Unit Test Practice

Which of the following is not considered a behavior? A. eating B. anxiety C. sleeping D. crying

NOT C

In a paragraph, compare and contrast psychologists and psychiatrists.

Psychologists and psychiatrists diagnose certain things for people's behavior. Psychologists though cannot prescribe medicine, while psychiatrists can.

Summarize in a complete paragraph how psychology has its roots in philosophy, and provide examples of two philosopher's contributions.

Psychology has deep roots in philosophy and many philosophers back this statement. Aristotle's works talk about memories and perception. Rene Descartes also contributed with the idea that the mind and body are separate but have some sort of connection.

In your own words, define psychology.

Psychology is a study of ones mental health and behavior.

William James was one of the leading founders of which school of thought? A. behaviorism B. functionalism C. structuralism D. psychoanalysis

B

A bias is an inclination to hold or present a certain perspective. T or F

T

For centuries, philosophers have explored questions about how the mind works and acquires knowledge. T or F

T

J. Henry Alston was the first African American to publish his research findings on the perception of heat and cold in a major US psychology journal. T or F

T

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner were the principal contributors to the behavioral perspective.

T

Kenneth and Mamie Clark's doll experiment was cited in the landmark US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. T or F

T

Psychology is considered a social science, yet it has foundations in the natural sciences. T or F

T

René Descartes was the first person to describe a reflex. T or F

T

The psychodynamic perspective originated with Sigmund Freud. T or F

T

All of the following were barriers to female and minority participation in psychological research except __________. A. desegregation B. perception C. academic opportunities D. career opportunities

A

All of the following were barriers to minority participation in early psychology except __________. A. school desegregation B. academic opportunities C. career opportunities D. perceived level of intelligence

A

Karl Popper, a 20th-century philosopher, claimed that genuine scientific theories are ______ A. falsifiable B. reproducible C. verifiable D. confirmable

A

Social science is a branch of science that deals with the nature of _____? A. human society B. the physical world C. animal societies D. the medical field

A

The main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist can typically _______ most psychologists cannot. A. prescribe medication B. diagnose C. practice psychotherapy D. treat people with varying problems

A

The psychologist best known for being the first female president of the American Psychological Association and for being denied a doctoral degree from Harvard because of her gender is __________. A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Inez Beverly Prosser C. Martha Bernal D. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

Which of the following is the school of thought that stresses the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior? A. Gestalt psychology B. psychoanalytic theory C. structuralism D. behaviorism

B

Psychology is considered a _____ science because it deals with human society and the nature and interactions od the individuals who make up society. A. biological B. chemicals C. social D. physical

C

A counseling psychologist will most likely ___________. A. provide individual and group therapy B. assess the cause of a disorder C. conduct a lab experiment D. study development across the life span

A

After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the National Center on the Psychology of Terrorism was founded to research psychological aspects of terrorism. This is an example of how __________ affect theories and perspectives in psychology. A. current events B. new discoveries C. oppositions D. personal ideologies

A

Socrates believed that __________. A. knowledge is born within us B. mind and body are inseparable C. knowledge grows from experience D. mind and body are one

A

Which of the following best describes cognitive processes? A. Cognitive processes are private and unobservable. B. Cognitive processes are theoretical concepts. C. Cognitive processes are observable with lab equipment. D. Cognitive processes are private bodily functions.

A

Which of the following statements is not true about minorities in psychology today? A. Minorities make up half of the population earning degrees in psychology. B. Despite increases, minorities are still underrepresented in psychology. C. Several programs have been implemented to attract more minorities to psychology. D. The number of minorities in psychology has increased steadily over the last century.

A

Which perspective studies how behavior and cognitive processes vary among cultures? A. sociocultural B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. evolutionary

A

Who is considered the founder of psychology? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. John Locke C. William James D. Sigmund Freud

A

__________ relies on introspection to reduce conscious experiences into basic elements. A. Structuralism B. Gestalt psychology C. Behaviorism D. Functionalism

A

A team of psychologists is studying how negative feedback affects self-esteem in independent cultures, such as the United States, and interdependent cultures, such as Japan. These psychologists are most likely working from the __________ perspective. A. biological B. sociocultural C. evolutionary D. psychodynamic

B

All of the following are occupations available to psychologists with a master's degree except __________. A. data collector in universities B. counseling psychology professor C. industrial/organizational psychologist D. a therapist whose clinical work is supervised

B

Psychologists working from the humanistic perspective help people do all of the following except __________. A. explore their feelings B. repress unwanted emotions C. manage negative impulses D. realize their potential

B

The __________ perspective believes that certain behavior patterns have a hereditary basis. A. humanistic B. evolutionary C. psychodynamic D. sociocultural

B

The philosopher who believed that the mind operated on the three levels of reason, will, and desire was __________. A. Socrates B. Plato C. Hippocrates D. Aristotle

B

The school of thought that defines psychology as a study of observable behavior is _____ A. structuralism B. behaviorism C. functionalism D. cubism

B

Unlike psychology, the primary focus in sociology is to study how _____ affect behavior. A. Emotions B. social influences C. cognitive processes D. individual goals

B

Which of the following is not a cognitive process? A. dreams B. creativity C. thoughts D. perceptions

B

Which of the following is not a way in which psychological research can be culturally biased? A. The questions that are asked may only concern issues and interests relevant to one culture. B. The participants used in the research are representative of several cultural groups. C. The researcher's culture can lead to the misinterpretation of the behavior of another culture. D. The tasks used during the research may be foreign to certain cultural groups.

