U.S. History 2111: Chapter 8 | Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790-1820

The Terror

A period during the French Revolution was characterized by extreme violence and the execution of numerous enemies of the revolutionary government, from 1793 through 1794

Democratic-Republicans

Advocates of limited government who were troubled by the expansive domestic policies of Washington's administration and opposed the Federalists

14. Describe Alexander Hamilton's plans to address the nation's financial woes. Which aspects proved most controversial, and why? What elements of the foundation did Hamilton lay can still be found in the system today?

Alexander Hamilton plans to address the nation's financial woes with the reports offering solutions to the economic crisis brought on by the debt problems the United States had. The first (The Report on Public Credit) addressed public credit which addressed the pressing need of the new republic to become creditworthy. He recommended that the new federal government honor all its debts. To pay these debts, Hamilton proposed that the federal government sell bonds to the public. These bonds would have the backing of the government and yield interest payments. Creditors could exchange their old notes for the new government bonds. The second addressed (The Report on a National Bank) banking suggested the establishment of a national bank. It would issue loans to American merchants and bills of credit while serving as a repository of government revenue from the sale of land. Most Controversial: The issue of the creation of a national bank was the most contentious. Because the Constitution did not specifically provide for the creation of such a bank, Thomas Jefferson argued that it was, therefore, unconstitutional to do so. And the third addressed (he Report on Manufactures) raising revenue to pay the interest on the national debt. Using the power to tax as provided under the Constitution and advocating tariffs on all foreign imports to stimulate the production of American-made goods. This broke America from the old colonial system. Proposing federal subsidies to American industries as well. The elements of the foundation that Hamilton lay can still be found in the system today are the federal charter system for a national financial institution. As well as, his proposition for a Bank of the United States. Modeled along the lines of the Bank of England, a central bank would help make the new nation's economy dynamic through a more stable paper currency.

(BONUS) Embargo of 1807

Ans 1# 1807-1809 *American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination *Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars *The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn Ans 2# Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality.

8.2 The New American Republic

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans interpreted the execution of the French monarch and the violent establishment of a French republic in very different ways. Revolutionaries' excesses in France and the slave revolt in the French colony of Haiti raised fears among Federalists of similar radicalism and slave uprisings on American shores. They looked to better relationships with Great Britain through Jay's Treaty. Pinckney's Treaty, which came about as a result of Jay's Treaty, improved U.S. relations with the Spanish and opened the Spanish port of New Orleans to American commerce. Democratic-Republicans took a more positive view of the French Revolution and grew suspicious of the Federalists when they brokered Jay's Treaty. Domestically, the partisan divide came to a dramatic head in western Pennsylvania when distillers of whiskey, many aligned with the Democratic-Republicans, took action against the federal tax on their product. Washington led a massive force to put down the uprising, demonstrating Federalist intolerance of mob action. Though divided on many issues, the majority of White citizens agreed on the necessity of eradicating the Native presence on the frontier.

3. What were the fundamental differences between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican visions?

Federalists believed in a strong federal republican government led by learned, public-spirited men of property. They believed that too much democracy would threaten the republic. The Democratic-Republicans, alternatively, feared too much federal government power and focused more on the rural areas of the country, which they thought were underrepresented and underserved. Democratic-Republicans felt that the spirit of true republicanism, which meant virtuous living for the common good, depended on farmers and agricultural areas.

letters of marque

French warrants allowing ships and their crews to engage in piracy

6. How did the French Revolution in the early 1790s influence the evolution of the American political system?

In the United States, the early 1970s French Revolution hardened differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists feared the anarchy of the French Revolution and worried that Democratic-Republicanism would bring that kind of disorder to the United States. The Democratic-Republicans supported the goals of the French Revolution, even if they didn't support the means, and believed that siding with Great Britain instead of France meant a return to a system of monarchy.

8.3 Partisan Politics

Partisan politics dominated the American political scene at the close of the eighteenth century. The Federalists' and Democratic-Republicans' views of the role of government were in direct opposition to each other, and the close elections of 1796 and 1801 show how the nation grappled with these opposing visions. The high tide of the Federalist Party came after the election of 1796, when the United States engaged in the Quasi-War with France. The issues arising from the Quasi-War gave Adams and the Federalists license to expand the powers of the federal government. However, the tide turned with the close election of 1800, when Jefferson began an administration based on Democratic-Republican ideals. A major success of Jefferson's administration was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which helped to fulfill his vision of the United States as an agrarian republic.

