Urinary System Review
Angiotensin II has what effect on the CNS? (Module 24.9C)
Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone.
Define dialysis. (Module 24.14B)
Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly.
In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (Module 24.6A)
During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid.
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system
Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C)
The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate.
All of the following structures are subject to a urinary tract infection except
a calyx.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
absence of ADH.
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.
acidemia
Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B)
across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the
adrenal glands
Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by
aldosterone
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
aldosterone
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.
alkalosis
The renal sinus is
an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
Which of the tubules is impermeable to water?
ascending limb of the nephron loop
The hemoglobin buffer system exists in
both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.
buffer system
Renal columns are
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?
copper
Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.
cortex
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na ions.
The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response
decrease of ADH release.
Increased blood volume will
decrease thirst.
What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst? (Module 25.4A)
decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst
With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the
digestive tract
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule.
The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.
dysuria
What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A)
dysuria
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole.
Which of the following descriptions does not describe a function of the nephron loop?
enables production of hypotonic urine
The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers?
endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits Submit
The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of
energy-dependent exchange pump.
Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur?
every 30 seconds or so
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
excretes abundant protein molecules
The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B)
external urethral sphincter
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the
extracellular fluid.
What three elements form the filtration membrane? (Module 24.8A)
fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte
Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Secretion of potassium into the urine is
increased by aldosterone.
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins.
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
intracellular
What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B)
it must be consciously stimulated to relax
Which type of nephron is essential for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (Module 24.3C)
juxtamedullary nephrons
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called
juxtamedullary nephrons.
Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)
kidneys
Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)
kidneys
Major calyces are
large tributaries of the renal pelvis.
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are
located partly within the pelvic cavity.
If the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis? (Module 25.9C)
metabolic acidosis
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks
metabolic alkalosis.
Prolonged vomiting can result in
metabolic alkalosis.
In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?
micturition
Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?
natriuretic peptides
Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions? (Module 24.7C)
nephron loop
Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the
nephron loop.
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop.
The functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron.
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except
overuse of diuretics.
What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid? (Module 24.10C)
pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport.
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.
papillary duct
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except
phagocytosis.
Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)
phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
potassium.
Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C)
proteins
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except
proteins.
The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule.
An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a
pyelogram.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorbing nutrients.
Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration does not depend on
release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. (Module 24.5A)
renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
Identify the structure labeled "6."
renal column
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle.
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed
renal failure.
Identify the structure labeled "8."
renal papilla
Identify the structure labeled "9."
renal pelvis
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis.
Identify the structure labeled "5."
renal pyramid
Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla? (Module 24.3A)
renal pyramid
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
renal pyramids.
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis.
Consuming a meal high in salt will
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid.
secretion
Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A)
similar to blood plasma without proteins
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
slightly superior
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B)
sodium and chloride ions
Identify the electrolytes absorbed by active transport. (Module 25.3B)
sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate
Intracellular fluid is found only within
the cells of the body.
Which of the following is greater?
the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?
the external urethral sphincter
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is
the kidneys.
Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid?
the phosphate buffer system
The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except
the release of natriuretic peptides.
What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)
the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters.
What are the two reflexes that control urination? (Module 24.17A)
the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex Submit
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?
tip of the medullary pyramid
Hyperventilation will ________ pH.
to raise, increase
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
true
The most abundant waste solute in urine is
urea
Urine is transported by the ________, stored within the ________, and eliminated through the ________. (Module 24.16A)
ureters; urinary bladder; urethra
Urine is temporarily stored in the
urinary bladder.
The inability to urinate is termed
urinary retention.
When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D)
urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.
1200mL
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
180
Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.
25
From deep to superficial, put the following layers of the kidney in order:1) renal capsule2) perinephric fat3) cortex4) renal fascia
3,1,2,4
Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body1) liver.2) urinary bladder.3) kidney.4) ureter.5) urethra.
3,4,2,5
Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.
3.5-5.0
What effect does ADH have on the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts? (Module 24.12E)
ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.1. afferent arteriole2. arcuate artery3. interlobar artery4. renal artery5. glomerulus6. cortical radiate artery7. efferent arteriole8. peritubular capillaryWhat is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine:1) minor calyx2) renal pelvis3) ureter4) major calyx5) renal papilla
5,1,4,2,3
In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
50
Which structure is the collecting duct?
6
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
60
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is
7.35-7.45.
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?
99
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT?
99
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)
A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?
ADH
Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)
Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.
________ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.
Acute renal failure
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B)
Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance?
All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance. Submit
Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)
An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.
In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A)
An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. Submit
What is a pyelogram? (Module 24.15B)
An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered.
Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A)
Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.
What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A)
Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)
Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.
Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B)
Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole. Submit
Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A)
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.
Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)
Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.)
FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)
Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.
Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)
ICF, urine
What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B)
It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained.
What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C)
Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume.
What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B)
It increases renin production and release.
________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.
Juxtamedullary
Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A)
Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.
Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. Submit
Define mineral balance. (Module 25.3A)
Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses.
During the micturition reflex,
None of the answers is correct.
Compare obligatory water reabsorption with facultative water reabsorption. (Module 24.12B)
Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled.
Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B)
Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.
How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate? (Module 25.10B)
Respiratory rate would increase.
Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. (Module 25.8C)
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs.
Name the specialized smooth muscle of the urinary bladder, and describe its function. (Module 24.16C)
The detrusor muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra.
Which of the following connections is not true relating the urinary system and other body system?
The endocrine, specifically the hypothalamus producing renin, acts on the kidneys to produce more urine.
Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A)
The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions.
What would happen to a kidney's position if the perinephric fat layer were depleted and the collagen fibers of the fibrous capsule were to become detached? (Module 24.2C)
The kidneys would fall inferiorly.
How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)
The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.
Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B)
The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.
What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B)
The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.
Define the vasa recta. (Module 24.5C)
The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop.
Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)
Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.
An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C)
When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water. Submit
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)
carbonic acid
The afferent arteriole in the kidney
carries blood to the glomerulus.
Antidiuretic hormone does not
cause water to shift out of the ICF.
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and
chloride.
Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?
chronic renal failure
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra Submit
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
consequence of prolonged vomiting
The outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule.
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?
filtration
Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney. (Module 24.7A)
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?
final urine enters here
A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
fixed
Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups
fixed
Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed
fluid shift.
Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)
glomerular capsule and glomerulus
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the
glomerular filtration rate.
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The process of filtration is driven by
glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
The process of filtration occurs at the
glomerulus.
The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the
glomerulus.
Which of the following substances is not secreted
glucose
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.
vasa recta
Which of the following is not found in the area labeled "3."
vasa recta
A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
volatile
Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,
water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.
Metabolic water is
water produced through catabolic processes.
When does urine production end? (Module 24.15A)
when the fluid enters the renal pelvis
When is your body in acid-base balance? (Module 25.6A)
when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits Submit
