US HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT REGENTS
How did the US government react to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, internationally and domestically?
American forces attacked Afghanistan. A major goal of the campaign was to aid in the overthrow of the Taliban rule and to bring to justice the architect of the 9/11 attacks, Osama bin Laden. Domestically, the US Congress passed the USA Patriot Act of 2001 in an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks. Traveling by airplane changed significantly as the number of security guards and protocols were increased and pre-boarding screenings were imposed.
What were the human and environmental causes of the Dust Bowl and its effects?
Causes: over farming, a decade of drought, modern mechanized agricultural technology (crushed the soil and cut into the roots of native ground cover). As a result it loosened the top soil which was carried into the air by sudden wind storms (dust storms) Effects: mass migration of people from the states of New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado and Kansas
What were the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War?
Causes: yellow journalism, sinking of the US marine and more Effects: peace treaty and United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Compare and contrast the peaceful transfer of power that was established in the presidential election of 1800 with the peaceful transfer of power in the presidential election of 2000 with specific emphasis on the roles played by the House of Representatives, Electoral College and Supreme Court.
For the election of President Thomas Jefferson no one had won the electoral votes bc the votes for the Vice President and president were not separate. As a result, electors now had to vote separately for president and vice president In the 2000 election, the Supreme Court intervened in a recount process in Florida which led to the election of President George W. Bush
What roles/impact did each of the following individuals play in the Civil Rights Movement? Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Stokely Carmichael Fannie Lou Hamer Malcolm X
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. - Civil rights leader who advocated for civil disobedience and nonviolent demonstrations to achieve change. His "I Have a Dream" speech shifted public opinion on civil rights in 1963 and moved President John F. Kennedy to support civil rights. Stokely Carmichael- working to control their own economic and political futures Fannie Lou Hamer-voting rights especially in the state of Mississipp Malcolm Xi- encouraged students to defend themselves when attacked/threatened.
What were the contributions of Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson in his role as Chief Prosecutor for the United States at the Nuremberg War Crimes trials?
Robert Jackson served as Chief Prosecutor for the United States at the Nuremberg War Crime trials and made arguments against the Nazi war criminals. He, along with others, established a precedent that soldiers, officers and national leaders could be held responsible for such brutal actions.
What was the relationship between post-WWI recession, fear of radicals, xenophobia, and the Red Scare (1919-1921)?
The Red Scare of 1919-1921 was sparked by several events that took place after World War I ended. Race riots erupted and strikes. Additionally, Steel workers, mostly immigrants, went on strike by mobilizing native-born workers in an anti-immigrant campaign that a New York newspaper called, "Americanism vs. Alienism". Bombings also occurred, probably by anarchists, which added to the hysteria. Many believed that all of these events were part of a communist conspiracy. The Red Scare had a chilling effect on freedom of speech and is noted as a contributing factor to the unfair trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in 1921.
What underlying economic weaknesses led to the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression?
The Stock Market system was deeply flawed as it was based on margin buying (using credit to buy stock). Small down payments in cash and borrowing the rest from brokers were very risky and reliant on a never ending growth period in the stock market. In short, the millions of people who invested their savings or borrowed money to buy stocks pushed the prices to unsustainable levels. The stock market crashed on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. The economy had significant weaknesses including overproduction in the agricultural sector, speculation in real estate and the stock market, excessive bank failures and excessive use of credit.
How did President Franklin Roosevelt's leadership during World War II help maintain the Grand Alliance?
Roosevelt, met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and developed a strategy for the European and Pacific war. When the Soviet Union was invaded by the Nazis, FDR/USA supported their war effort against the Nazis. FDR's political skill was important for keeping the alliance together for the duration of the war. The alliance including the Soviet Union post WWII ended up contributing to the Cold War with the Soviet Union as FDR/USA because of concessions to the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin regarding Eastern Europe.
What were President Wilson's goals as expressed in the Fourteen Points, his role at the Versailles Peace Conference, and the compromises he was forced to make to gain approval for the League of Nations?
Willson rallied the nation and the world to make World War I, the war to end all future wars. The purpose of the war, according to Wilson, was justice for all peoples and nations with a permanent peace based on his Fourteen Points (Wilson's ideas regarding nations' conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination)
What demands were made at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?
Women at the Seneca Falls Convention demanded equal political, social and economic rights. The most significant demand was the demand for suffrage rights (the right to vote.)
Compare and contrast the contributions of Women, African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican workers, and Mexican Americans to the war effort, as well as the discrimination that they experienced in the military and workforce.
Women's Army Corps operated radios, repaired planes/vehicles, performed clerical duties. Women participated in factory work for the first time. African Americans demonstrated heroism in a variety of different ways including members of the Tuskegee Airmen, the first black military pilots. In the war all served in separate groups not integrated; it was not until after the war 1948 integration started. Japanese Americans received more medals for bravery than any other group, despite their families being interned in camps. Mexican Americans also served in a variety of military roles during the war. Native Americans contributed to the war as "Code Talkers" using their native languages as a way to shield military secrets from the enemy. All these groups suffered discrimination despite their contributions.
What effects did the Revolutionary War have on workers, African Americans, women, and Native Americans?
Workers: involved themselves in the democratic process more and sought to lower the requirements for voting in states African Americans: helped weaken slavery through a reduction in the slave population by about one hundred thousand Native Americans: lost land and Americans seized more of the Native Americans' ancestral lands and hunting and grazing grounds Women: praised for their efforts during the Revolutionary War and some women in the North started to see an increase in educational opportunities
What domestic concerns about the spread of communism led to the rise of McCarthyism?
United States failed to contain communism in Asia. Then In 1949, the USSR exploded earlier than expected which led people to believe Russians had infiltrated the Manhattan Project. Investigations into alleged communist infiltration launched the careers of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan in politics. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that communists infiltrated government agencies. McCarthyism came to a head when McCarthy accused that the army was full of communists.
