UNO BIO 1063

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

A killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus -- The influenza virus allows the immune system to create antibodies against specific strains of the virus --

Which of these best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by protein coat -- A virus is a chemical complex of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell. Although it can infect and then disrupt cellular processes, a virus itself is not considered to be a living organism --

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

An advantageous trait must be passed on to the next generation; There must be a variation for a trait within a population

Which of the following is an example of a mutation?

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

There is a population of lizards. The smallest lizards fit into tiny spaces between rocks, making them difficult for their main predator, a medium snake, to catch and eat them. The largest lizards are too big for the snakes to swallow. Lizards of intermediate size get eaten by snakes the most. What is this an example of?

Disruptive Selection

A virus that switches hosts, usually from an animal host to a human is called a(n) ________ virus.

Emerging

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system -- The primary target of the influenza virus are the epithelial cells lining the respiratory system --

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ________ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

Existing beneficial mutations

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true?

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production

The graph below shows the results from an experiment that looked at the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on the number of flowering branches per plant. Which of the following statements best describes the data?

Higher amounts of nitrogen increase the number of flowering branches

The _______ of a virus is the kinds of organisms that a virus infects and it is usually very limited.

Host Range

Which of the following are reasons why viruses are not considered living organisms? I. Viruses do not have cellular structure. II. Viruses lack independent metabolism. III. Viruses have the machinery for replication.

I and II only

If you observed a newly discovered 'thing' and tried to decide if it might be alive, what would be the weakest distinction for life?

Movement

Which of the following sources of information would be the most credible?

Peer reviewed research article in academic journal

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

True

Evolution can simply be defined as a change in a trait in a population over time.

True

Virion is the correct term for a viral particle that is not inside a host's cell.

True

The original host for all coronavirus that have evolved to infect humans so far is most likely ________.

Bats

Select three of the components that were proposed by Charles Darwin for natural selection to occur.

Populations experience competition for resources, Variation within a population is heritable, Populations experience differential reproductive success

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

True

You perform an experiment in which you take 16 pots of strawberry plants and give half of them 1 gram of ammonium nitrate per liter of water and the other half receive only water. Each group is the split in half again and then exposed to either 8 or 16 hours of light each day. You monitor the height of the plants for 4 weeks. You observe that plants grown in ammonium nitrate and 16 hours of light grow taller than no ammonium nitrate and 8 hours of light. Which of the following is/are dependent variable(s) in your experiment?

Height of plants

Extra Credit: Researchers wanted to test the hypothesis that coloration of beach and inland mice provides camouflage that protects them from predators in their respective habitats. The researchers spray-painted mouse models with either light or dark patterns that matched those of the beach and inland mice and then placed models with both patterns in each of the habitats. The next morning, they counted the damaged or missing models. For each habitat, the researchers calculated the percentage of attacked models that were camouflaged or non-camouflaged. Their results are shown in the graphs below. The bars indicate the percentage of the attacked models that were either light or dark. Assume 100 mouse models were attacked in each habitat. Do the results of the experiment support the camouflage hypothesis?

Yes. Mouse models with camouflage coloration were preyed on less often than non-camouflaged mouse models

Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization occurring beyond an organism?

population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

A. Dr. Cori uses mechanical "predators" to approach frogs at a pond shore, and she records the distance between predator and frog as the frogs jump. B. On a walk around a pond, Dr. Cori sees that small frogs on the shore only allow her to get within 6 feet before jumping into the water. C. Dr. Cori thinks that frogs vary the proximity to which they allow predators to approach based on the size of the predator. D. Dr. Cori writes up and sends out her experimental results for other scientists to critique.

A. Experiment B. Observation C. Hypothesis D. Peer Review

What can the public do to prevent the spreading of the novel coronavirus?

All of the choices are correct: Stay home when you are sick, Avoid close contact with people who are sick, Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue then throw the tissue in the trash, Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands

You perform an experiment in which you take 16 pots of strawberry plants and give half of them 1 gram of ammonium nitrate per liter of water and the other half receive only water. Each group is the split in half again and then exposed to either 8 or 16 hours of light each day. You monitor the height of the plants for 4 weeks. You observe that plants grown in ammonium nitrate and 16 hours of light grow taller than no ammonium nitrate and 8 hours of light. Which of the following is/are independent variable(s) in your experiment?

Amount ammonium nitrate and light

Briefly describe the difference between a viral pandemic and viral epidemic?

A viral pandemic is like COVID-19, it involves an outbreak that affects many populations, like across the globe. A viral epidemic is smaller, it only affects a smaller number of people or a certain area/location

Answer the following question set to connect COVID-19 pandemic to evolution. Tell me about the effects the pandemic as they related to your college major. A. Define genetic mutation in your own words. B. Scientists collected genetic data on the coronavirus from people around the world. Describe how the coronavirus mutates to produce new strains of SARS-CoV-2. C. How has COVID-19 effected aspects of society related to your college major? Please list two effects and describe how they have negatively or positively effected a sector of society related to your university major. If you are undecided about your major, then respond to how COVID-19 has effected aspects of society in Louisiana or your home state.

A. Genetic mutation is a change/error in the genetic info (DNA or RNA) or nucleotide sequence which results in a different outcome/result than what is normal. B. Viruses are constantly mutating and reproducing, that way it avoids death within the host cell. C. Negative effects: No large gatherings for weddings, church, or any kind of parties/celebrations; Some businesses have had to close down due to the lack of customers or COVID-19 regulations Positive effect: Less people are out and driving equals less pollution in the air and less car accidents

Antigenic shift

All of the answer choices are correct: Causes rapid change in the influenza virus, Is responsible for most influenza pandemics, Can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to

Which of the following are symptoms of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), which may be fatal to COVID-19 patients?

All of the choices are correct: A barrier to gas exchange is created by fluid near the respiratory membrane, Blood becomes hypoxic (low oxygen in blood), Inflammation in the entire lung

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system?

All the answer choices are correct: The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in the lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced, The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs, Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells --The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in. the lungs --

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called ________.

Antigenic Shift