US History, Chapter 11, Civil War
Why was the North's economy its greatest strength?
Its industry grew as supplies were needed and demand increased.
Who were the Copperheads?
Northern Democrats that opposed the war and demanded Lincoln make peace with the South.
What were greenbacks?
Paper money that had a green color to it.
What is the writ of habeas corpus? Why did Lincoln suspend it in Maryland?
People could be arrested and jailed without being charged. To keep them from seceding.
What new questions were raised at the end of the Civil War?
Questions such as how to re-admit the Southern states, who should be in charge of Reconstruction, and what the role of freed people would remain after the war
In what ways were African Americans discriminated against by the Union army?
1.) African Americans fought in separate units and were commanded by white officers. 2.) Received less pay than white soldiers and could not rise to higher ranks. 3.) In the Confederacy, African Americans were not allowed to enlist until the end of the war.
What were some of the Union's weaknesses during the war?
1.) In the early years of the war, the Union had poor leaders and their soldiering skills were not as good as the South's. 2.) The war was often unpopular and a lot of Northerners did not support it. 3.) Northerners were also very divided about the purpose of the war. Some only agreed with the war to preserve the Union while others wanted ending slavery to be a goal.
What happened at the Battle of Gettysburg?
1.) On the first day, Confederates were surprised but managed to gather reinforcements and push the Union back. 2.) On the second day, the Union was well placed on hills surrounding Gettysburg. Confederates attacked the ends of the Union lines, but failed to push the Union off the heights. 3.) On the third day, Lee planned to attack the center of the Union line with a massive charge.
What was Pickett's charge? What was the result?
A massive charge against the center of the Union line, it was a disaster, and 1/3 of Pickett's Division was destroyed. The result was a major Union victory.
What is a war of attrition?
A prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions.
What was the Anaconda Plan?
A strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War.
What was the 13th Amendment?
An article added to the Constitution that abolished slavery.
What were border states?
Slave states that did not declare secession from the Union and didn't join the confederacy.
Where the Lee surrender to Grant? What terms did Grant offer?
Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. Grant paroled Confederate soldiers and allowed them to keep weapons and return home if they promised not to fight any further.
What was the significance of the Battle of Bull Run?
Confederate victory, first major battle of the war.
What was the South's strategy during the war?
The Confederacy's strategy was to fight a defensive war and wear out the Union army.
Who was John Wilkes Booth?
The man who killed President Lincoln in Fords Theatre on April 15, 1865.
What was Lee's plan going into the Battle of Antietam?
To invade and "liberate" Maryland in an attempt to win the war more quickly and/or gain foreign recognition.
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?
Turned the war into a fight to end slavery.
What were some of the Union's strengths during the war?
1.) Their diverse and strong economy was more capable of supporting a long war. 2.) They had industry and factories to produce the military supplies and consumer goods necessary. 3.) The Union had a strong Navy, where as the South would have to build one. 4.) Had a higher population and could keep sending more troops.
What were some of the strengths of the Confederacy during the Civil War?
1.) They had high morale at the beginning of the war, were very united and had a clear goal (independence). 2.) They were familiar with the territory as most battles would be fought on Southern soil. 3.) They also had additional motivations to fight because they were defending their homes from invasion.
What were some of the weaknesses of the Confederacy during the Civil War?
1.) They were not industrialized and did not have many factories to produce supplies for the war. 2.) There were very few transportation lines such as railroads making it difficult to transport troops and supplies. 3.) Their agricultural economy was not equipped to fight a modern war. They would struggle to finance the war. 4.) The government was very weak. Their commitment to states rights made it difficult for the government to administer a war.
Who was General Ulysses S. Grant?
A Union General
Who was General Robert E. Lee?
A confederate general
Who was General "Stonewall" Jackson?
A confederate general who earned his nickname because he stood as firm as a wall during battle.
Why did the South fire upon Fort Sumter?
Because President Lincoln refused to hand it over.
Why was Chancellorsville called "Lee's Masterpiece?"
Because of Lee's brilliant strategy against Union forces.
Why is Gettysburg the turning point of the war?
Because the Confederacy could no longer fight offensively.
Why were infections and amputations so common?
Because the infections spread very fast, and the infections led to disease, which led to limbs needing to be amputated.
What was meant by "total war?"
Commander of the military division of the Mississippi.
What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh?
First major battle in the west, bloodiest battle up until that point
Why was Atlanta a target for the Union army?
It was used as a center for military operations and as a supply route by the Confederate army during the Civil War.
How did General Grant plan to defeat the Confederacy?
Grant attempted to engage the Confederate army almost constantly, wearing them down until they could not fight anymore.
What was the significance of the Battle of Chancellorsville?
Huge Confederate victory, but also results in the death of Stonewall Jackson and causes Lee to think his army is invincible.
How did Grant take control of Vicksburg?
Instead of attacking it he laid siege (surrounded) it for six weeks.
What did Lincoln do in response to the South's taking of Fort Sumter? What was the immediate result?
Issued a call for 75,000 volunteers to fight to preserve the Union. A second wave of secession as four more Southern states, including Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas all joined the Confederacy.
How did the Civil War change the role of the federal government?
It increased the amount of power that the federal government had.
What did Lincoln state in the Gettysburg Address? What did he say the war was about?
Lincoln stated that it was not just about preserving the Union, but making sure that democracy itself survives.
What questions were answered by the Civil War?
Some questions that were answered were about secession and nullification in that states do not have these rights.
What hardships did soldiers in the field face?
Supply shortages, little food, improper nutrition, and disease.
What is an income tax?
Taxing citizens' income
What is martial law? Why did Lincoln declare martial law in Maryland?
Temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority. Lincoln declared this because he wanted to make sure that Maryland could not secede.
What was the significance of the fighting at Fort Sumter?
The Civil War had begun
What was the significance of Vicksburg, MS?
The Union now controls all of the Mississippi River.
What was conscription?
The drafting of citizens for military service.
What did Sherman and the Union army do to Atlanta?
They burned it down to the ground.
Why was the South's economy its greatest weakness?
They did not have the industrial and financial capabilities to fight a modern war.
What financial problems did the South have during the war?
They didn't have enough money, food, or supplies to keep themselves in the war.
What was stated in the Emancipation Proclamation? Who was freed?
This stated all slaves in the Confederate states would be forever free as of Jan 1, 1863.
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam? How did the war change as a result?
Tie or a Union victory, bloodiest single day battle, first major Union victory, prompts Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation which ends the South's chances at a foreign alliance.
What happened at the Battle of Shiloh?
Union forces under General Ulysses Grant were defeated on the first day, but Grant chose to stay and wait for reinforcements to arrive.
What happened at the Battle of Bull Run?
Union forces were defeating Confederates until reinforcements under General "Stonewall" Jackson arrived.
Who was William T. Sherman?
Union general, and commander of the military division of the Mississippi.
What was the "March to the Sea?"
Union troops marched across the state of Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah destroying farms/crops, roads, etc.
Why was Maryland such an important border state?
Washington, D.C. was in between Maryland and Virginia.