How did United States foreign policy toward the Middle East, including the recognition of and support for the State of Israel, affect American interactions with radical groups in the region?
**Following World War II, the UN partitioned Palestine into an Arab state and Jewish state called Israel. The US and the USSR formally recognized Israel in 1948. Six neighboring Arab states attacked Israel in May 1948. In 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and Israel invaded Egypt with the support of Britain and France. American interest in the Middle would escalate in the 1960s-1970s as the United States became far more reliant on the supply of oil from the Middle Eastern region. American support for Israel in the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War led to oil embargoes against the United States. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter was able to negotiate the Camp David Accords which included a formal acknowledgement from Egypt (an Arab nation) of Israel's right to exist. American involvement in the rise of and continued support of westernized leaders like Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran in an effort to maintain access to oil would result in anti-American sentiment amongst Muslim Fundamentalist organizations. In 1979, a revolution led by Islamic Fundamentalists toppled the government of Pahlavi in Iran and led to a long-drawn out hostage crisis at the American embassy in Iran. President Carter's inability to secure a release for the hostages before the presidential election of 1980 contributed to his landslide defeat at the hands of Ronald Reagan. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to spread its influence in the Middle East. The United States supported with arms and training the Mujahideen who waged a war against the Soviets. Some members of the Mujahideen would eventually become Al Qaeda, a terrorist organization responsible for major terrorist attacks including the 9/11 attacks in September 2001.
What characterizes the economic relationship and the strategic rivalry between the United States and China today?
**Since 1972, the United States formally recognized the People's Republic of China (Communist China). Since then the Chinese economy has grown steadily and China's economy is now a major financial force in the global marketplace. The United States has a significant trade deficit with China. American consumers benefit from lower-cost Chinese imports at the cost of American jobs. The Chinese efforts to dominate the global economy has consumed the presidential administrations of Obama, Trump and Biden with varying approaches to maintaining a balance of power including the use of tariffs, trade agreements and summits. Some claim a new "Cold War" is emerging with an ongoing threat of Chinese invasion of Taiwan as recently as 2023 and China's ongoing Silk Road Initiative.
What were the 4 components of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan and how did it cause the formation of the nation's first political parties?
1) Establishment of a National Bank - via the Elastic Clause (loose interpretation of the Constitution) 2) Passage of a High Protective Tariff - tax on foreign goods 3) Repayment of National Debt & Assumption of State Debts - to grow the credit rating of the nation 4) Passage of an Excise Tax on Whiskey - tax on the producers of whiskey Hamilton built a national network of supporters that emerged about 1792-93 as the Federalist Party. In response, Jefferson and James Madison built a network of supporters of the republic in Congress and in the states that emerged in 1792-93 as the Democratic-Republican Party.
Why did the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) experience a resurgence in the 1920s?
A reorganized Klan was formed in 1915 and by 1925 had grown to 2-5 million members. The Klan exploited fears about people who they considered to be unAmerican, often threatening their civil liberties.
Compare and contrast the interactions of the Native American tribes with the Dutch, the English, the French and the Spanish.
Dutch: did not enslave NA's English: took NA land and spread disease French: did not force religion and learned NA's way of life Spanish: enslaved and tortured NA'S
How did the women's rights movement emerge from the abolitionist movement?
Abolitionist men supported women and gave them a platform to engage publicly for the cause of abolition and women's rights.
How did executive and federal power expand during the Civil War as they relate to the suspension of habeas corpus within the Union and the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation?
Abraham Lincoln expanded power by suspending habeas corpus and by refining the war's goal in 1863 as a war for abolition. The Southern states' assertion of secession and nullification would no longer be viable as a result of the Civil War.
What efforts did the United States employ to stop Japanese aggression without resorting to war and without appeasing Japanese demands?
After Japan invaded Manchuria, Indochina and Hong Kong, USAs refused to sell war materials, and cut off American oil supplies. It was hoped these sanctions would stop Japanese aggression without war with Japan.
What were the reasons for President Roosevelt's executive order leading to Japanese removal?
After the pedal harbor attack, people felt anger for people of Japanese decent. Roosevelt ended up issuing an Executive Order for temporary imprisonment of Japanese Americans during World War II. More than 100,000 people of Japanese descent were forced to leave/lose their homes and businesses in 1942.
What economic and strategic interests led the United States to seek foreign markets, resources, and coaling stations, including interest in Hawaii?
American expansionists feared that the United States was falling behind the other developed nations of the world. American interest in Hawaii was driven by both its economic and strategic importance in the Pacific with what would become the naval hub of the Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor.
How is the United States' containment policy reflected in the Truman Doctrine (1947), the Marshall Plan (1948), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949), as well as actions taken during the Berlin blockade, and how did they represent a shift in American foreign policy?
American foreign policy was influenced by the United States willingness to become involved in international peacekeeping efforts and and the prevention of communism. Truman Doctrine: US pledged $400 million dollars to Turkey and Greece who were resisting communism. The Marshall Plan: $13 billion dollar package to rebuild Europe as nations that suffered were more likely to fall to communism. Berlin blockade: In response to Stalin's blockade the US, Britain and France made efforts to save West Berlin (the only part of a city in communist East Germany that was capitalist and democratic). The North Atlantic Treaty Organization: collective security measure in which countries agreed that an attack on one was an attack on all. As a result, this prevented any further spread of communism in Europe.
How did the key decisions made at wartime conferences like the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences during WWII help bring about the start of the Cold War?
At Yalta, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin outlined the division of post-war Germany and planned for trials of war criminals. Stalin made false promises. For instance he promised free elections in Eastern Europe from the nations liberated by the Soviet Union (that never happened). At Potsdam, Truman alluded to the atomic bomb as a mechanism to end the war against Japan and a degree of suspicion and tension developed between Stalin and Truman.
