UNLV Kin 224 Exam 2

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence in regards to blood pressure measurement. 1. When the cuff pressure is high enough to keep the brachial artery ______ , no blood flows through it and no sound is heard. 2. When cuff pressure ________ and is no longer able to keep the artery closed, blood is pushed through, producing turbulent blood flow and a sound. 3. ________ pressure is the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is heard. 4. At first, the artery is closed during ________ but as cuff pressure continues to decrease, the artery partially opens 5. Turbulent blood flow during systole produces _____ sounds, although the pitch of the sounds changes as the artery becomes more open. 6. Nonturbulent flow is reestablished and __ sounds are heard. 7. _________ pressure is the pressure at which the sound disappears.

1. closed 2. decreases 3. systolic 4. diastole 5. pulse 6. no 7. diastolic

When a blood vessel is damaged, the ________ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called _____________ . As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ______________ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) _____________ develops to close off the injury. This is a ________ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. Platelets undergo this morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ________ releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis.

1. collagen 2. von Willebrand factor 3. long processes 4. platelet plug 5. temporary 6. degranulates

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used. 1. Electric currents in the heart can be detected by means of ______ applied to the skin 2. An instrument called the electrocardiograph _______ these signals and produces a record on a moving paper chart 3. The chart includes three principle deflections above and below the baseline; the P wave, QRS complex, and the __ wave 4. The P wave is produced when a signal from the SA node spreads through the atria and _________ them 5. The QRS complex is produced when the signal from the AV node spreads through the _________ myocardium and depolarizes the muscle 6. The T wave is generated by ventricular repolarization immediately before ______

1. electrodes 2. amplifies 3. T 4. depolarizes 5. ventricular 6. diastole

Match each phrase to the formed element it describes.

Erythrocyte -transports respiratory gases Lymphocyte -includes B and T cell subpopulations -destroys cancerous and virally infected cells Neutrophil -most abundant leukocyte Basophil -produces histamine and heparin -initiates the inflammatory response Eosinophil -increases in number during parasitic infections Monocyte -differentiates into tissue macrophages

Identify whether each item would increase or decrease stroke volume.

Increase stroke volume -increasing EDV -increasing preload -increasing contractility -exercise Decrease stroke volume - decreased venous return -dehydration -significant hemorrhage -increased mitral valve regurgitation

Classify the items given as true or false in regards to leukocytes.

True - cells contain a nucleus -do not contain a hemoglobin -range between 4,5000 and 11,000 per microliter -defend the body against pathogens -are motile and flexible False -are biconcave discs -are formed form megakaryocytes -cells are anucleate are involved in blood clotting -range between 150,000 and 400,000 per microliter

Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium

a,b,c

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed.d: The iron ions are stored in the liver e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract

a,c,d,f

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane

a,d,f

Plasma is composed of about _________ % water. a. 92 b. 54 c. 30 d. 6

a. 92

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale? a. The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium b. The blood pressure in the left atrium is greater than in the right atrium c. There is a valve that directs the blood that way d. The umbilical arteries have valves e. The fetus is in an antigravity situation provided by the amnionic fluid

a. The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes a. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells b. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack c. thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity d. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials e. more forceful contractions during each heart rate

a. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells

Renin converts a. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I b. antiotensin I to antiotensin II c. angiotensin II to angiotensin I d. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen e. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin

a. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Vasoconstriction a. decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure b. increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure c. increases both blood flow and blood pressure d. has a minimal effect on blood flow and blood pressure e. decreases both blood flow and blood pressure

a. decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure

The external layer of the heart wall is the a. epicardium b. endocardium c. myocardium

a. epicardium

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins a. get larger b. get smaller c. show no change in their lumen size

a. get larger

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about _________ days. a. hemostasis, 9 b. hematopoiesis, 120 c. hemostasis, 120 d. hematopoiesis, 9

a. hemostasis, 9

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have a. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance b. high viscosity and therefore have high resistance c. high viscosity and therefore have low resistance d. low viscosity and therefore have high resistance

a. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance

As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it a. pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them b. pushes against the semilunar valves and closes them c. fills the cusps of the semilunar valves, causing them to expand and block the backflow of blood d. pushes against the atrioventricular valves and opens them e. fills the cusps of the atrioventricular valve causing opening of the bicuspid and closure of the tricuspid

a. pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is a. EPO b. Multi-CSF c. M-CSF d. G-CSF e. GM-CSF

b. Multi-CSF

Pectinate muscles are found on the a. external wall of the right atrium b. internal walls of the right and left atria c. anterior wall of the right ventricle d. posterior wall of the right ventricle e. posterior walls of the right and left ventricles