B

Which of the following is not considered a natural science? A. chemistry B. psychology C. biology D. physics

B

Which of the following perspectives dominated American psychology for decades? A. neuropsychology B. behaviorism C. cognitive theory D. social psychology

B

Which of the following statements about psychological constructs is true? A. Psychological constructs are easy to define and measure. B. Psychological constructs represent concepts that cannot be observed or measured directly. C. Psychological constructs cannot be researched in psychology because they are unobservable. D. Psychological constructs represent measurable overt behavior.

B

Which philosopher believed that the soul operated on three levels: reason, will, and desire? A. Socrates B. Plato C. John Locke D. Hippocrates

B

Which school of thought focused on objective sensations, such as sight and taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, to study the conscious mind? A. behaviorism B. structuralism C. psychoanalysis D. functionalism

B

Define behaviorism and explain who founded this school of thought.

Behavior defines psychology as a scientific study that observes an individuals behavior.

A team of psychologists study personality development in the United States and generalize their research findings to describe personality development in China, Japan, and Korea. This is an example of __________ bias. A. gender B. Western C. cultural D. social

C

All but one of the following are studies done in sociology. Which one best illustrates a study done in psychology? A. a study that shows how Marissa's study habits change when she is at the library with her friends B. a study that shows how Joey's clownish behavior only occurs when he is around his peers C. a study that shows how Katrina's stress levels contribute to her obsessive exercise habits D. a study that shows how Lisa's obsession with snowboarding is caused by her group of friends

C

All of the following are examples of behaviors except __________. A. walking B. cheering C. dreaming D. playing games

C

All of the following are goals of psychology except ______ A. predicting B. describing C. curing D. controlling

C

An experimental psychologist will most likely ___________. A. study development that occurs during the patient's life B. provide counseling in a group setting C. conduct labs to study basic processes D. assess the cause of disorders

C

An increase in __________ has allowed new perspectives and branches to emerge in psychology, such as educational psychology and neuropsychology. A. scientific research B. educational institutions C. interdisciplinary studies D. current events

C

As it applies to psychology, the interest in cultural diversity can be attributed to each of the following except __________. A. advances in communication B. increased personal travel C. domestic trade D. cultural diversity in the Western world

C

In order for psychologists to be able to offer patient care, they must be __________. A. good B. caring C. licensed D. smart

C

In the 19th century, women were expected to conform to a certain role that entailed __________. A. gaining domestic skills and establishing a career B. going to college and getting married C. getting married and having children D. graduating from college and being a housewife

C

Increased interest in cultural diversity can be attributed to all of the following except __________. A. personal travel B. advances in communication C. natural selection D. international trade

C

Ivan Pavlov introduced the concept of __________ when he taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a tuning fork. A. reinforcement B. unconsciousness C. conditioning D. reward

C

Of the following, who is the first female to earn a doctoral degree in psychology in the United States? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Leta Stetter Hollingworth C. Margaret Floy Washburn D. Francis C. Sumner

C

One of the goals of psychology is to predict future behavior or mental processes. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates this goal? A. The psychologist measures Michael's heart rate and bodily functions to better describe his behavior. B. The psychologist helps Michael develop strategies to manage his anxiety levels so he can focus on the game. C. The psychologist tells Michael that his basketball performance will improve when his anxiety levels are moderated. D. After careful research, the psychologist explains that Michael's intense feelings of anxiety are hindering his basketball performance.

C

Opposition to a certain perspective can __________. A. increase funding and support from the community B. ensure that the perspective will become obsolete C. delay or stifle the emergence of the perspective D. make the perspective more influential and popular

C

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. A psychologist conducts research on life span development by interviewing numerous men and then uses the research findings to describe the different stages of development that both men and women experience. This is an example of __________. A. ethnocentrism B. ageism C. androcentrism D. racism

C

The ___________ perspective refers to the psychological approach that emphasizes the unconscious mind's desires and wishes. A. humanistic B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. cognitive

C

The belief that race indicates certain traits and capacities and that one's own race is superior is called __________. A. ageism B. sexism C. racism D. feminism

C

The development of the computer allowed cognitive psychologists to do all of the following except __________. A. design an interactive model of a human brain on the computer B. study which parts of the brain are active during certain mental tasks C. analyze the different parts of the brain by studying computer parts D. understand the workings of the brain by comparing it to a computer

C

The goals of psychology are the same as the goals of science, except that in psychology, the focus is on _______ and _______ . A. behavior . . . biological causes B. prediction . . .thinking C. behavior . . .cognitive processes D. prediction . . .biological causes

C

The majority of early psychologists were all of the following except __________. A. European B. male C. lower class D. white

C

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of behavior? A. Behavior is an action that can be observed with lab equipment. B. Behavior is an action that is only measurable with medical equipment. C. Behavior is an action that can be observed and measured. D. Behavior is an action that is private but observable and measurable.