What reasons have been cited for declining public confidence in the federal government in the 1970s?
By 1968, it was clear to the American people that the war was not going well. The leaking of the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times and Washington Post exposed to the public that the government misled the American public about the purpose of the war and how the escalation of the war led to the loss of many Americans' lives needlessly.
How did business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and Henry Ford dominate their respective industries?
By first establishing corporations and then monopolizing their industries via the creation of trusts, pools, holding companies and conglomerates
What factors led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the end of the Cold War in 1991?
Berlin wall: President Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech and the economic toll of the arms race led to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall by the East Germans with no Soviet interference Cold War: the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the reunification of Germany in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
What contributed to the rise of African American racial pride and Black Nationalism in the 1920s?
Black Nationalism developed in the 19th century due to a want for economic and social equality. People like Marcus Garvey channeled Black Nationalism in his Pan-African movement and Back to Africa movement. In the interim, he advocated for African Americans to form a separate economy, society run for and by African Americans, separatism, racial pride and economic independence.
What actions did the British take to gain greater political and economic control over the colonies after the French & Indian War and how did the colonists react to these efforts?
British Parliament passed a series of laws to raise tax revenue such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts. The colonists responded with boycotts, protests, intellectual writings and violence against tax collectors.
How did the following figures help the abolitionist movement develop over time? Nat Turner's Rebellion Sojourner Truth William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) Frederick Douglass (The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass and The North Star) Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)
Brought attention to slavery and the horrors of it
What factors contributed to the acceleration of the nuclear arms race, beginning with the detonation of an atomic bomb by the Soviet Union in 1949, through 1969, including the effects of Sputnik and the Space Race?
By 1949, the Soviet Union developed an atomic bomb while the Cold War was heating up. The two nations began stockpiling weapons and developing stronger weapons. The balance of power in the Cold War became a balance of terror as mutually assured destruction (MAD) became a reality for many Americans. In 1957, the arms race extended into the space race. The Russian first launched the satellite Sputnik and the first cosmonaut. The United States countered with the first person to orbit the Earth with John Glenn.
How did Andrew Jackson promote the democratization of American politics?
Campaigned rights for the common man
What efforts of the women's suffrage movement after 1900 lead to ratification of the 19th amendment?
Carrie Chapman Catt became the president of the NAWSA and developed a two-pronged approach to achieving national suffrage for women. Alice Paul, a former member of the NAWSA, founded the National Women's Party and utilized militant tactics and focused her campaign on protesting against President Woodrow Wilson in 1916.
What were the causes of the financial panic of 2008 and how did the federal government respond to the Great Recession?
Caused by low interest rates, easy credit, insufficient regulation, and toxic subprime mortgages — led to the Great Recession. The federal government bailed out some major banks and bought "bad mortgages" from bank's balance sheets with the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP). The Obama Administration bailed out the "Big 3" American automakers (Ford, Chrysler and General Motors). Obama signed reforms to end harmful practices which created more federal oversight over financial institutions which included credit card rates, bank fees, mortgage programs and car loans.
What were the causes and effects of the Great Migration on American society?
Causes: availability of jobs for higher wages and dangerous living conditions in the Jim Crow South. Effects: African Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living but still faced discrimination bc of their race (encountered high prices for rent, food, and other basics)
To what extent were the state and federal attempts to regulate big businesses effective in the late 19th century and early 20th century?
Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroad industry to ensure fair shipping rates. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed to prevent the formation of trusts and monopolies. Initially these laws were not well used however during the Progressive Era, the laws were utilized by Progressive Presidents (TR, Taft and Wilson) to regulate American businesses.
Why did the Congress pass the USA PATRIOT Act and what constitutional issues were raised about the federal government's electronic surveillance programs?
Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act to prevent future terrorist attacks. While some were thankful others protested what this was an invasion of personal privacy.
How did the Congress attempt to limit presidential power through the War Powers Act of 1973?
Congress passed the War Powers Act which restricted any president's ability to wage war without Congressional approval. This was because of President Nixon's veto. This law reversed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave the President sweeping powers in Vietnam
How did the foreign policy decisions regarding Bosnia, Rwanda, and Kosovo, demonstrate a tension between defending human rights and a reluctance to intervene stemming from "Vietnam Syndrome"?
Ethnic conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo led to ethnic cleansing by Slobodan Milosevic. In Rwanda, an ethnic genocide took place which the United States did not become involved. American reluctance stemmed from "Vietnam Syndrome".
What role did former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt play in creating the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed as an American delegate and was a primary author for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which drew inspiration from the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution.
How were colonial political institutions influenced by Enlightenment ideas, British traditions such as the Magna Carta, and the colonial experience?
Enlightenment ideas centered around natural law and liberty. Philosophers influenced the British colonists' views on government and political rights. British historical traditions of limited government as shown in the Magna Carta are reflected in the Founders' animus towards an overly strong central government. Lastly, the colonial experience during the period of Salutary Neglect and the lack of British enforcement of trading laws prior to the French & Indian War led to a strong independent mindset for the colonists that would be essential to the development of the concept of popular sovereignty
What presidential actions and precedents were established by George Washington?
Establishment of a presidential cabinet, enforcement of federal law against citizen protest and more
What were the key points of debate expressed in the Federalist Papers and the Antifederalist Papers, focusing on the protection of individual rights and the proper size for a republic?
Federalists: argued for a strong central government Anti Federalists: argued against central government
What was the impact of Prohibition on American society?
For 13 years, nationwide prohibition did change drinking habits. However statistics show that Prohibition was a public health success. The number of deaths from alcoholism and drinking-related diseases fell sharply. In contrast, prohibition did contribute to a rise in organized crime and bootlegging. In the end the 18th amendment was repealed.
