Chpt 14

The European voyages of the fifteenth century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

Indian Ocean trade

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

Who was Prester John?

A mythical Christian king in Africa

Most women who crossed the Atlantic to the Americas were

Africans

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?

He hired an Indian guide

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them

Bartolome de Las Casas asserted that the

Indians had human rights

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's growing imperial activities?

Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another

Who resisted the efforts of the Portuguese to establish themselves in the Indian Ocean trade?

Muslim-controlled port cities

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East, the Turkish Ottomans and the

Persian Safavids

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained many slaves except?

Portuguese peasants

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon the efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?

They sought a northwest passage across North America

How did the Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

They traded for slaves with local leaders

The Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the Atlantic Ocean with and imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line

The motivations for European explorers included all of the following except

fear of the Black Death

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because

of religious disputes among the colonists

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by

Prince Henry

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca king Atahualpa?

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him ransom and then executing him

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?

The ability for Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

William Shakespeare's genius lay in all of the following except

the use of clear and unadorned expressions

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal