urinary system
The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the __________. renal corpuscle vasa recta cortical radiate arteries renal papilla
renal corpuscle
The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________. external urethral sphincter renal sinus trigone internal urethral sphincter
trigone
The average pH for normal urine is about __________. 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
6.0
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport? The membrane of a single tubular cell contains more than one type of carrier protein. In carrier-mediated transport, a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein. The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another. A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions
A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct. Filtration occurs exclusively in the renal corpuscle, across the glomerular walls. Nutrient reabsorption occurs primarily at the proximal convoluted tubule. The nephron loop regulates the amount of water lost in the urine.
Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.
Reabsorption and secretion at the kidneys involve __________. osmosis diffusion carrier-mediated transport All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct
Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________. constriction of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole dilation of the glomerular capillaries All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________. calcium uric acid magnesium salts All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________. stimulation of renin release regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The kidneys are __________. each surrounded by a fibrous capsule, adipose, and renal fascia in a retroperitoneal location behind the parietal peritoneum posterior to the spleen, stomach, and liver All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
The segments of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle are responsible for __________. reabsorption of over 90 percent of water from the tubule reabsorption of useful organic substrates secretion of waste materials All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
the functions of the urinary system include which of the following? detoxifying poisons stabilizing pH conserving nutrients regulating ion concentrations All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE? Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases GFR. Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases GFR. Renin is released when the GFR is low. Elevation of blood pressure increases GFR.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases GFR.
The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney? It causes an increase in the GFR because of the constriction of the efferent arteriole. It causes the release of ADH, which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal portions of the DCT. It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole. It triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arteriole.
It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.
Which of the following statements about the hilum of the kidney is FALSE? It is the point of entry of the renal artery and renal nerves. It is a prominent indentation. It is the site of the adrenal glands. All of the listed responses are false; none is true.
It is the site of the adrenal glands.
Which of the following conditions does NOT occur as the urinary system ages? The number of functional nephrons declines. The GFR declines. Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH. Problems occur with the micturition reflex.
Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH.
Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli? nephron loop glomerulus PCT glomerular capsule
PCT
Which of the following statements concerning the nephron loop and its function is FALSE? Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop. The pumping of sodium and chloride from the nephron loop elevates the osmotic concentration in the peritubular fluid. The nephron loop reabsorbs roughly half the water and two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions in the tubular fluid. Water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb of the nephron loop.
Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.
Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is FALSE? The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord. Increased afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder facilitate parasympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord. Interneurons in the spinal cord relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. Relaxation of the external sphincter occurs under voluntary control. The internal sphincter relaxes when the external sphincter is relaxed.
The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
The fibrous capsule is __________. a dense outer layer of fibers that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures the outermost region of each kidney a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each kidney a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney
a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? adaptive immunity conservation of nutrients regulation of blood volume controlling calcium levels
adaptive immunity
Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________. vasa recta; venules efferent arterioles; glomeruli afferent arterioles; glomeruli None of the listed responses is correct.
afferent arterioles; glomeruli
Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop? chloride water bicarbonate sodium
bicarbonate
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________. the nephron loop the renal corpuscle the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) the collecting system both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP) capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
Each of the following substances is secreted by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) EXCEPT__________. chloride ions ammonium ions hydrogen ions potassium ions
chloride ions
The thick segments in the nephron loop __________. are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability contain an aldosterone-regulated pump contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles? renal pelvis renal sinus cortex medulla
cortex
To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries? afferent arterioles segmental arteries cortical radiate arteries interlobar arteries glomerulus
cortical radiate arteries
What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient? pinocytosis osmosis facilitated diffusion cotransport
cotransport
Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production? diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus type 1 None of the listed responses is correct.
diabetes insipidus
What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate? distal convoluted tubule nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop vasa recta
distal convoluted tubule
In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions? distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct nephron loop and proximal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________. decrease in glomerular blood pressure decrease in the glomerular filtration rate an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
Countercurrent refers to the __________. lack of exchange between two fluids exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions exchange occurring between fluids moving in the same direction None of the listed responses is correct.
exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high? active transport facilitated transport pinocytosis countertransport
facilitated transport
The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________. podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa
fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys? fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle cortex, medulla, and papillae major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? reabsorption cotransport secretion filtration
filtration
What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced? absorption activation secretion filtration
filtration
In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________. solute concentrations in the nephron loop fluids moving in opposite directions sodium ions and chloride ions potassium and chloride ions
fluids moving in opposite directions
The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________. relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. vasa recta filtration rate glomerular filtration rate countercurrent multiplication filtration pressure
glomerular filtration rate
What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall? capsular colloid osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? blood colloid osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure countertransport capsular hydrostatic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The renal corpuscle consists of the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules renal pelvis and renal papillae glomerulus and glomerular capsule major calyx and minor calyces
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine? ammonia glucose creatinine urea
glucose
Which of the following is NOT found in normal urine? urea glucose sodium creatinine
glucose
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________. the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus glucose appears in the urine glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport
glucose appears in the urine
A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________. in the nephron loop in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the renal corpuscle in both the PCT and the DCT
in the nephron loop
The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb. in the same direction as in the opposite direction of faster than slower than
in the opposite direction of
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advanced age on the urinary system? problems with urinary retention in males due to enlarged prostate increase in the formation of kidney stones increase in GFR reduced sensitivity to ADH
increase in GFR
What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct? increased conservation of sodium ions and water increased sodium ion and water excretion decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT increased sodium ion excretion
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the urinary system? increased sensitivity to ADH reduction in the GFR problems with urinary retention decline in the number of functional nephrons
increased sensitivity to ADH
What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism? decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? elimination of waste into the environment introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma removal of organic waste products from body fluids homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma
introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
Which organ in the urinary system produces urine? kidney urethra ureter urinary bladder
kidney
Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body? integumentary system digestive system lymphatic system respiratory system
lymphatic system
The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________. absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine creation of the medullary concentration gradient active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions
making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
The inner layer of the kidney is the __________. medulla cortex renal sinus renal papilla
medulla
After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________. less concentrated more concentrated unchanged
more concentrated. from 300 to 1200
When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________. less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is ___________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole. the same as higher than much higher than lower than much lower than
much higher than
In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur? collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments? collecting system nephron loop distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated? distal convoluted tubule glomerulus proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop and collecting duct
nephron loop and collecting duct
Urine production begins in the __________. nephrons pyramids pyramids and papillae papillae
nephrons
The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________. capsular hydrostatic pressure net filtration pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure glomerular filtration rate
net filtration pressure
Which of the following is NOT an example of carrier-mediated transport? active transport countertransport facilitated diffusion osmosis cotransport
osmosis
During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________. urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord
parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________. segmental veins interlobular veins afferent arterioles peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________. produce little urine do not produce urine account for 85 percent of all nephrons produce concentrated urine
produce concentrated urine
The renal papilla __________. consists of 6 to 18 pyramids projects into the renal sinus absorbs excess water All of the listed responses are correct.
projects into the renal sinus
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________. proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron? renal corpuscle distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins? nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule. regulates osmolarity of urine regulates water reabsorption regulates glucose and amino acid exchange regulates potassium and sodium exchange
regulates potassium and sodium exchange
The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________. eliminating nitrogenous wastes stabilizing blood pH regulating body temperature regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes regulating blood volume and blood pressure
regulating body temperature
Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney? splenic artery left gastric artery hepatic artery renal artery
renal artery
In which region would you find interlobar arteries? renal pyramid renal sinus cortex renal column
renal column
The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________. proximal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle distal convoluted tubule nephron loop
renal corpuscle
Which of the following is a dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures? parietal peritoneum perinephric fat capsule fibrous capsule renal fascia
renal fascia
In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? renal cortex renal hilum renal medulla renal pelvis
renal medulla
The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________. renal medulla renal functional unit renal cortex renal pelvis
renal medulla
What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter? urethra renal hilum renal calyces renal pelvis
renal pelvis
Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________. the addition of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure the difference between the blood pressure and the glomerular filtration rate the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure None of the listed responses is correct.
the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure
The renal corpuscle consists of __________. the cortex and the medulla major and minor calyces the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus renal columns and renal pyramids
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
Which of the following causes urinary incontinence? the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles lack of ADH production prolonged increase in the GFR All of the listed responses are correct.
the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________. glomeruli the juxtaglomerular complex the glomerular capsule the vasa recta None of the listed responses is correct
the vasa recta
The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine? transitional simple cuboidal simple columnar stratified squamous
transitional
The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________. transitional epithelium stratified squamous epithelium detrusor muscles simple cuboidal epithelium
transitional epithelium
The collecting system __________. transports fluid to the renal pelvis adjusts the concentration and composition of urine is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine All of the listed responses are correct.
transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. rugae renal pelvis trigone detrusor
trigone
Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids? urea creatinine uric acid None of the listed responses is correct.
urea
What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? renal pelvis ureter trigone urethra
ureter
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________. nephron penis urethra ureter
urethra
Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine? urinary bladder ureter urethra kidney
urinary bladder