What demographic trends associated with urbanization and immigration occurred between 1840-1920?
From 1840-1920, the population living in urban areas increased. During the 2nd wave of immigration, large numbers of people settled in American cities where there were significant jobs and living spaces available. Cities showcased the vast diversity of the United States in terms of ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status (wealthy, middle class and poor).
What were the reasons for President Wilson's shift from neutrality to involvement in World War I?
Germany's sinking of the Lusitania
What goals of the Grange Movement and the Populist Party were achieved during the Progressive Era?
Grange Movement purpose was to bring farmers together to discuss agricultural styles, in an attempt to correct widespread costly and inefficient methods. As for achievements, laws were passed regulating railroads among other things
Why did the North prevail over the South in the Civil War and what were the political, social and economic impacts of the Civil War?
Had better resources
Compare and contrast the responses of Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Great Depression.
Herbert Hoover believed in rugged individualism. He refused to provide direct relief and suggested Americans should rely on private charity for support. It was not until the end of his presidency that he warmed up to the ideas of increasing federal spending on some public projects like Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam). In contrast, Franklin D. Roosevelt developed a series of programs known as the New Deal that sought to bring about relief, recovery and reform.
What were the economic effects of the Homestead Act (1862) and the Pacific Railway Act (1862) on westward expansion?
Homestead Act: led to the settlement of much of the West in the years from 1862-1890 Pacific Railway Act: led to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, creating a national market that connected the various regions of the United States
What were the major arguments of the Anti-Imperialists and Imperialists surrounding ratification of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and the annexation of the Philippines?
Imperialists: Continuation of the Manifest Destiny of the United States. Anti-Imperialists: Led by the American Anti-Imperialist League, felt that imperialism violated the most fundamental beliefs of the nation as expressed in the Declaration of Independence - liberty, democracy, and "consent of the governed".
Why did the US decide to invade Iraq in 2003 and what was the impact of the war on the nation and the Middle East?
In 2003, the Bush administration warned Saddam Hussein (former president) to eliminate its weapons of mass destruction. Hussein claimed he did not have such weapons which was found to be false. After, a small number of nations led by the US invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam's regime. The US established a democratically elected government. Iraqi government had some successes, but still struggled to maintain cooperation between the Shiites and Sunnis.
Compare and contrast indentured servitude and slavery.
Indentured servitude: working but had a contract in place which once up they were free to go Slavery : working but permanently and denied freedom
What roles did the Grimké sisters, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton play in the early Women's Suffrage Movement?
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped draft the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention. The Grimke sisters were early activists in both the abolitionist movement and the women's suffrage movement
Why was President George H. W. Bush opposed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait?
Iraq's invasion of the oil-rich nation of Kuwait threatened the global supply of oil.
What kinds of reform were each of the following people seeking during the Progressive Era? Jane Addams and Hull House Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt and the Tenement Reform Commission Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and the Meat Inspection Act Margaret Sanger and birth control Ida Tarbell's The History of the Standard Oil Company Ida Wells and her writings about lynching of African Americans Booker T. Washington's contributions to education, including the creation of Tuskegee Institute W. E. B. Du Bois and the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the publication of The Crisis, and the Silent Protest (1917)
Jane Addams and Hull House - founded the social settlement house movement which offered working class (mostly immigrants) access to education, child care, social activities and help in finding jobs. Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives - used the written word and flash photography to show his audiences the need for better housing and sanitation in American urban environments. New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt and the Tenement Reform Commission - Social Gospel Movement worked to improve the lives of poor city dwellers by establishing building codes that would require safer, better lighted, better ventilated and more sanitary tenements. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and the Meat Inspection Act - Sinclair sought to expose the poor working conditions of the meatpackers in his novel, but ended up exposing the conditions of America's meat and food processes. The Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection were pursued by President Roosevelt after reading the Jungle. Margaret Sanger and birth control - Sanger began her work in nursing care for poor immigrant women in New York City. The American Birth Control League became the Planned Parenthood Federation. She sought to better inform women about contraception through the mail. The synthesis of the first contraceptive pill was credited to her work. Ida Tarbell's The History of the Standard Oil Company - Tarbell wrote a series of articles that were published in McClure's Magazine which were compiled into her book that detailed the Standard Oil Company's unfair business practices which eventually led to the breakup of the company's monopoly and the passage of key legislation regulating commerce like the Clayton Anti-Trust Act. Ida Wells and her writings about lynching of African Americans - Wells launched a life-long national crusade against lynching in the 1890s that finally realized in 2022 when President Biden signed an anti-lynching bill. Booker T. Washington's contributions to education, including the creation of Tuskegee Institute - Washington urged African Americans to get vocational training in order to establish themselves economically. This strategy, he believed, would increase their self-esteem and earn them respect from the white community. Washington' policy, called accommodation, was expressed in an 1895 speech known as the Atlanta Compromise. W. E. B. Du Bois and the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the publication of The Crisis, and the Silent Protest (1917) - Du Bois rejected accommodation and felt that African Americans should protest their unfair treatment and that all African Americans should receive a broad, liberal education rather than a vocational education. The NAACP, founded in 1909, successfully used lawsuits as a weapon on behalf of civil rights. Du Bois published The Crisis magazine and was a leader in the Silent Protest March in 1917.
What was the impact of removal on Japanese people living in the United States, and the Supreme Court's decision in Korematsu v. United States (1944)?
Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses and were shamed. Some Japanese Americans like Fred Korematsu raised legal challenges and lost in the Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States. No acts of aggression or sabotage were ever identified. In contrast, thousands of Japanese Americans fought in WWII for the US army. It took until 1988, for US Congress/President Reagan authorized the payments of $20,000 to internment survivors and issued a formal apology.
