Urban Planning

111. Solaris building (Singapore)

A vast business space complex that is fully sustainable, Solaris incorporates a plethora of innovative features - a continuous spiral landscaped terrace that winds its way up to lush roof gardens, a green corridor with central courtyards, and a unique solar shaft that helps create a daylit, naturally ventilated atrium. The 15-storey multi-tenanted facility is also fitted with sun shading devices to reduce solar heat gain and rainwater harvesters to minimise water consumption.

126. Low Impact Development (LID)

• Low impact development (LID) is a term used in the United States to describe a land planning and engineering design approach to managing stormwater runoff. LID emphasizes conservation and use of on-site natural features to protect water quality. This approach implements engineered small-scale hydrologic controls to replicate the pre-development hydrologic regime of watersheds through infiltrating, filtering, storing, evaporating, and detaining runoff close to its source (SUCH a civil engineering term!) example-rain gardens!!

42. Combined heat and Power (CHP)

• Method of using heat generated as a byproduct of a power station's generators as useful heat.

139. Eco-Enterprise Center (Minneapolis, MN)

• Minneapolis, MN. Part of the Green Institute. It has grown from its roots as a neighborhood-based movement to become one of the state's leading non-profit innovators developing tangible solutions that improve the environment and communities.

110. Singapore (many greening efforts including Park Connectors)

• NParks is also responsible for the management of over 300 parks and the streetscape (or roadside greenery). There is a hierarchy and diversity of parks, ranging from large regional parks to neighbourhood parks and playgrounds, where a spectrum of natural ecosystems co-exists with horticultural gardens. In this whole scheme, the PCN serves as the network that connects these green spaces together

30. Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD)

• Nationwide leader in green energy and conservation. • Involved in the research and development of advanced technologies like solar, fuel cells, gas turbines and biomass. • Provide electricity to Sacramento County, California and a small portion of Placer County. • One of the ten largest publicly owned utilities in the U.S., generating the bulk of its power through natural gas and large hydroelectric generation plants

53. Natural Hazards

• Natural occurring event that threatens humans and/or the environment. Earthquakes, drought, flooding, tornadoes, etc.

56. Sea Level Rise

• Oceans rise every year at an avg. of 1.8 mm. however, due to global warming this rise has been occurring at a higher rate.

19. Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Complex (Denmark)

• One of the most successful forms of industrial symbiosis: Centered around a coal fired power plant. • Surplus heat is used to heat local homes and a nearby fish farm. • Helps to produce a closed loop system and increase profits for all companies involved. • First full realization of industrial symbiosis • Over 30 exchanges of materials

31. Passive Solar Energy

• Passive solar energy utilizes building constituents to control heat generated by sun. • Passive solar heating happens when sunlight strikes an object and that object absorbs the heat. It can occur in a building effectively if windows are oriented correctly. Once the heat is trapped inside a building and that structure is air tight, heat loss can be avoided effectively. • Double-glazed windows are not very effective in trapping the heat. We should install high performance windows, with insulated frames, multiple glazing, low-e coatings, insulating glass spacers and inert gas fills. • All these elements can reduce heat loss by 50 to 75 per cent.

106. Greenwalls/Vertical Gardens (e.g. Patrick Blanc)

• Patrick Blanc was a big supportor of bringing the green world to new places and in 2001 inspired by trips to Thailand and Malaysia, creating his first vertical garden/green wall in the Pershing Hall hotel in Paris. There are currently 8 planned or in progress projects in the U.S. They are exactly what they sound like, Ivy and vegetation covered walls.

7. Transit villages

• Planned development around a transportation hub. One of the most common examples is development around rail stations. This can currently be found in Portland. Development has been concentrated along the metropolitan area express (MAX), a light rail. • Predominantly residential development with nearby retail activities planned around transportation hub such as train station • Intent to make it convenient for village dwellers to commute via public transportation network • Portland, Oregon has pursued this village style development along Portland light rail (called the MAX) and California is exploring this type of development

8. Tree Protection Programs; Tree Planting

• This is a plan to reduce the amount of trees destroyed through development or economic purposes. If trees are cut down, many governments force a percentage of the amount of trees to be replanted either on site or at other designated areas. ex: Portland (again) and the urban forestry management plan. • Required during construction; relocation of a building; paving/repaving; addition of existing gross floor area; addition of new dwelling unit, parking space or garage • Program needed because trees filter and contain storm water, lesson air pollution and greenhouse gases, help save energy, provide wildlife habitat and increase property values. • Only certain types of trees needed to be protected and only implemented if there aren't so many trees per so man feet (called a spacing requirement)

28. Living Machines

• Trademark and brand name for a patented form of ecological wastewater treatment designed to mimic the cleansing functions of wetlands. • The Living Machine is an intensive bioremediation system that can also produce beneficial byproducts, such as reuse-quality water, ornamental plants and plant products—for building material, energy biomass, and animal feed. Aquatic and wetland plants, bacteria, algae, protozoa, plankton, snails and other organisms are used in the system to provide specific cleansing or trophic functions. The tidal process operates outdoors in tropical and temperate climates. In colder climates, the system of tanks, pipes and filters may be housed in a greenhouse to prevent freezing and raise the rate of biological activity.