C

Which of the following is the school of thought that studies the function and purpose of consciousness and behavior? A. cubism B. structuralism C. functionalism D. introspection

C

Which of the following statements about the psychodynamic perspective is not true? A. Early childhood experiences are considered important for understanding behavior. B. Psychodynamic psychologists focus more on self-awareness and self-direction. C. Sexual and aggressive impulses are the primary focus in the psychodynamic perspective. D. Focus is on helping people understand how unconscious drives affect conscious choices.

C

Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and therefore, science should rely on observations and experiments? A. Socrates B. Plato C. John Locke D. Hippocrates

C

Which philosopher suggested that the mind and body are separate but that a link exists between them? A. John Locke B. Plato C. René Descartes D. Aristotle

C

Who is considered the father of psychology in the United States? A. William Wundt B. John B. Watson C. William James D. René Descartes

C

A __________ is a group that is seen as different from the larger population in some characteristics. A. veritable B. control C. majority D. minority

D

All of the following are studied in cognitive psychology except __________. A. perception B. memory C. language D. hormones

D

Early psychologists were predominately all of the following except __________. A. white B. male C. European D. wealthy

D

Leta Stetter Hollingworth conducted pioneering work on __________. A. identity development in ethnic minorities B. cognitive processes in animals and humans C. racism and its effects on child development D. adolescent development and gifted children

D

Plato suggested that the soul operates on three levels: __________. A. observation, hope, and will B. love, emotion, and senses C. senses, humor, and thought D. reason, will, and desire

D

The ___________ perspective focuses on how people process, use, and store information. A. sociocultural B. evolutionary C. biological D. cognitive

D

The doll experiment conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark studied the effects of _________ on African American children. A. education B. poverty C. feminism D. segregation

D

The greatest number of occupational opportunities exist in the field of psychology for those individuals who hold a ___________. A. high school diploma B. bachelor's degree C. master's degree D. doctoral degree

D

The psychologist known for being the first woman of Mexican descent to receive a doctoral degree in psychology in the US and for helping establish the National Hispanic Psychological Association is __________. A. Mamie Clark B. Margaret Floy Washburn C. Mary Whiton Calkins D. Martha Bernal

D

What does Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection state about traits? A. Traits that increase the survival rate of a population are rarely passed on to future generations since they can affect reproduction. B. Traits that prevent people from reproducing are passed on to future generations to ensure their survival. C. Traits that make it more likely for a species to survive or reproduce become less common in a population over time. D. Traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on to future generations.

D

Which of the following statements is not true about what John Locke believed? A. Sensations and reflections are the two sources for ideas. B. Knowledge is acquired through our experiences. C. Science should rely on observations and experiments. D. Knowledge is present in an individual from birth.

D

Which philosopher believed that sense perceptions and observations are essential for knowledge? A. Socrates B. Plato C. Hippocrates D. Aristotle

D

Which two philosophers believed that innate knowledge is discovered through logic? A. John Locke and Aristotle B. Socrates and John Locke C. Hippocrates and René Descartes D. Socrates and Plato

D

_______ is a systematic way of learning about the world through observations and experiments that lead to a pool of knowledge. A. Psychology B. A theory C. Pseudoscience D. Science

D

_______ is the systematic self-observation and analysis of one's conscious experience. A. Interrogation B. Introgression C. Internalization D. Introspection

D

A psychologist has to obtain a medical degree to diagnose and treat people with disorders. T or F

F

Astrology is considered a science because it is grounded in scientific research. T or F

F

Blood pressure is a cognitive process because it is observable with lab equipment. T or F

F

Despite valid research, in the late 1900s, women and minorities were thought to have a higher level of intelligence than white males. T or F

F

Ethnocentrism helps researchers avoid cultural bias when interpreting research findings. T or F

F

Funding has little influence on the number of researchers working on a given project.

F

In the first half of the 20th century, the scientific community supported research on cognitive processes.

F

Psychodynamic psychologists believe that behavior is aimed at satisfying conscious desires and wishes. T or F

F

Psychologists only focus on how people think and feel. T or F

F

Sigmund Freud learned about his patients by conducting experiments in his laboratory. T or F

F

Socrates developed the laws of associationism. T or F

F

Summarize how psychology is considered a science.

It's considered a science because it deals with humans behavior in society.

In a paragraph, explain three differences between a science and a pseudoscience.

Science is factual and is tested with experiments and such. Pseudoscience is falsifiable and can most likely be debunked.

Summarize the difference between structuralism and functionalism.

Structuralism studies structures of our consciousness, while functionalism studies the purpose of consciousness.