What are the different perspectives on States' rights as expressed in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and the South Carolina nullification crisis?
Jefferson and Madison (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions) asserted States have the right to nullify (declare void) a federal law that violated the rights of its citizens. John C. Calhoun asserted in the South Carolina Nullification Crisis that if a state was not allowed to nullify federal laws, then a state could secede from the nation.
How did individuals, groups, and government institutions limit the rights of African Americans after the Civil War and Reconstruction period?
Jim crow laws, grandfather clauses, literacy tests and poll taxes.
How did President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society build upon the foundation of reforms of the Progressive Era and the established role of the federal government in the economy since the New Deal period?
Lyndon B. Johnson continued the development of the social safety net by expanding traditions begun during Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. LBJ focused his attention on poverty, healthcare access, and education deficits among others. Medicare (healthcare for 65+year olds), Medicaid (healthcare for our most poor), Project Head Start (expanding access to pre-school services for our poorest citizens), Food Stamps (access to food for poor families) and the Clean Air and Water Acts (to improve air quality and water quality).
Why did the United States' involvement in Vietnam escalate during President Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency?
LBJ wanted to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asian countries, including South Vietnam
What roles/influence do multinational corporations have on both the United States economy and on other countries around the world?
Large multinational corporations make it easier to transfer money across the globe. This trend can help spread American influence internationally, but may not always bring good results for the American worker who needs to expect higher wages than workers do in less affluent countries. American participation in free trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement which sought to eliminate tariffs between the nations of North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) helped consumers have access to lower priced consumer goods, but at the cost of American jobs to lower-cost nations like Mexico and China.
How did slavery develop into a racial institution?
Laws codified
What was the effect of federal policies on Native Americans, including reservation policies, the Dawes Act (1887), and forced assimilation efforts (Carlisle Indian School)?
Led to the systematic destruction of the cultures of the Native Americans, forced relocation to reservations in remote areas of the west and the separation of children from their parents
What foundational ideas are expressed in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address?
Lincoln reasserted Jefferson's Declaration of Independence as ideals worth fighting for (All Men Are Created Equal; Endowed by their Creator With Inalienable Rights - Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness)
Describe the impacts of European colonization on Native Americans.
Many NA's killed by disease and conflict over land ensued between Europeans and NA's
What was the impact of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
Many died. Side effects: USA overcame the Great Depression, and as more Americans entered the workforce including African Americans and women, economic growth was stimulated
How did the exclusion of women from the 14th and 15th amendments lead to a struggle for voting rights and increased property rights in the late 19th century?
Many women felt betrayed bc women had been heavily involved in the abolitionist movement since before the civil war.
How did the Supreme Court cases under Chief Justice John Marshall, including Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden, strengthen the powers of the federal government?
Marbury v. Madison: the Supreme Court assumed the powers of judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme Court ruled that the national bank was constitutional Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce. Thus the federal government could issue commercial licenses on interstate waterways.
How were cultural trends associated with the Roaring Twenties, including women's efforts at self-expression reflecting their changing roles in society?
Modern and traditional values in the 1920s clashed. In 1920s women known as flappers engaged and dressed taboo. In contrast, some women maintained their traditional roles of housewife and homemaker
What was the significance of each of the listed events in accomplishing the goals of the Civil Rights movement? Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Little Rock Nine (1957) Greensboro Sit-in (1960) Freedom Rides (1961) The Birmingham protest (1963) The March on Washington (1963) Freedom Summer (1964) The Selma Campaign (1965)
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)-end segregation in public busing. Little Rock Nine (1957)-integrated public high school in Little Rock, Arkansas with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and army personnel. Greensboro Sit-in (1960)-end segregation of lunch counters. Freedom Rides (1961)-banned segregation in interstate transportation. The Birmingham protest (1963)-organized effort by the SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. to protest segregation in what MLK claimed was the "most segregated city in America". Under pressure, Birmingham desegregated all public facilities and public opinion shifted towards supporting civil rights. The March on Washington (1963)- 200,000 people marching to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC that culminated in the MLK address known as the "I Have A Dream" speech. Freedom Summer (1964)- volunteer campaign to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. The Selma Campaign (1965)- organized protest march from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights. State troopers attacked peaceful demonstrators and LBJ sent troops to protect their route.
What were the goals, strategies and major contributions of each of the following Civil Rights groups? National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Congress for Racial Equality
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People-favored court challenges to segregation (IE. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas). Southern Christian Leadership Conference-Founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to encourage nonviolent passive resistance. Additionally, the group boycotted bussing companies in the South. The organization is credited with significant legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights of 1965. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee- used civil disobedience in sit-ins and boycotts and economic and political power to achieve equality. Congress for Racial Equality-Civil rights organization that is best remembered for the Freedom Rides, the effort to desegregate interstate transportation.
Why did the Congress pass the Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) and then shift to pro-Allied policies including "Cash and Carry" and Lend-Lease in 1939-1940?
Neutrality act was passed by congress because they felt American participation in WWI was largely to make bankers and arms makers profits, many Americans wanted us out of wars. Later Cash and Carry and Lend Lease (1939) USA moved toward supporting Allies with weapons and ships. "Coined term Arsenal of democracy." Goods initially were "cash and carry," then later these were provided by Lend-Lease Act (on credit).
What were the impacts of geographic factors on patterns of settlement and the development of colonial economic systems?
North: had rocky coastline and natural harbors which contributed to a merchant-based economy South: had fewer natural harbors than the North and a smooth coastline. The South's warmer climate and longer growing seasons led to a plantation-based economy centered around cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and eventually cotton
What technological innovations and energy sources facilitated industrialization in the late 19th century?
Oil, electricity, steel and railroads would facilitate the industrialization process throughout the 19th century.