136. Urban Hardwoods (Seattle)

• Urban Hardwoods furniture is handcrafted in Seattle using locally salvaged wood sourced from our own neighborhoods. In fact, ninety percent of our materials are sourced within a 20-mile radius of Seattle, Washington. When trees need to be removed due to hazard or disease, we consult with tree services to salvage them and give them a second life as high-quality furniture that is truly one of a kind.

5. High-Speed Rail

• Uses integrated system of rolling stock and dedicated tracks • These include high speed traditional rail and magnetic levitation. It is a type of passenger rail transport that operates at significantly faster speeds. It allows for faster more efficient travel, also creating another incentive to use public transportation. • First system began in Japan in 1964 and widely known as bullet train • High-speed trains operate on standard gauge tracks of continuous welded rail on grade separated right-of-way that incorporate large turning radius • Maximum commercial speed is about 300 km/h • Usually designed for passenger travel, some systems also offer freight service • Japan was first nation to build totally new and dedicated lines and network for bullet train • Older lines upgraded to support new high-speed trains

132. Joel Salatin and Polyface Farm

• farm located in rural Swoope,Virginia, United States, and is run by Joel Salatin and his family. The farm is driven using unconventional methods with the goal of "emotionally, economically and environmentally enhancing agriculture". • These include direct-marketing of meats and produce to consumers, pastured-poultry, grass-fed beef and the rotation method which makes his farm more like an ecological system than conventional farming. Polyface Farm operates a farm store on-site where consumers go to pick up their products. • Salatin encourages people to buy locally to save small businesses. Salatin believes it is advantageous for consumers when they know their farmers and where their food comes from

27. Greywater Recycling

• graywater is the leftover water from baths, showers, hand basins which can be recycled for uses such as WC flushing, landscape irrigation and constructed wetlands. • Sewage is considered blackwater • Greywater can be recycled directly within the home, garden or company and used either immediately or processed and stored. If stored, it must be used within a very short time or it will begin to putrefy due to the organic solids in the water. • Recycled greywater of this kind is never safe to drink, but a number of stages of filtration and microbial digestion can be used to provide water for washing or flushing toilets. Some greywater may be applied directly from the sink to the garden or container field, receiving further treatment from soil life and plant roots. • Given that greywater may contain nutrients, pathogens, and is often discharged warm, it is very important to store it before use for irrigation purposes, unless it is properly treated first.

107. Portland Eco-Roof Bonus

• homeowners who have ecoroofs qualify for a 35% discount on their water fees. City projects are eligible for a floor area ratio bonus which increases the buildings allowable area.

109. Greenwich Millennium Village (London)

• innovative mixed-tenure modern housing estate on an urban village model located on the Greenwich Peninsula in Greenwich in south-east London, and part of the Millennium Communities Programme under English Partnerships • part of the regeneration of the whole brownfield site of East Greenwich Gas Works. • The housing is of modern, environmentally friendly design, and the development aims to cut primary energy use by 80% using low-energy building techniques and renewable energy technologies. GMV is planned by the developers to continue to expand until about 2015 • integrated village shopping and community centres • Of the units completed about 20% are affordable housing which are owned by a housing association who rent to those in social need as well as to key workers undershared ownership "rent to buy" purchase schemes.

35. Distributed Energy Systems

• mall-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 1 kW to 10,000 kW) used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. The usual problem with distributed generators are their high initial capital costs. • Includes cogeneration, solar panels, wind turbines and the vehicle-to-grid method (ability to deliver power from battery in a vehicle-to-grid into the grid when needed)

182. HandMade in America

• non-profit organization created to promote handmade craft in the US. Promoting cultural heritage & community.

172. Edible Parks

• parks designed with plants that produce fruit/vegetable. Form of edible landscaping. First one in Asheville, NC

181. Formula Restaurant Ordinances

• restriction on the number of "formula" restaurants in a given area. Formula restaurants are those which are required by contract to have standardized uniforms, architecture, menus, etc.

195. Community-Supported Fisheries (CSFs)

• similar to community-supported agriculture. Community members support the local fisheries in order to obtain a share of the seafood harvested. Useful in connecting people with the oceans and the sources of fish.

188. Blue Urbanism

• similar to green urbanism, but with a focus on the ocean and bodies of water rather than exclusively plants, trees, etc. Focus on connecting cities with the ocean.