10. How did U.S. relations with France influence events at the end of the eighteenth century?

Relations with France were strongly tied to political events in the United States. Whereas the Federalists had roundly condemned the French revolutionaries for their excesses, the Democratic-Republicans applauded the rallying cries of liberty and equality. Relations with the French also led the Federalists to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts during the Adams administration, which many saw as a violation of the First Amendment.

XYZ affair

The French attempt to extract a bribe from the United States during the Quasi-War of 1798-1800

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S. purchase of the large territory of Louisiana from France in 1803

8.4 The United States Goes Back to War

The United States was drawn into its "Second War of Independence" against Great Britain when the British, engaged in the Napoleonic Wars against France, took liberties with the fledgling nation by impressing (capturing) its sailors on the high seas and arming its Native enemies. The War of 1812 ended with the boundaries of the United States remaining as they were before the war. The Native peoples in the Western Confederacy suffered a significant defeat, losing both their leader Tecumseh and their fight for contested land in the Northwest. The War of 1812 proved to be of great importance because it generated a surge of national pride, with expressions of American identity such as the poem by Francis Scott Key. The United States was unequivocally separate from Britain and could now turn as never before to expansion in the West.

11. Why do historians refer to the election of Thomas Jefferson as the Revolution of 1800?

The election was considered a revolution because, for the first time in American history, political power passed from one party to another. Jefferson's presidency was a departure from the Federalist administrations of Washington and Adams, who had favored the commercial class and urban centers of the country. The Democratic-Republican vision increased states' rights and limited the power of the federal government, lowering taxes and slashing the military, which Adams had built up.

15. Describe the growth of the first party system in the United States. How did these parties come to develop? How did they define themselves, both independently and in opposition to one another? Where did they find themselves in agreement?

The first party system in the United States came to develop during the struggle over ratification of the federal Constitution of 1787. Friction between them increased as attention shifted from the creation of a new federal government to the question of how powerful that federal government would be. They defined themselves as self-sufficient, property-owning republican citizens or yeoman farmers. They found themselves in agreement in 1776, acting in the spirit through what they believed to have replaced them—a commercial class with no interest in the public good. Their political efforts against the Federalists were a battle to preserve republicanism, to promote the public good 8.1 • Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans 197 against private self-interest.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which guarantee individual rights

Marbury v. Madison

The landmark 1803 case establishing the Supreme Court's powers of judicial review, specifically the power to review and possibly nullify actions of Congress and the president

17. What was the most significant impact of the War of 1812?

The most significant impact of the War of 1812 was the unpopularity of the war which caused a resurgence of the Federalist Party in New England. And many Federalists deeply resented the power of the slaveholding Virginians, who appeared indifferent to their region. These arguments for disunion during wartime, combined with the convention's condemnation of the government, made Federalists appear unpatriotic. The convention forever discredited the Federalist Party and led to its downfall.

Revolution of 1800

The peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans with the election of 1800

Impressment

The practice of capturing sailors and forcing them into military service

16. What led to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts? What made them so controversial?

The surge of animosity against France during the Quasi-War led Congress to the passage of war measures, the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, to increase national security against what most had come to regard as the French menace. What made the Alein and Sedation Acts so controversial was the restricted activities of foreign residents in the country and limited freedom of speech and of the press.

Other: In what ways did the events of this era pose challenges to the U.S. Constitution? What constitutional issues were raised, and how were they addressed?

This era posed many challenges because of the competing visions of the Federalists and Democratic Republicans, The New American Republic, Partisan Politics, and the United States went back to war (https://quizlet.com/319168926/chapters-7-and-8-textbook-quiz-flash-cards/) -alexander hamilton economic plans were claimed to be unconstitutional -claimed it was one of the -louisiana purchase-supreme court gave themselves the right to deem things constitutional or unconstitutional -Hamilton argued that Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution granted the government "implied powers" that gave the green light to his program (https://quizlet.com/534367311/us-history-chapter-8-flash-cards/)

18. In what ways did the events of this era pose challenges to the U.S. Constitution? What constitutional issues were raised, and how were they addressed?