Social Movements of the Later 20th Century
On answer key doc
What are the key principles that serve as the foundation of the US Constitution that both strengthened the federal government while also providing safeguards that prevent tyranny?
Popular Sovereignty, Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers, Federalism, and Judicial Review
What were the positive and negative consequences of the Persian Gulf War?
Positive - The Persian Gulf War brought together a coalition of nations that brought a swift end to the war with only 300 Allied lives lost. Negative - American involvement in a Muslim nation had inflamed Muslim terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda which began to target Americans overseas and eventually in the United States on 9/11/2001.
What have been the positive and negative consequences of globalization in relation to the United States economy?
Positive Consequences: Globalization unites the world, more wealth, technology, and a commitment to a global community, than ever before. Negative Consequences: increased global inequality, increased corruption, loss of jobs and environmental degradation.
What was the goal of the foreign policy of détente and what effect did it have on the nuclear arms race?
President Nixon and his Foreign Policy Advisor, Henry Kisssinger, shaped a policy called detente. The goal of detente was to bring about a warning in the Cold War and to prevent open conflict. Resulted in productive negotiations, treaties on nuclear arms control and improved diplomatic relations
How did President Roosevelt's court packing bill challenge constitutional principles?
President Roosevelt's court packing bill, was intended to make the Supreme Court approve of his New Deal laws. Roosevelt had suggested to reorganize the federal judiciary by adding a new justice each time a justice reached age 70 and failed to retire. While it never became law, it threatened the constitutional principle of checks and balances and separation of powers.
What advice did President Washington articulate in his Farewell Address in 1797?
President Washington warned against political parties domestically and avoidance of permanent alliances with foreign nations
What were the effects of mobilization on the United States economy, including the role and contributions of women and African Americans in the war effort?
President Wilson created numerous government agencies like the Council of National Defense, War Industries Board, Food Administration and Fuel Administration to mobilize the American economy for the war effort. Women: served as volunteers in the Red Cross and Salvation Army, encouraged the building of victory gardens, served in the armed forces as Nurses and clerical workers, and in the workforce as factory workers in traditionally male jobs (would result in the 19th amendment ratification) African Americans: many moved in the Great Migration to the North, sought employment in northern factories and served in the armed forces in segregated military units. Many African Americans returned back to a hostile American society with segregation and discrimination remaining.
How did technological advancements alter the nature of World War II?
Radar and Sonar technologies were crucial to Allied forces both for defensive and offensive purposes. Radar technology was used by the Allies in Naval gun targeting, Airplane detection, U Boat targeting/detection. The use of atomic weapons at the end of the war finally resulted in Japan surrendering, shortening the war. Atomic weapons also transformed the nature of future war thinking.
What problems were faced by farmers between 1870 and 1900?
Railroad companies took advantage of farmers with high shipping costs and elevator storage rates
How did President Ronald Reagan with his Reaganomics policies attempt to reduce the size and role of the federal government in Americans' lives?
Reagan called for targeted tax cuts on businesses and the wealthy. Ultimately, the wealthy benefited from Reaganomics far more than the poor.
What are the major arguments in the modern political debates over the role of the government in providing a social safety net, including the stability of the Social Security Trust Fund and Medicare Trust Fund, as well as changes under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
Recent former Presidents inherited a Social Security Trust Fund and Medicare Trust Fund that are struggling to keep pace with the aging "Baby Boomer" population and more consistent longer life expectancies. There are more recipients and less contributors into the programs and may become insolvent by the mid 2030s without reform. The Affordable Care Act OR "Obamacare" forbid health insurance companies from denying health care coverage to applicants on the basis of pre-existing conditions and extended coverage to young adults until age 26 years old if they are living at home
What were the impacts of the election of 1876 and the compromise of 1877 on African Americans?
Republicans and Democrats compromised by allowing the election of Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the removal of Union soldiers from the Southern states. Without the army present, African Americans would be terrorized and their rights would be further restricted in the years after 1877. In short, The Compromise of 1877 decided the 1876 presidential election and ended the era of Reconstruction.
How did the market revolution cause both nationalism and sectionalism?
Resulted in interdependent economy and furthered the difference between North and South
How did the Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States (1919) affect civil liberties?
Schenck v. United States (1919) case ruled that free speech could be restricted during war time. Charles Schenck, a man who opposed the war distributed 15,000 flyers to possible future soldiers urging them to resist the draft. As a result, Schenck was prosecuted for violating the Espionage Act. Schenck's argument was that the new law violated his First Amendment right to free speech leading to the court case.
How did President Andrew Jackson strengthen presidential power and challenge constitutional principles?
Set precedent that presidents represent the common ppl and refused to enforce treaties which challenged constitutional principles
How did President Roosevelt's leadership during the Great Depression, including key legislative initiatives of the New Deal, expand federal government power? - Social Security Act (SSA) - Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) - Works Progress Administration (WPA) - Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - National Recovery Administration (NRA) - Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Social Security Act (SSA): Old age pension program, unemployment insurance for workers and aid to dependent children, ill and handicapped. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): government corporation that insured banking deposits up to $5,000 (now $250,000) Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC): regulatory agency responsible for ensuring that information about stocks and bonds was accurate and preventing fraud. Works Progress Administration (WPA): public works projects that provided Americans with direct work relief. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): public works projects that focused dam projects in the Tennessee Valley Region National Recovery Administration (NRA) government agency that worked with businesses to help them recover. "Codes of fair competition" were established that included price controls, minimum wages and maximum hours. The NRA was ruled unconstitutional in 1935. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): government program that paid farmers not to farm and fined farmers for producing beyond a certain point. The first AAA was ruled unconstitutional in 1936. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): government program that focused on public works projects involving conservation of natural resources and employing young men aged 18-25
In what ways did freedmen attempt to build independent lives during Reconstruction?