174. BioBlitz

• event in which community members (students, etc) take inventory of all of the species in a certain park or area • A special type of field study, where a group of scientists and volunteers conduct an intensive 24-hour (or 48 hour) biological inventory, attempting to identify and record all species of living organisms in a given area

12. Community Gardens

• "Any piece of land gardened by a group of people" • Provide fresh produce and plants as well as satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment • Publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access and management • Typically owned in trust by local governments or not for profit associations • Varies from "victory garden" where people grow small plots of vegetables to "greening" projects to preserve natural areas • Some only grow flowers and others are nurtured communally and their bounty shared • Non-profits in many cities that offer assistance to low-income families, children groups and community organizations by helping them develop and grow their own gardens • Help alleviate effect of climate change by encouraging food security for community and allowing citizens to grow their own food or for others to donate what they have grown • Decreases community's reliance on fossil fuels for transport of food from large agricultural areas and reduces society's overall use of fossil fuels to drive in agricultural machinery • Also improves users' health through increased fresh vegetable consumption and providing a venue for exercise • Combat two forms of alienation that plague urban life: o Brings urban gardeners closer in touch with the source of their food o Breaking down isolation by creating a social community • Gardens provide social benefit: sharing of food production knowledge and safer living spaces • Active communities experience less crime and vandalism • Can be publicly or privately held; one tradition is cleaning up abandoned vacant lots and turning them into productive gardens • Some gardens grown collectively where everyone works together while others are split into clearly divided plots managed by different group or family gardener • If it's open to public is dependent on lease agreements with management body of park and community garden membership • Unlike public parks, community gardens managed and maintained with active participation of gardeners themselves instead of tended only by professional staff o 2nd difference: food production. Unlike parks where plants are ornamental or ecological, gardens encourage food production (usually) by providing gardeners a place to grow vegetables and other crops • Examples include Clinton Street Garden, Manhattan; Peralta Garden in Berkeley; Dovetail Garden, Charlotte, NC; Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Minneapolis. o Latter two began as "victory gardens" during WWII

183. Bank of Astoria (Tom Bender design)

• (Tom Bender design) bank building designed to complement the natural architecture. Wooden, locally sourced materials. Many sustainable elements. Community-oriented design

184. Forest Heritage Centre (Western Australia)

• (Western Australia) built in the Jarrah forest, holds the Australian School of Fine Wood. Educational tours of the forest and the building. Built in the shape of tree leaves.

144. Vertical Farms; The Vertical Farms Project (ideas of Dickson Despommier)

• (ideas of Dickson Despommier): Proposed agricultural technique involving large-scale agriculture in urban high-rises or "farmscrapers".Using advanced greenhouse technology and greenhouse methods such as hydroponics, these buildings would produce fruit, vegetables, edible mushrooms and algae year-round.

38. Energy Star Homes (U.S. EPA Program)

• A U.S. Energy Star Home uses at least 15% less energy than a home constructed to the 2004 International Residential Code. Generally, this means they use properly-installed insulation, high performance windows, tight construction and ducts, energy efficient cooling and heating systems and Energy Star qualified appliances

123. Rain Gardens

• A rain garden is a planted depression that allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking lots, and compacted lawn areas the opportunity to be absorbed. This reduces rain runoff by allowing stormwater to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm drains and surface waters which causes erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater). They can be designed for specific soils and climates.

47. Windspire (Mariah Power)

• A wind turbine that is small (30 ft tall, 4 ft wide), affordable and silent. Converts wind power to AC energy. Used for homes, offices, schools, etc.

26. Constructed Wetlands for treating wastewater

• An artificial wetland created as a new or restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge such as wastewater, stormwater runoff, or sewage treatment, for land reclamation after mining, refineries, or other ecological disturbances such as required mitigation for natural areas lost to a development. • Natural wetlands act as a biofilter, removing sediments and pollutants such as heavy metals from the water, and constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate these features.

129. Chicago City Farm

• An example of urban agriculture. Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating, processing and distributing food in, or around a village, town or city.[1]. Urban agriculture in addition can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agro-forestry and horticulture. These activities also occur in peri-urban areas as well. Urban farming is generally practiced for income-earning or food-producing activities though in some communities the main impetus is recreation and relaxation.