b. internal walls of the right and left atria

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel a. increases the further the vessel is from the heart b. is called the blood pressure c. is called the pulse d. is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein e. is greater during diastole

b. is called the blood pressure

The cells of the _________ act as the heart's pacemaker, which establishes the pace for cardiac activity. a. purkinje cells b. sinoatrial (SA) node c. atrioventricular (AV) bundle d. atrioventricular (AV) node

b. sinoatrial (SA) node

When blood loss is severe, the _________ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic

b. sympathetic

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the a. tunica externa b. tunica media c. tunica intima d. tunica adventitia e. None of the answers are correct because all the layers are of the same dimension

b. tunica media

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped a. by a single ventricle in one hour b. by both ventricles in one minute c. by a single ventricle in one minute d. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat e. by both ventricles in one hour

c. by a single ventricle in one minute

In both pulmonary and systemic circulation, gas exchange occurs at the a. arteries b. venules c. capillaries d. all of the answers are correct

c. capillaries

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? a. venous return b. inotropic agents c. chronotropic agents d. afterload

c. chronotropic agents

The process of _________ is the third and final phase of _________, where the protein fibrin forms a meshwork that catches other elements of the blood. a. platelet plug formation; hematopoiesis b. platelet plug formation; hemostasis c. coagulation; hemostasis d. coagulation; hematopoiesis

c. coagulation; hemostasis

The viscosity of blood is _________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _________ proportional to the amount of fluid. a. directly; directly b. indirectly; indirectly c. directly; indirectly d. indirectly; directly

c. directly; indirectly

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries a. get larger b. show no change in their lumen size c. get smaller

c. get smaller

The popliteal artery supplies the a. elbow joint b. hip joint c. knee joint d. palmar region

c. knee joint

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _________ and _________ arteries. a. axillary; subclavian b. ulnar; brachial c. radial; ulnar d. axillary; brachial e. radial; brachial

c. radial; ulnar

The first phase in hemostasis is a. platelet plug formation b. elimination of clots c. vascular spasm d. coagulation

c. vascular spasm

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? a. 46% b. 25% c. 1% d. 92% e. 98%

d. 92%

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine? a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte c. monocyte d. basophil e. neutrophil

d. basophil

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form _________ veins; all of these veins are _________ veins. a. cephalic; deep b. brachial; superficial c. cephalic; superficial d. brachial; deep

d. brachial; deep

What variables determine the effects on cardiac output? a. only HR change b. only a conduction system change c. only SV change d. changes to both HR and SV

d. changes to both HR and SV

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a a. negative chronotropic agent b. positive inotropic agent c. positive chronotropic agent d. negative inotropic agent

d. negative inotropic agent

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it a. passes above the tenth thoracic vertebra b. merges with the internal iliac vein c. merges with the popliteal vein d. passes above the inguinal ligament

d. passes above the inguinal ligament

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of a. erythrocytes b. platelets c. erythrocytes and leukocytes d. platelets and leukocytes e. leukocytes

d. platelets and leukocytes

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? a. pulmonary circuit b. visceral circuit c. coronary circuit d. systemic circuit

d. systemic circuit

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the a. pectinate muscles b. conus arteriosus c. trabeculae carneae d. tendinous cords e. tricuspid valve

d. tendinous cords

Cardiac reserve is a. the amount of blood left in the heart after the ventricle has contracted during cardiac cycles at rest b. the potential increase in stroke volume someone would show if they engaged in athletic training c. the blood that the heart uses to nourish its cardiac muscle and does not put into general circulation d. the increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during vigorous exercise

d. the increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during vigorous exercise

Identify the substance that stimulates events in the platelet developmental pathway. a. erythropoietin b. megakaryocyte-CSF c. platelet-CSF d. thrombopoietin

d. thrombopoietin

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk? a. Left gastroepiploic and splenic arteries b. Left gastric, left gastroepiploic, and splenic arteries c. Left gastric and splenic arteries d. Left gastric and common hepatic arteries e. Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

e. Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to a. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood b. decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood c. decrease the blood pressure in the arteries d. increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood e. increase the viscosity of the blood

e. increase the viscosity of the blood

Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot. a. thromboplastin b. prothrombin c. fibrin d. plasminogen e. plasmin

e. plasmin

The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called a. atrioventricular opening b. tendinous cords c. pectinate muscles d. conus arteriosus e. trabeculae carneae

e. trabeculae carneae

Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk? a. primitive atrium b. primitive ventricle c. conus cords d. sinus venosus e. truncus arteriosus

e. truncus arteriosus