Some emancipated slaves quickly fled from the neighborhood of their owners, while others became wage laborers for former owners.
How did slavery become a deeply established component of the colonial economic system and social structure, especially in the Southern colonies?
South relied heavily on slavery as it lead to an increase in wealth. When economic conditions in Europe improved, less indentured servants were migrating to the New World which lead to more reliance on slavery
What factors influenced variations in colonial social structures and labor systems in the New England, Middle and Southern colonies?
South: economy was reliant on slavery due to its cost-saving potential New England and Middle Colonies: had slaves but the economies tended to be more diverse in nature and thus the social fabric of slavery was less ingrained in society
What role did Susan B. Anthony play in furthering the Women's Suffrage Movement in the post-Civil War period?
Susan B. Anthony along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) seeking an amendment that would extend suffrage to all women in all states.
What were the key issues related to the Scopes trial and what was the outcome of the trial?
Tennessee legislature passed the Butler Law, which forbade the teaching of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in any public school or university in the state John T. Scopes, a high school teacher was charged with violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. While Scopes was convicted in the initial trial, the media coverage damaged William Jennings Bryan's (prosecutor) argument as his testimony during the trial appeared confused. The Butler law was upheld until 1968.
How did Progressive Era reforms, such as the 16th and 17th amendments (1913) and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System (1913) affect the US political and economic systems?
The 16th amendment sought to address the wealth disparities by implementing a graduated income tax where higher earners paid higher rates of income tax. The 17th amendment sought to democratize the Senate by implementing a direct election of senators and removing the undue influence of corporations in American politics. The establishment of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 was focused on giving the US government the ability to stabilize the economy and manage the money supply through the manipulation of interest rates and monetary policy.
What rights and protections are provided by the Bill of Rights and who did they initially apply to?
The Bill of Rights protected individual civil liberties The Bill of Rights initially applied to American citizens (not African Americans or immigrants)
What were the contributions of the Chinese to the national economy and why did nativist opposition to their continued immigration occur in the 1880s?
The Chinese were contributors to the creation of the transcontinental railroad. The rough labor they were willing to endure gained them favor from the railroad and mining companies and resentment from other immigrant groups. This resentment would result in nativist laws being passed that discriminated against Chinese and other Asian immigrant groups.
In what ways did the following events contribute to the American Civil War? The Cotton Gin Missouri Compromise Manifest Destiny Texas and the Mexican-American War The Compromise of 1850 The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Dred Scott decision John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry
The Cotton Gin: invention that led south to be more reliant on slave labor. Missouri Compromise: congressional compromise to allow for the admittance of Maine (free state) and Missouri (slave state) as new states with a clear line of demarcation set between future slave states and free states established at the southern border of Missouri. States would enter in pairs to ensure balance in the Senate Manifest Destiny: right from God that allows USA to seek further land. In regard to the Missouri Compromise, it motivated Southerners to seek additional lands out west to expand the institution of slavery Texas and the Mexican-American War: the Texas War for Independence was largely motivated by Texans who were resisting Mexico's attempts to abolish slavery and their desire to join the United States as a slave state. The Mexican-War was largely motivated by a desire of slave owners to expand the institution of slavery into areas in the Southwest. The Compromise of 1850: congressional compromise that allowed for the admittance of California as a free state, breaking the balance that was established in the Missouri Compromise. The slave trade was abolished in Washington DC and a stricter fugitive slave law was established. Lastly, popular sovereignty was to be established in the Mexican Cession territories thus fueling future conflicts. The Kansas-Nebraska Act: a compromise was established that allowed popular sovereignty in both territories that eventually led to a violent event known as Bleeding Kansas, a precursor to the Civil War The Dred Scott decision: this Supreme Court decision established the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional and further declared that Dred Scott, as an African American could not be a citizen and therefore would not have any rights that a white man was bound to respect. This made future congressional compromises on slavery impossible. John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry: a violent event where John Brown, a radical abolitionist sought to lead a slave rebellion against Virginia and other slave states that ended with his capture and his hanging as a martyr to the cause of abolition.
What were the push-pull factors regarding immigration from Ireland and southern/eastern Europe?
The Irish (Old Immigrants) wanted to escape the massive famine. Germans (Old Immigrants) sought peace and stability in the United States. Many people continued to arrive in the 2nd wave of immigration (New Immigrants) in search of better economic opportunities and political and religious freedom. (Italians, Russian Jews, etc.)
What compromises were crafted at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 over representation, taxation, and slavery that are reflected in the US Constitution?
The Great Compromise: established the United States legislature as a bicameral, or two-house law-making body The Three-Fifths Compromise: all slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of representation and taxation The Commerce Compromise: empowered the national government to regulate interstate commerce The Presidency Compromise: established a 4 year term for president with option for reelection and the method of election to be based on the Electoral College. Each state would receive electoral votes based on the sum of their representatives and senators. Each state would decide independently how to award those electoral votes. (Today 48 states use a winner-take-all system)
How did the literary and artistic contributions associated with the Harlem Renaissance have a lasting impact on national culture?
The Harlem Renaissance produced an outburst of artistic expression. It included literature, music, musical theater, dance, and visual arts. The writers/artists of the Harlem Renaissance produced work that expressed their culture and racial pride that ended up also having an impact. on US national culture as well. These artists, never expressed a political ideology. The movement did lead to to self Pride in African American culture and identity.
Compare and contrast the ideologies, strategies and tactics of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, the American Railway Union, the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union, and the Industrial Workers of the World?