13. Community Forests

• Arcata's • First municipally owned forest in the State of California. Currently it is used for education, recreation, wildlife habitat, and sustainable timber harvesting. • Deals with communal management of forests for generating income from timber and non-timber forest products as forms of goods • Regulates ecosystem, downstream settlements benefits from watershed conservation, carbon sequestration and aesthetic values as forms of services o Most promising options of combining forest conservation with rural development and community empowerment and poverty reduction objectives • Local community plays significant role in forest management and land use decision making by themselves in the facilitating support of government as well as change agents • Participation and collaboration of various stakeholders including community, government and non-government organizations • Level of involvement of each of these groups varies • Examples include Nepal, Indonesia, Korea, Brazil, India and North America • Arcata, California is center piece of parks and recreation system of the city • Park is culmination of efforts to combine tracks of forest land together in one continuous section of city owned coast redwood forest • Land was once used as municipal water source • Used for recreation, education, wildlife habitat and sustainable timber harvesting • Has forest management : o Provide education/recreational opportunities for community o Sustainably harvest timber o Generate revenue so city may acquire and develop new recreational facilities o To maintain and enhance fisheries, watersheds, wildlife and plant resources • Stakeholders include local community, government, NGO's, natural ecosystem o Community Forest Program protects forests that are important for people and the places they call home. Provide benefits such as places to recreate and enjoy nature; protect habitat, water quality and other environmental benefits and they can provide economic benefits through timber resource o Sites for environmental and cultural education o Grant program authorizes Forest Service to provide financial assistance to local and tribal governments and qualified nonprofit entitites to establish community forests that provide continuing and accessible community benefits

9. Green Bridge

• London. Landscaped bridge. •Connects two greenspaces and actually extends both of them together. Utilizes trees and biking pathways. • Designed by Thomas Heatherwick who also created the Olympic cauldron • Connects Covent Garden and South Bank • Improved pedestrian access across the river and wanted to connect North and South London with a garden • Combined his approach with Mayor Johnson's ambition to create an "iconic piece of green infrastructure" • Supposed to open in 2016 • Greater London Authority will not invest public money in the project and so is being funded by private sponsors

131. T & E Meats (Harrisonburg, VA)

• As a USDA-inspected processor, T&E Meats works with farmers throughout Virginia to deliver exceptional local meats to local tables, farmers markets, restaurants, and retail establishments. • We work with you to hang and process your meats to your cutting instructions and processing specifications. This includes sausage making instructions, with a variety of available shapes, sizes, and flavors. Growers can use our standard labels or we can help you to develop your own. Growers can have their meats handsomely packaged in vacuum-packs per their instructions • Our capable staff can handle larger volumes than typical small custom houses are able to do. We can slaughter and process up to 20 head of beef at a time, occassionally more. • We are in the health business: creating healthy customers, healthy regional farmers, healthy workers, and a healthy food community by connecting local farmers to local eaters, retaining food dollars in our local communities, providing a safe, healthy, and affordable food supply, and healing the earth by promoting ecologically sound farming practices. • We are the only remaining full-service butcher shop and abbatoir in the Shenandoah Valley.

113. Hundertwasser

• Austrian architect who designed with irregular forms and incorporated natural features into his designs...think modern geometric tree-houses. He designed the Hundertwasserhaus apartment block in Vienna where the apartments have uneven floors.

1. Copenhagen's "City Bikes"

• Bicycle sharing system launched in 1995—1000 bikes. • It was world's first organized large-scale urban bike-sharing scheme. • Elements such as coin deposit, fixed stands and specially designed bikes with parts that can't be used on other bikes. • Riders pay refundable deposit and have unlimited use of a bike w/in specific downtown area. • Scheme funded by commercial sponsors. Bikes carried advertisements. • Program abolished in October of 2012. Due to budget limit on construction costs. • Cycles could be used in daylight hours and coin refunded when you return the bike. • Copenhagen had extensive/well-designed system of cycle paths and was most cycle-friendly cities in the world. • It is one of few European capitals w/out public bike scheme.

166. 100-mile Diet -- Elaborate

• Book where authors recount their experiences restricting their diet for a year to only foods grown within 100 miles of their residence

32. Energy-Balanced Homes; Zero-Energy Homes

• Building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. Means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. • Most zero energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of grid. Energy is usually harvested on-site through a combination of energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies

128. Parking Lot Shading Standards

• Certain number of trees and shaded are around a parking area. The idea is to increase shaded areas for natural cooling. The City of Sacramento is requiring that half of area of all its parking lots be shaded.

11. Green Alleys

• Chicago, Montreal, San Francisco • Founded as a solutions to chicago's stormwater problem. Incorporates sustainable solutions such as permeable pavement, reflective surfaces to reduce heat energy, and recycled materials. This helps to filter the water, reduces the quantity of runoff, and recharges the ground water. • Neighborhood-driven effort to transform underused public spaces into vibrant models of green urban living • San Francisco: o transforming deteriorating alleys on western edge of S.F.'s Mission District into appealing public open spaces o Address city's pressing need for solutions to seasonal flooding and an overburdened sewer system o Create safe bicycle and pedestrian routes, places for community gathering, and demonstration areas for urban ecology o Storm water Management: Impermeable asphalt pavement replaced with permeable vehicle and pedestrian friendly pavers with retention zones that will hold storm water, filter pollutants and allow runoff to percolate slowly into the ground o Reclaimed public space: redesign of roadbed allows greater access to pedestrians and opportunity to transform these utilitarian corridors into pockets of inviting green open space o Benefits: recharge natural aquifers while keeping polluted storm water out of drains that dump into Bay o Create usable open community spaces in 2nd most densely populated city in U.S. o Increase non-vehicular use of alleys, meet City's ADA standarsd and introduce native plants that offer habitat for local wildlife o Promote safe neighborhood by creating shared spaces for community gathering