This era posed many challenges because of the competing visions of the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The federalist assumptions included that political participation could only be linked to property rights. As well as women, colored, and native people were secondary to white males citizens. In response, Congress passed the Bill of Rights to address the dangerous concentration of centralized power that threatened the rights and liberties of the ordinary US. citizens from the Ani-Ferderalist. Second, Alexander Hamilton wrote reports offering solutions to the economic crisis brought on by these problems. The first addressed public credit, the second addressed banking, and the third addressed raising revenue. Third, the development of the first party system developed during the struggle over ratification of the feudalist Constitution of 1787 when Thomas Jefferson and James Madison felt that the federal government had overstepped its authority by adopting the treasury secretary plans. As well as the formulation of Democratic-Republican societies that championed limited government. And finally, questions regarding the proper size and scope of the new national government created a divide among Americans and gave rise to political parties, leading to the 1790 Naturalization Act defined citizenship in stark racial terms. To be a citizen of the American republic, an immigrant had to be a "free White person" of "good character." Full citizenship that included the right to vote was restricted as well. (SEE 8.1 SUMMARY REVIEW)

8.1 Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

While they did not yet constitute distinct political parties, Federalists and Anti-Federalists, shortly after the Revolution, found themselves at odds over the Constitution and the power that it concentrated in the federal government. While many of the Anti-Federalists' fears were assuaged by the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791, the early 1790s nevertheless witnessed the rise of two political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. These rival political factions began by defining themselves in relationship to Hamilton's financial program, a debate that exposed contrasting views of the proper role of the federal government. By championing Hamilton's bold financial program, Federalists, including President Washington, made clear their intent to use the federal government to stabilize the national economy and overcome the financial problems that had plagued it since the 1780s. Members of the Democratic-Republican opposition, however, deplored the expanded role of the new national government. They argued that the Constitution did not permit the treasury secretary's expansive program and worried that the new national government had assumed powers it did not rightfully possess. Only on the question of citizenship was there broad agreement: only free, White males who met taxpayer or property qualifications could cast ballots as full citizens of the republic.

9. What was the importance of the Louisiana Purchase? a. It gave the United States control of the port of New Orleans for trade. b. It opened up the possibility of quick trade routes to Asia. c. It gave the United States political leverage against the Spanish. d. It provided Napoleon with an impetus to restore France's empire.

a. It gave the United States control of the port of New Orleans for trade.

4. Which of the following was not true of Jay's Treaty of 1794? a. It gave the United States land rights in the West Indies. b. It gave American ships the right to trade in the West Indies. c. It hardened differences between the political parties of the United States. d. It stipulated that U.S. citizens would repay their debts from the Revolutionary War.

a. It gave the United States land rights in the West Indies.

13. What event inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner"? a. Betsy Ross sewing the first American flag raised during a time of war b. the British bombardment of Baltimore c. the British burning of Washington, DC d. the naval battle between the Leopard and the Chesapeake

b. the British bombardment of Baltimore

8. Which of the following events is not an example of partisan acrimony? a. the jailing of Matthew Lyon b. the XYZ affair c. the Marbury v. Madison case d. the Hamilton-Burr duel

b. the XYZ affair

2. Which of Alexander Hamilton's financial policies and programs seemed to benefit speculators at the expense of poor soldiers? a. the creation of a national bank b. the public credit plan c. the tax on whiskey d. the "Report on Manufactures"

b. the public credit plan

1. Which of the following is not one of the rights the Bill of Rights guarantees? a. the right to freedom of speech b. the right to an education c. the right to bear arms d. the right to a trial by jury

b. the right to an education

12. What prompted the Embargo of 1807? a. British soldiers burned the U.S. capitol. b. The British supplied arms to Native fighters. c. The British navy captured American ships on the high seas and impressed their sailors into service for the British. d. The British hadn't abandoned their posts in the Northwest Territory as required by Jay's Treaty.

c. The British navy captured American ships on the high seas and impressed their sailors into service for the British.

7. What was the primary issue of Adams's presidency? a. war with Spain b. relations with the native population c. infighting within the Federalist Party d. relations with France

d. relations with France

5. What was the primary complaint of the rebels in the Whiskey Rebellion? a. the ban on alcohol b. the lack of political representation for farmers c. the need to fight Native Americans for more land d. the tax on whiskey and rum

d. the tax on whiskey and rum

Citizen Genêt affair

the controversy over the French representative who tried to involve the United States in France's war against Great Britain