The Knights Of Labor: organized skilled and unskilled workers (included AA's) and sought broad social reforms such as the 8 hour work day, an end to child labor, immigration restrictions like the Chinese Exclusion Act and equal pay for equal work. They opposed strikes in general. The American Federation of Labor: collection of many different craft unions of skilled workers in similar trades. They focused exclusively on bread and butter issues (better wages, shorter hours and safer working conditions) via the strategy of collective bargaining. AFL: was more restrictive and did not welcome women, immigrants and African Americans. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union was formed to represent the workers who toiled in sweatshops. ILGWU: The Industrial Workers of the World were the most radical labor union that sought systemic change via militant tactics such as wildcat strikes and sabotage.
How did the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, and the Monroe Doctrine strengthen nationalism?
The Louisiana Purchase: strengthened american pride Monroe Doctrine: Strengthened American identity bc US would not tolerate further colonization
What colonial democratic principles are reflected in the Mayflower Compact and the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649, colonial governmental structures such as New England town meetings and the Virginia House of Burgesses, and the practice of the right of petition in New Netherland?
The Mayflower Compact and the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649: TMC contributed to the concept of self-government and majority rule. In Maryland, the colonial government encouraged religious freedom via the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649. New England and Virginia House of Burgesses: Both voted. Specifically NE had direct form of democracy where citizens wrote their own laws and then voted on them during the meeting. VHOB citizens voted for the representatives in the House of Burgesses who would then vote on laws that would best represent the interests of their constituents New Netherland: colonists were encouraged to petition their government and demanded rights and limitations placed on the government.
Why was President Wilson unsuccessful in gaining support for Senate ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Senate was divided among isolationists, irreconcilables and reservationists, explaining why the ratification vote was not successful. Furthermore, the members felt their concerns were not adequately addressed by Willson
How are the goals of the temperance and prohibition movements reflected in the ratification of the 18th amendment?
The Temperance Movement began in the 1820s, seeking to reduce the amount of drinking in American society. Over the years, the Temperance Movement's goal became prohibition (outlawing the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages). The 18th Amendment was adopted in 1920 which banned the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
To what extent were the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo not upheld and what was the negative impact on Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the Southwest, including California, from 1848 to 1900?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo asserted the Mexican land-claims in the Mexican Cession territories were to be respected. In the end, the rights of Mexicans were rejected and outright ignored by American settlers and mining companies as they seized their lands. Additionally, Mexicans were supposed to be offered American citizenship which was constantly challenged. Water shortages imperiled Mexican farmers' economic security that led many Mexicans to become migrant farmers in the Southwest.
What were the reasons for the economic prosperity of the 1920s?
The economic prosperity of the 1920s was the direct result of the pro-business policies. Businesses and the wealthiest citizens were helped by tax laws that reduced personal income tax rates, removed most excise taxes and lowered corporate income taxes. Tariffs were raised to promote American businesses (industry and farming) and regulatory agencies from the Progressive Era were headed by individuals who believed strongly in laissez-faire capitalism. Excessive use of credit fueled economic growth.
How did United States mobilization efforts and wartime production affect unemployment rates?
The unemployment rate fell dramatically as nearly every American who wanted a job could find one in a number of wartime related industries. Many women joined jobs that were historically men's only. "Rosie the Riveter" became a slang term for all women who worked in wartime factories. Many African Americans continued to move from the South to the North (the Great Migration) to fill jobs in factory openings.
How did American influence expand in the Caribbean and Latin America through the creation of the Panama Canal and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
Theodore Roosevelt reinterpreted the Monroe Doctrine and suggested that if a nation in the Western Hemisphere was guilty of wrong behavior, then the US would intervene. Paired with Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy, the United States would intervene in the Panamanian Revolution against Colombia and through a negotiated settlement with Panama gain access to the Panama Canal Zone to build the Panama Canal which would shorten the travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
How did the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments reflect the Radical Republicans' plans for Reconstruction?
Thirteenth Amendment: abolished slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment: declared all native-born or naturalized people (including African Americans) as citizens of the United States, entitled to equal protection under the law and due process rights. The Fifteenth Amendment: declared that states could not keep citizens from voting on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
Why did the Soviet Union place missiles in Cuba in 1962 and what was the impact of the Cuban missile crisis on Soviet-American relations?
To deter a future invasion The Cuban missile crisis marked the climax of hostility between U.S. and Soviet relations
What prompted the change in immigration policy as reflected by the passage of the Quota Acts of the 1920s?
To preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity (unity)
What was the purpose of and the ideas contained in the Declaration of Independence and evaluate its long term impacts?
To secure Americans natural rights (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness)
What were the consequences of Truman's decision to fight a limited war in defense of South Korea?
Truman's main objective in the Korean War was to stop the spread of communism into South Korea. He warned General Douglas MacArthur to avoid approaching the Yalu River border. Truman recalled MacArthur and fired him from command. The consequence of this was a stalemate (no progress in war) and eventual cease-fire with a permanently divided North Korea and South Korea which still lasts today.
How much knowledge did American officials have about the Holocaust and to what degree could intervention have been possible?
US newspapers published information on the persecution of Jews and by the early 1940s. It became known that Nazi's were commiting mass murder. America discouraged immigration, in 1939 turning away the St. Louis, a refugee ship that had over 900 Jewish 900 on board. The United States refused to bomb certain locations that were identified by Jewish-Americans as sites of specific concentration camps for fear of causing deaths of the housed there. Only toward the end of the war did the United States create the War Refugee Board to provide aid for Holocaust survivors.
What were the relative strengths of the Union and the Confederacy in terms of industrial capacity, transportation facilities, and military leadership during the Civil War?
Union: factory, jobs, more ppl, and materials Confederacy: good generals
What are the weaknesses and successes of the government under the Articles of Confederation?
Weakness: congress had little power Success: while congress did not have much power they still could do things like set up a process for territory to become a state and more
How did women's societal roles change in the Antebellum Period?
Wealthy families could send their young girls off to school, while many poorer families sent their young girls to work in factories. The Lowell Girls in Massachusetts is an example of this.