135. Citilogs (and Stubby Warmbold)

• CitiLog, and affiliates CampusLog and CitiWood Works, are innovative urban forestry pioneers whose mission is to save trees from being dumped in landsfills, cut for firewood, or ground up for mulch. In the process we provide a valuable source of quality lumber, cabinetry, millwork and a wide variety of finished wood products. In the process they sequester the carbon in the wood so it does not contribute to the buildup of greenhouse gases - something that would happen if the tree was dumped in a landfill, burned or ground. Founded by Stubby Warmbold

43. Council House 2 (Melbourne)

• City hall of Melbourne, Australia, finished in 2006. Expected to reduce electricity usage 85%, gas usage by 87%, and water supply by 72%. To meet these goals it uses shades to allow/direct natural lighting, PVC panels, a cogeneration plant which provides 40% of energy consumed. Worker productivity was expected to increase 5%, but has actually increased 10%-15%.

104. Biophilic Cities

• Coined by Professor Beatley. The goal of a biophilic city is to take every possible opportunity for greening within cities whether it be parks, green medians, hanging gardens, and providing opportunities for hiking, biking and interacting with nature."Forest Bathing"

3. Paris Vélib' bike system

• Large scale public bike sharing system in Paris, France. Launched on 15 July 2007. • System encompasses 14000 cycles and 1230 stations. Name combines French words for "freedom" and "bike." • Operated and financed as a concession by the French advertising corporation JCDecaux. Paris signs over income from substantial portion of on-street advertising hoardings. • World's third-largest bike sharing program. Roughly 1 bike per 97 inhabitants. • Bikes have locking system, front basket and LED lighting • Users take out a subscription that allows unlimited number of rentals. • W/ subscription, bike rental = free for first half hour of each trip. If trip is longer, charges incur. Intended to keep bikes in circulation. • Different age groups have different subscription prices. Credit/debit card with a pin is required to sign up. • Issues include theft and vandalism. Also maintenance and under/overbilling due to lack of coordination between station clocks. Demand is also an issue—more demand than bikes available.

14. City Farms (e.g. Perth city farm)

• Community run projects in urban areas which involve people interacting and working with animals and plants • Aim to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in built-up areas • Essentially it is similar to the community Gardens, except it is a farm. It is also has a more educational aspect than simply producing produce as in the community gardens. Most city farms involve an education program • Estimated that more than 3 million people visit city farms each year and around half a million work on them as volunteers • Most farms rely heavily on volunteer labor while some have paid employees o Others operate as partnerships with local authorities • Allow urban dwellers to interact with farm animals and crops o Provides chance to see how farm animals are raised and to make link between agriculture and food • Provide focus for educational, environmental and conservation activities • Perth: working farm in the middle of the city: people come to learn, grow food, eat and drink and attend weekend farmers market o Host events like art exhibitions, weddings, workshops and public meetings o Promotes sustainability and community by facilitating education programs for kids o Historically, it was an industrial waste site; a train-recycling yard, a battery-recycling center and a scrap metal yard. The soil was heavily polluted with oil, heavy metals and covered in industrial rubbish. The farm has since been rehabilitated and become organic certified.

48. Solar District Heating

• District heating that uses solar power as the energy source.

23. Circular Metabolism (of cities)

• Everything being put into the city can be recycled/reused; reducing the waste created by cities; relying on supplies/resources from within city boundaries rather than outside

25. Oberlin Environmental Studies Building

• Example of Green building • Qualifies as LEED Platinum building—but system wasn't around before building created • Largest array of photovoltaic cells in Ohio • Has won numerous awards including most important green building; 30 milestone buildings of 20th century; top 10 grene projects; build America award; build ohio award; American architecture award

41. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

• Geothermal system based on the same properties as normal geothermal, but enables geothermal energy to be obtained in sites that are not conducive to bringing heat from within Earth to the surface. It involves drilling into rock and pumping high pressure cold water into the drilled well. This increases the pressure of water beneath the surface and increases the permeability of the rock. Water passes back up through the rock, gathering heat from the rock until it reemerges at the surface as hot water, then converted into electricity using a steam turbine or binary power plant system. The cooled water then is sent back into the Earth to repeat the process.

2. Boulder's "Spokes for Folks"

• Green Bikes Program—provided free to residents as loaner vehicles to be shared by all residents of the city. • The Annual Walk and Bike Week encourage commuters to get out of their cars and pedal/walk to and from work. • Local businesses offer free incentives to participants.

