonization B. Mercantilist colonial policies C. Social Darwinist philosophy D. Nationalist resistance to imperialism
A
"The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia's international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time. In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced." George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947 The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War? A. The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states B. The implementation of genocidal policies by totalitarian states C. The emergence of fascist states engaged in territorial expansion in Asia and Africa D. The creation of secret competing alliance systems by European powers
B
"The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia's international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time. In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced." George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947 Which of the following best explains how the historical circumstances of Kennan's service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the "Soviet structure of power" in the first paragraph? A. He witnessed how the Soviet Union used its industrial capabilities to produce vastly more quantities of war equipment than Germany could produce. B. He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population. C. He witnessed how the Soviet Union's defeat of Nazi Germany allowed it to decide the fate of states in Eastern Europe that it occupied. D. He witnessed how German atrocities had turned ethnic groups within the Soviet Union who had initially opposed Stalin against the Nazis.
C?
"The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia's international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time. In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced." George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947 Which of the following best explains the purpose of the arguments expressed in the passage? A. To influence Soviet government officials to adopt economic policies that would harm the Soviet Union B. To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war C. To convince world leaders to unite in order to stop the evils of communism D. To convince Soviet citizens that the United States meant them no harm in the hopes of creating a sustainable peace
C
"The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 All of the following statements about British rule in India in the twentieth century are factually accurate. Which could best be used as evidence to modify the author's claim about the "public benefits" of British rule in India in the second paragraph? A. The British government in India often allowed different religious groups to use their own legal customs in civil matters such as marriage and divorce. B. The British government in India developed educational institutions in which instruction was conducted in English, providing a common language that many Indians of diverse linguistic traditions used to communicate with each other. C. British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians. D. British companies cooperated with the British government to expand India's canal system and irrigation network in order to improve agricultural production and interior communications.
B
"The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 The fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to Great Britain after the end of British rule could indirectly be used as evidence to support the author's arguments mostly because the migrations of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles in the late twentieth century demonstrate that A. migrants from former colonies could expect to encounter little racial discrimination in imperial societies B. migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies C. migrants were quick to relinquish their cultural traditions upon settling in imperial societies D. migrants from former colonies quickly found lucrative jobs in imperial societies and could use their income to boost the fortunes of their families back home
C
"The [British] Raj* did bring benefits to the Indian people and its importance to the successor states of India . . . cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to [the public benefits that it brought]. When [the Raj] ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications 'infrastructure' which included over 40,000 miles of railways. . . . Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj. . . . Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj. . . . Quite simply, the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences remain deeply rooted in Indian soil." *a term used in various Indian languages to refer to a ruler; in this case, the term refers to the British Empire in India Lawrence James, British historian, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 could most directly be used as evidence to challenge the author's assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India in the first two paragraphs? A. After achieving its independence, India joined the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nation-states that refused to side with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. B. After achieving independence, India remained economically tied to Great Britain by joining the British Commonwealth of Nations. C. Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees. D. Indian leaders adopted the policies of many other postcolonial states by using government resources and policy to guide economic development.
D?
"Total war was no longer a rational option for enemies armed with nuclear weapons. If they were to fight each other, they could only do so in limited wars or through nonnuclear client states. Ironically, then, weapons of total destruction may have rendered total war between major powers obsolete in the late twentieth century." Merry Wiesner-Hanks, world historian, 2004 Which of the following occurrences during the Cold War best supports the main contention of the passage above? A. A large movement protesting the nuclear arms buildup developed in Western Europe and the United States. B. Several nonaligned countries sought to obtain nuclear weapons technology. C. Both the United States and the Soviet Union actively sought ways to neutralize each other's nuclear missiles. D. Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
B
"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) best expresses support for A. communism B. nationalism C. liberalism D. imperialism
D
