unit4 - heart
The cardiovascular system is comprised of ______. Select all that apply.
-Blood vessels -Heart
Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium
Cardiocytes are similar to skeletal muscle in that they have ______.
a striated appearance
The systemic circuit pumps blood into the body through the ______.
aorta
The blunt tapered inferior portion of the heart is the _____ of the heart
apex
The passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles is regulated by which valves?
atrioventricular
The capacity of the heart to spontaneously conduct at regular intervals is referred to as ______.
autorhythmic
The atrioventricular bundle forks into right and left ______.
bundle branches
The myocardium is composed mostly of ______.
cardiac muscle
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior ______ sulcus.
interventricular
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ______ sulcus.
interventricular
The ear-like extension that covers the left atrium is called the ______.
left auricle
The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into two branches is the ______ artery.
left coronary
Blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins and flows into the ______.
left ventricle
The Purkinje fibers distribute electrical excitation throughout the ventricles. The network is larger in the _____ than the ______
left, right
The left and right regions of the heart pump at the same time. The right side of the heart pumps to the ______ and the left site of the heart pumps to the ______.
lungs, body
The left ______ artery is the branch of the circumflex artery that travels down the left side of the heart and furnishes blood to the left ventricle.
marginal
The right _____ artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blood to the lateral right atrium and ventricle.
marginal
Which artery is the branch of the right coronary artery that runs toward the apex, supplying blood to the lateral right atrium and ventricle?
marginal
Which vein collects venous drainage from the apex and the left aspect of the heart?
marginal
The left atrioventricular valve resembles the ceremonial headdress of the church bishop and is therefore called the _____ valve.
mitral
The middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle, is called the ______.
myocardium
In pericarditis the membranes are rough and swollen and result in ______ with each heartbeat
pain
Conical muscles on the floor of the ventricle that help prevent the AV valves from bulging into the atria are called ______.
papillary muscles
Conical muscles seen in the ventricles that tug on the tendinous cords are called ______.
papillary muscles
The ridges of muscle indicated by the letter A in the figure are the ______.
pectinate muscles
The serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity and lubricates the membranes, allowing the heart to beat with minimal friction is called ______.
pericardial
The space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium is called the _______.
pericardial cavity
The outer wall of the pericardium, the double-walled sac that encloses the heart, is called the ______.
pericardial sac
Inflammation of the the pericardium is called ______.
pericarditis
The posterior interventricular vein collects blood from the ______.
posterior aspect of the heart
Which vein in the posterior interventricular sulcus collects venous drainage from the posterior portion of the heart?
posterior interventricular
Blood is carried to the lungs for gas exchange and returned to the heart by way of the ______ circuit.
pulmonary
Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via _____.
pulmonary arteries
When the right ventricle contracts, blood is ejects through the pulmonary valve into the ______.
pulmonary trunk
The valve that controls the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk is called the ______.
pulmonary valve
Blood returns to the heart from the pulmonary circuit via _____.
pulmonary veins
Nervelike processes that spread upward through the ventricular myocardium are called ______.
purkinje fibers
Which half of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
right
The sinoatrial (SA) node is a patch of cardiocytes located in the ______.
right atrium
Which artery runs along the sulcus and supplies blood to the right atrium and SA node?
right coronary
The region of the heart that supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit is the _____.
right half
Blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava and flows into the _____.
right ventricle
The aortic valve is one of the ______.
semilunar valves
The pericardial cavity is filled with ______.
serous fluid
The fluid in the pericardial cavity is produced by the ______.
serous layer of the pericardial sac
A myocardial infarction results from a blockage in a coronary artery and is characterized by ______.
sudden death of myocardial tissue
Blood is distributed to the body and returned to the heart via the ______ circuit.
systemic
What are the string-like structures that attach the AV valves to the papillary muscles called?
tendinous cords
The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from ______.
the coronary circulation
The chordae tendineae resemble the lines on a parachute and prevent ______.
the cusps of the AV valves from bulging into the atria
The heart, by way of the coronary circulation, receives about 5% of the circulating blood. In relation to the heart's size this means that ______.
the heart is receiving about 10 times the amount of blood as predicted by its size
One way flow of blood through the heart is maintained by pressure changes resulting from muscular contractions and ______.
valves
Blood in the systemic circuit returns to the heart by way of the ______.
venae cavae
The chambers that pump blood into arteries are called the ______.
ventricles
The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called
ventricles
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?
ventricular diastole
When does blood flow through the coronary circulation increase?
ventricular diastole
The epicardium is also called what?
visceral pericardium
A term that means an alternative route for blood circulation is a ______ circulation.
collateral
The auricle extends beyond each atria and serves to ______.
slightly increase the volume
The fibrous skeleton performs ______. Select all that apply.
-myocyte anchoring -electrical insulation -support of the heart valves
The base of the heart can be described as ______.
-point of attachment of great vessels -the broad superior region
List in order the events of blood flow through the heart, starting from the blood entering the atria from the vena cava.
1. Blood enters the R atrium from vena cava 2. Blood flows to R ventricle 3. R ventricle contracts forcing blood into pulmonary vessels 4. Blood returns from lungs to L atrium via pulmonary veins 5. Blood flows to the L ventricle 6. Oxygenated blood leaves L ventricle via ascending aorta
Which artery is a branch of the right coronary artery and supplies the back walls of the ventricles?
Posterior interventricular artery
Where two arteries come together is called a(n) ______.
anastomosis
The great cardiac vein drains blood from the ______.
anterior aspect of the heart
The connective tissue framework of the heart is concentrated in the fibrous rings around the valves called the ______.
anuli fibrosi
From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?
aorta
The blood vessel that carries blood away from the left ventricle is the ______.
aorta
The valve that controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta is called the ______.
aortic valve
The right marginal branch of the right coronary artery runs towards the ______ of the heart.
apex
The receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the systemic and pulmonary circulation are called ______.
atria
A cord of modified cardiocytes that carries signals from the AV node through the fibrous skeleton of the heart is called the ______.
atrioventricular bundle
The electrical gateway to the ventricles is the ______.
atrioventricular node
The superior aspect of the heart is the point of attachment of the great vessels and is called the ______.
base
The cardiac conduction system is made up of specialized ______.
cardiocytes
The field that embraces the study of the heart, clinical evaluation and treatment of disease is ______.
cardiology
What are the short, thick, branched contractile cells of the heart called?
cardiomyocytes
The tough outer layer of the pericardium is composed of ______.
connective tissue
In the pockets of the aortic valve are orifices for two arteries called the left and right ______ arteries.
coronary
Blood from the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac veins and left marginal vein drains into the ______.
coronary sinus
Lifting the margins of the atria exposes the ______ which marks the boundary between the atria from the ventricles.
coronary sulcus
Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?
coronary sulcus
The atrioventricular valves consist of fibrous flaps covered with endocardium and are called ______.
cusps
The atrioventricular node is located at the ______.
end of the interatrial septum
The inner most layer of the wall of the heart is called the ______.
endocardium
The serous layer that lines the outside of the heart is called the ______.
epicardium
The framework of collagenous and elastic fibers found in the walls between chambers form the ______ skeleton of the heart.
fibrous
While the heart allows conduction of electrical activity throughout the myocardium, this is limited by the insulation of the ______.
fibrous skeleton
The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the _____ cardiac vein.
great
Which vein collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery?
great cardiac
The anuli fibrosi are composed of collagen and elastic fibers and support the _____.
heart valves
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? Select all that apply.
-Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles -Anchors the cardiocytes and give them something to pull against -Provides structural support for the heart
The left atrioventricular valve is called the _____ valve. Select all that will apply.
-bicuspid -mitral
The heart valves are located between each atrium and the corresponding ventricle and at the ______. Select all that apply.
-exit of the left ventricle into the aorta -exit of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
The contraction of the four heart chambers is coordinated by the ______.
cardiac conduction system
The atria can be described as _____.
thin walled receiving chambers
The right atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the _____ valve.
tricuspid
Which valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?
tricuspid