116. Green Parking Lots/Shading Standards

• Green parking lots reduce runoff that is discharged into local water bodies by using permeable paving and natural drainage landscapes.

127. Green Parking Lots

• Green parking lots reduce runoff that is discharged into local water bodies by using permeable paving and natural drainage landscapes.

52. BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development, London)

• Hackbridge, London, UK, environmentally-friendly housing development containing 99 homes. It is a zero-energy building: all energy consumed is produced from renewable sources on-site. 777 meters of solar panels, tree waste fuels district heating, homes face south to increase solar gain, building materials are renewable and/or recyclable and came from within a radius of 35 mi, public transportation, biking and walking is encouraged for residents rather than the automobile.

17. Metabolism of Cities; Closed-Loop Cities

• Helps to understand the sustainability of cities. Draws analogies with the metabolic processes of organisms. • A holistic viewpoint to analyse the material and energy inputs and outputs of cities. Through this analysis, the goal is to reuse a portion of the outputs in different section of the city, creating a loop. • Researchers can study interactions of natural and human systems in specific regions • Model helps determine sustainability and health in cities • "Closed-loop" indicates that everything a city needs is contained within its borders o Modeled after the ecosystem; recycling resources and sharing of resources

40. Geothermal energy

• Homes and buildings constructed may use geothermal energy because it is environmentally friendly, cost effective and sustainable (constantly 55 degrees). Widely used for heating buildings and houses by drilling wells which circulate water in pipes and passing air over the pipes in a heat transfer. Can be difficult to use if outdoor temps dip below freezing, another energy source may be necessary.

44. Plus-Energy homes

• Homes that produce more energy than is required by the house or housing development • Vauban, Freiburg

114. Chicago City Hall

• In 2001, the roof gardens were completed serving as a test for the impact green roofs would have on the heat island effect in urban areas, rainwater runoff, and the effectiveness of differing types of green roofs and plant species for Chicago's climate. • Noted "green" architect William McDonough designed the project, which is open to the public in the summer.

20. "Bio-works"

• Kolding, Denmark • WATER TREATMENT PLANT POWERED BY ELECTRICITY FROM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS • Looks like a giant glass pyramid. • Urban renewal project: rundown area redeveloped • Building consists of four storeys with a pond on each level stocked with algae, plankton and fish • Waste water from neighboring houses filters down through the ponds to end up purified in adjoining reed bed • Some cleaned water is recycled back to the houses (but not for drinking) • Grow plants and flowers for sale

49. LED traffic lights

• LED traffic lights cut down on energy use and lessen the effects of light pollution on the night sky.

39. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, begun in 1998, provides a rating system to determine green standards and energy efficiency in building projects.

16. Stormwater management

• Practices that manage the quantity and quality of stormwater. • Many methods are used to do this. They include: retention ponds, swales and wetlands, pervious materials, infiltration, and detention • Purpose: control of flooding and erosion; preventing pollutant release; removing contaminants; acquisition and protection of natural waterways ore rehabilitation; repair and replace aging infrastructure • Examples include rain gardens (manage and treat small volumes of stormwater by filtering runoff through soil and vegetation w/in shallow depression), bioretention areas (capture/treat Stormwater and allow water to filter through soil and vegetation—larger than rain gardens and designed with an underdrain to connect to storm drain system), vegetated swales/dry swales (natural drainage paths/vegetated channels used to transport water instead of underground storm sewers or concrete open channels-increase time of concentration, reduce discharge and provide infiltration), green roofs, porous pavement (allow stormwater to infiltrate through surface, reducing runoff and pollutants), stream buffer restoration (vegetated buffer helps improve stream health and water quality by filtering and slowing polluted runoff, along with other benefits

55. Coastal Setbacks

• Prescribed distance from the coast or a coastal feature (like line of vegetation or beach) where all or a certain type of development is prohibited. It acts as a buffer zone between infrastructure and the ocean and reduces damage to beachfront property in the event of high seas.

22. Stockholm Ecocycles Balancing Initiatives

• Reduces the amount of industrial wastes in Swedish industrial processes. • Intends to reduce the negative impact products have on the environment and human health. • City collaborated with industries and residents to reuse byproducts and waste from others. • Sewage converted to fertilizer, biogas generated and used for fuel for public vehicles, etc.

37. Relamping Berkeley Initiative

• Replacing old street lamps with new, energy-efficient ones that created a 40% reduction in energy usage

21. Roca 3 Power plant

• Rotterdam. • In this industrial symbiosis system, extra heat and C02 is transferred from the power plant to nearby greenhouses where many plants are grown. • A form of industrial symbiosis

24. Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm

• Run down area now high profile example of sustainable city development • Planning work integrated with environmental goals from very start of planning process

118. Street Edge Alternatives (SEA), Seattle

• Seattle. a series of measures to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development. The streets are narrower, wigglier and lined with bushes and trees.