"[El Diario]: Chairman, how does the Peruvian Communist Party sustain the huge party apparatus, including the People's Guerrilla Army? [Chairman Gonzalo]: I think this question deserves a detailed explanation. Concerning the party, Chairman Mao teaches us—as did Marx, Lenin, and all the great Marxists—that the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character. It has a mass character in the sense that while being a select organization—a selection of the best, of the proven, of those, as Stalin said, who have what it takes—being numerically small in proportion to the broad masses, the party defends the interests of the proletariat in taking responsibility for its emancipation, which can only come with communism. But since other classes that make up the people also participate in the revolution, the party defends their interests as well. [El Diario]: Chairman, let's talk about the people's war now. What does violence mean to you? [Chairman Gonzalo]: We see the problem of war this way: war has two aspects, destructive and constructive. Not to see it this way undermines the revolution—weakens it. From the moment the people take up arms to overthrow the old order, the reaction [state] seeks to crush, destroy, and annihilate the struggle, and it uses all the means at its disposal, including genocide. We have seen this in our country. We are seeing it now and will continue to see it until the outmoded Peruvian state is demolished." Interview with "Chairman Gonzalo" [Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso], leader of the Shining Path, a Peruvian revolutionary movement, 1988. The interview was conducted by the Peruvian newspaper El Diario, which was the unofficial newspaper of the Shining Path movement. The views expressed by Chairman Gonzalo in the passage are best explained in the context of which of the following historical circumstances of the late twentieth century? A. The rise of separatist movements that demanded regional autonomy B. The rise of movements that challenged colonial rule in Latin America C. The expansion of the military-industrial complex in Latin American states D. The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities
B
"[El Diario]: Chairman, how does the Peruvian Communist Party sustain the huge party apparatus, including the People's Guerrilla Army? [Chairman Gonzalo]: I think this question deserves a detailed explanation. Concerning the party, Chairman Mao teaches us—as did Marx, Lenin, and all the great Marxists—that the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character. It has a mass character in the sense that while being a select organization—a selection of the best, of the proven, of those, as Stalin said, who have what it takes—being numerically small in proportion to the broad masses, the party defends the interests of the proletariat in taking responsibility for its emancipation, which can only come with communism. But since other classes that make up the people also participate in the revolution, the party defends their interests as well. [El Diario]: Chairman, let's talk about the people's war now. What does violence mean to you? [Chairman Gonzalo]: We see the problem of war this way: war has two aspects, destructive and constructive. Not to see it this way undermines the revolution—weakens it. From the moment the people take up arms to overthrow the old order, the reaction [state] seeks to crush, destroy, and annihilate the struggle, and it uses all the means at its disposal, including genocide. We have seen this in our country. We are seeing it now and will continue to see it until the outmoded Peruvian state is demolished." Interview with "Chairman Gonzalo" [Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso], leader of the Shining Path, a Peruvian revolutionary movement, 1988. The interview was conducted by the Peruvian newspaper El Diario, which was the unofficial newspaper of the Shining Path movement. Which of the following explains the most likely purpose of Gonzalo's answer to the second question in the interview? A. To challenge the continued political influence of Western states in Latin America B. To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives C. To call for the prosecution of those responsible for mass violence in Peru D. To appeal to politicians in Latin American states to adopt reforms to their respective political institutions
A
"[El Diario]: Chairman, how does the Peruvian Communist Party sustain the huge party apparatus, including the People's Guerrilla Army? [Chairman Gonzalo]: I think this question deserves a detailed explanation. Concerning the party, Chairman Mao teaches us—as did Marx, Lenin, and all the great Marxists—that the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character. It has a mass character in the sense that while being a select organization—a selection of the best, of the proven, of those, as Stalin said, who have what it takes—being numerically small in proportion to the broad masses, the party defends the interests of the proletariat in taking responsibility for its emancipation, which can only come with communism. But since other classes that make up the people also participate in the revolution, the party defends their interests as well. [El Diario]: Chairman, let's talk about the people's war now. What does violence mean to you? [Chairman Gonzalo]: We see the problem of war this way: war has two aspects, destructive and constructive. Not to see it this way undermines the revolution—weakens it. From the moment the people take up arms to overthrow the old order, the reaction [state] seeks to crush, destroy, and annihilate the struggle, and it uses all the means at its disposal, including genocide. We have seen this in our country. We are seeing it now and will continue to see it until the outmoded Peruvian state is demolished." Interview with "Chairman Gonzalo" [Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso], leader of the Shining Path, a Peruvian revolutionary movement, 1988. The interview was conducted by the Peruvian newspaper El Diario, which was the unofficial newspaper of the Shining Path movement. Which of the following would likely explain Gonzalo's theoretical discussion of the idea that "the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character" during his answer to the first question? A. His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology. B. His intended audience was liberal intellectuals in Latin American governments who knew little about the differences between Leninist and Maoist ideologies. C. His intended audience was criminal organizations in Peru that had agreed to help the Shining Path movement. D. His intended audience was indigenous peoples in impoverished areas of Peru who fought for the Shining Path movement.