18. Industrial Symbiosis

• Sharing of services, utility and by-product resources among industries in order to add value, reduce costs and improve environment • This can involve diverting C02 to a green house, or using the extra heat to control temperature in another zone. • Examples include green twinning; greenfield eco-industrial development; brownfield eco-industrial development; eco-industrial network; virtual eco-industrial network\ • Example in Kalundborg, Denmark and Roca 3 Power Plant

45. Solar Mallee Trees (Adelaide, Australia)

• Solar panels constructed on metal poles raised to the sky. The whole construction resembles the mallee eucalyptus tree, hence the name. Not only do they provide power, they also power street lights in some solar mallee trees along Adelaide city streets.

120. Hattersheim, Germany

• Stormwater management. incorporating stormwater management as art (cool water fountian steps) instead of the usual hiding it in culverts. make it art and a place for kids to play

33. District Heating

• System for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly biomass, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating, and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants

142. Aquaponics

• System of agriculture involving the simultaneous cultivation of plants and aquatic animals such as fish in a symbiotic environment. In a traditional aquaculture, animal effluents accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity for the fish. This water is then led to a hydroponic system where the by-products from the aquaculture are filtered out by the plants as vital nutrients, after which the clean water is recirculated back to the animals.

130. Food Miles

• Term referring to the distance food is transported from the time of its production until it reaches the consumer. Food miles are one factor used when assessing the environmental impact of food, including the impact on global warming. This type of metric is sometimes used as a carbon emission label on packaging

103. Biophilia

• The instinctive bond that human being have between the natural world including animals and nature. Coined by Erin Fromm

134. Appalachian Sustainable Development (ASD)

• The mission of Appalachian Sustainable Development is to create, promote and expand economically viable, environmentally sound and socially responsible opportunities to help improve the lives and the health of our local communities and ecosystems • Educate, advocate and share lessons learned on sustainable development locally, regionally and nationally to advance local and regional food systems. development; land, water and forest conservation; green building; reduce, reuse and recycle practices; and more. • Foster local grower access to wholesale and direct markets and processing, aggregation and distribution services. • Provide training and technical assistance to growers, farmers market managers and others working in the local and regional food systems. • Ensure all people, including low-income families, have access to fresh, local food, as well as nutrition and cooking education that support lifelong healthy eating. • Educate children and youth to become environmental stewards and to grow and eat healthy food. • Educate land owners about sustainable land management and economic options for their forest resources. • Strengthen green and regionally oriented wood products businesses by providing technical support, and link Appalachian wood products supply to demand in the Southeastern U.S. by strengthening linkages in value chains.

6. Magnetic Levitation trains ("MagLev")

• Uses magnetic levitation to propel vehicles with magnets instead of wheels, axles and bearings • Utilizes magnetic fields to lift the train from the tracks. The magnetic fields also serve to propel and stop the train. By reducing most of the friction, maglev has the potential to become the fastest, most efficient method of transportation. Unfortunately, it is more expensive to build and maintain than traditional rail. • Vehicle levitated short distance away from a guide way using magnets to create lift and thrust • High speed maglev trains promise improvements for human travel • Eco-friendly • Vehicle moves without contact: easier on environment, faster and more economic • Mechanics replaced by electronics • Support magnets draw wheel to the guide way from below and guidance magnets hold train on track • Electronic magnetic system makes sure stays constant height and vehicle has clearance • Traveling magnet field generated in windings • Can run at ground level or elevated making it flexible and adaptable • Requires less land and space than other transportation systems

4. Carfree Housing

• Vauban, Freiburg, Germany. • New neighborhood planned as sustainable model district on site of former French military base. • All houses built on low energy consumption standard • Buildings heated by combined heat and power station burning wood chips and lots of buildings have photovoltaic cells • First housing community in which all homes produce positive energy balance. • Transportation primarily by foot or bicycle. • All homes within easy walking distance of a tram stop • Cycling main mode of transport for most trips and activities including commuting and shopping. • Preference for walking/cycling attributed to layout of district o Network layout incorporates principle of filtered permeability Network geometry favours active modes of transport and "filters out" the car Reduced number of streets that run through the neighborhood Instead, most local streets are crescents and cul-de-sacs—discontinuous for cars, they connect network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire neighborhood. Paths go through open spaces to enhance trip scenery. • Residential streets do not allow vehicles unless they are at walking pace to pick up/deliver but not to park. • Each year, houses sign declaration stating either that they do or do not own a car. If they do, they have to buy a space in one of the multi-story car parks that costs a lot of money.

34. Biomass Energy

• Wood is largest biomass energy source today including forest residues (dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and solid waste. • Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, andbiochemical methods. • biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries.

46. Solar Factory in Freiburg, Germany (Solar Fabrik)

• World's first zero-emissions factory. Uses only renewable energy for electricity and heat. Solar modules on the façade harness solar power. Angled in the summer to shade the interior, but allow light deep into the building to help heat the foyer.

117. Growing Vine Street (Seattle)

• a grassroots effort from a neighborhood in Seattle to turn 8-blocks of Vine Street into an urban park. The project not only improves aesthetics but slows and filters stormwater flow to avoid combined sewer overflow in the city

36. Photovoltaic Cells (PV's)

• an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect • when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source, but do require an external load for power consumption. • Requires 3 basic attributes: absorption of light, separation of charge carriers of opposite types, separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

140. Growing Power, Milwaukee

• an urban agriculture organization headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It runs the last functional farm within the Milwaukee city limits and also organizes activities in Chicago. Growing Power aims for sustainable food production, as well as the growth of communities through the creation of local gardens.

141. Sweet Water Organics

• an urban farm located in the Bay View neighborhood of Milwaukee that has re-purposed unused industrial building space; growing fresh, safe produce and fish for local Milwaukee residents, restaurants and groceries

115. Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)

• combined sewers are designed to collect rainwater, sewage and industrial wastewater in the same pipe. During storms these can overflow overwhelming water treatment plants and resulting in the discharge of the mixture into nearby streams and rivers.

143. Montreal Rooftops Garden Project

• committed to promoting food security - the availability of enough healthy, local food for everyone, regardless of economic circumstances. The Rooftop Garden Project has become a model of community-involved, sustainable urban agriculture, demonstrating urban sustainability practices like vermicomposting, vertical planting for small urban spaces and micro-green cultivation

189. Ocean Sprawl

• describing the impact of human activities on the ocean. Map showing how far into the ocean the consumption/pollution of humans is impacting.

Eco-roofs; Extensive green rooftops

• eco roofs aka green roofs are roofs of buildings that are partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane • Involve several layers that include a root barrier, waterproof membrane, drainage, soil system, and plants. • container gardens on roofs—where plants are maintained in pots—aren't considered true green roofs • purpose: absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, extending roof lifetime and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate heat island effect • two types: o intensive roofs—thicker and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavy and require more maintenance o extensive roofs—covered in a light layer of vegetation and are lighter than an intensive green roof

29. Renewable Energy

• energy that comes from resources which are continually replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. • About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable resources with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity.

125. Parklets (San Francisco)

• small space serving as an extension of the sidewalk to provide amenities and green space for people using the street. It is typically the size of several parking spaces. Parklets typically extend out from the sidewalk at the level of the sidewalk to the width of the adjacent parking space, though some have been built at the level of the street with access from the sidewalk. • Parklets are intended for people. Parklets offer a place to stop, to sit, and to rest while taking in the activities of the street. In instances where a parklet is not intended to accommodate people, it may provide greenery, art, or some other visual amenity. A parklet may accommodate bicycle parking within it, or bicycle parking may be associated with it. • A parklet may be thought of as permanent, but must be designed for quick and easy removal for emergencies or other reasons such as snow removalwithout damage to the curb or street. As initially conceived, a parklet is always open to the public. However, some cities have decidedly allowed restaurants to create parklets that are not open to the public such as Long Beach, California and Montreal, Quebec • The first official parklet in the United States was built in San Francisco in 2010 as an initiative of the San Francisco Planning Department City Design Group's Pavement to Parks Program

105. Green Infrastructure

• strategically planned and managed networks of naturals lands, and spaces that conserve ecosystem values and functions. They provide benefits to the local population. Are created through land conservation and low impact development.

108. Urban Ecological Networks

• sustainable use of urban lands to create a balance between both physical and natural systems in urban areas. Can involve protecting patches of land from outside disturbances can be connected to maximize recreational value. Included but not limited to forests, drainage canals, greenways, and gardens.

196. Census of Marine Life

• ten-year undertaking to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life around the world. Provides a picture of marine life in the past, present, and future.

119. Stream Daylighting

• the redirection of a stream that was previously diverted into a culvert back into an above-ground channel (its natural state), which actually allows for better stormwater management as vegetation naturally filters water and slows the flow.

122. Confluence Park (Denver)

• urban park encompassing the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River in Denver's Lower Downtown • The park includes concrete trails often filled with walkers, runners, and bikers. Some grassy areas, river overlooks, and park benches are also available. • The eastern edge of the South Platte in Confluence Park has been transformed into a kayak run, immediately across from R.E.I.'s • Confluence park marks the area where gold was discovered in 1858 by William Greeneberrry Russell. This gold discovery led to the founding of Denver. Part of the site was previously an Xcel Energy substation that was relocated to allow for the expansion of the park

10. Green Streets

•A street that uses vegetated facilities to manage stormwater runoff at its source. It is a sustainable stormwater strategy. •Can be a more effective way of managing stormwater than traditional overflow pipes. •Currently it is used in Portland