A
"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following? A. Emerging women's suffrage and feminist movements B. Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization C. The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas D. The development of more effective means of birth control
D
A woman's duties are to cook the five grains, heat the wine, look after her parents-in-law, make clothes, and that is all! ... She must follow the "three submissions." When she is young, she must submit to her parents. After her marriage, she must submit to her husband. When she is widowed, she must submit to her son. Biography of Mengzi, mother of Confucian philosopher Mencius, fourth century B.C.E. Now examine the gentlemen of the present age. They only know that wives must be controlled, and that the husband's rules of conduct manifesting his authority must be established...But they do not in the least understand that husbands and masters must also be served, and that the proper relationship and the rites should be maintained. Yet only to teach men and not to teach women—is that not ignoring the essential relation between them? Ban Zhao, Chinese female writer, "Lessons for Women" first century C.E. Which of the following contributed to the increase in patriarchal social structures in China during the period of 1200 to 1450? A. Philosopher Zhu Xi discouraging confucian values in favor of Buddist values. B. Empress Wu Zetian being forced to abdicate the throne to her son. C. The persecution of Buddists by Tang Emperors. D. The rise in Neo-Confucianism in the late Song Dynasty
A
After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world? A. The Second World War B. The United States Civil War C. The First World War D. The promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine
A
Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following? A. The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government B. Continual military campaigns against European armies C. Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy D. An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves
A
In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter A. the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism B. The decolonization of Africa and nationalization of Western industry there C. the growing power of developing countries in the United Nations D. Free-market advocates in the United States and Great Britain
B
In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies? A. Building popular support for their regimes by slowing the pace of industrialization B. Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization C. Insistence on the participation of industrial workers in planning their economies D. Recognition of the independence of satellite states in developing their economies
B
The following questions refer to the passage below. "I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the sheriff of Kent (a region in southeastern England). A great portion of the people of our realm have recently died. Those who survive see that masters need servants, which are scarce, and the servants will not serve unless they receive excessive wages. After consulting with the nobles and clergy, we have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided in the year 1346. Merchants, those who belong to craft guilds, and those who own their land are exempt from this rule. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, parliamentary decree, 1351 Based on the passage, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following? A. The emergence of feudalism in Western Europe B. The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy C. The development of Parliament as a check on the power of the English monarch D. The labor shortages in the English countryside resulting from frequent military conflicts with France
B
The map above BEST explains which of the following about global interaction in the transition from the fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries? A. Connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres were established for the first time resulting in the transfer of foods and crops known as the Columbian exchange. B. Previously established regional trading networks in the Indian Ocean were connected in new ways to emerging Eurasian markets. C. Eurasian interest in African trading posts as a source of slave laborers for cash crop plantations emerged and accelerated global migrations. D. The importance of the silk routes as an engine of global trade declined as Eurasian civilizations sponsored transoceanic voyages.
A
The maps of Africa above best explain which of the following about African history in the twentieth century? A. Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era B. Why most African states achieved independence within a few years of one another C. Why some former colonial powers have continued to intervene in the internal affairs of their former colonies after independence D. Why Islam has continued to spread in sub-Saharan Africa following decolonization
A
The painting shows Chinese youths dressed in the style typically depicted in communist propaganda posters, but with the Coca-Cola corporate logo in the background. The painting has been displayed in several galleries and museums in China. In which of the following twentieth-century historical contexts would artists have been most likely to display works that carry messages similar to that conveyed by Wang Guangyi's painting? A. Russia after the end of the Cold War B. Germany during Nazi rule C. South Africa under apartheid D. The Soviet Union after the death of Lenin
B
The scene depicted in the FIRST image is best understood in the historical context of which development during the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? A. A weakening of patriarchal social structures during the reign of the pastoralist Mongols B. The expansion of trade increased elite demand for foreign luxury goods like Asian silk textiles C. Declining population and trade caused by the ravages of the bubonic plague D. Technological innovations which increased agricultural production.
B
The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century? A. Some European states faced native resistance to their colonization efforts. B. Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies. C. Some European states used Social Darwinism to justify their military subjugation of colonial peoples. D. Some European states established trading-post empires.
C
What can we conclude about why Mongol control of Russia between the 13th and 15th centuries differed from their control of China and the Middle East? A. The Mongols didn't assimilate to Russian culture and took a hands on approach to governing B. Russia was more developed than China or the Middle East. C. Trade routes were less profitable in Russia than in China and the Middle East. D. The Mongols were afraid the Russians would rebel and they wanted to keep the peace. E. Resources available to the Mongols in Russia were limited
D
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agriculture crops in India, China, and the Middle East between 1200-1300? A. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China. B. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. C. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India than it did in the Middle East and China. D. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
D
Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War? A. Political tensions between communist and capitalist states B. European powers meeting in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to divide Africa into colonies C. Japanese imperialist expansion into Korea and China D. Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources
